فهرست مطالب maryam hasani

Traditional residential architecture of Iran has always been the basis for the formation of identity and civilizational culture due to its architectural qualities. The principle of transparency is one of the principles that have always been present in Iranian art and architecture, and along with it, the factor of culture and religion has always been challenging with a kind of transformation in the spatial structure of architecture that is evident in the Qajar period and its three periods of early, mid and late. The method of collecting information is documents and library. At first, according to the triple introspection introspection, spatial hierarchy and locating the type of spatial qualities and initial graphical analytics, and using A-graph software, the justification graph of case samples was drawn, then based on the geometric relations of space syntax, these variables were calculated in nine Qajar houses of Tabriz that were used to validate the calculations obtained from geometric relations Samples were analyzed in Depthmap software. The findings indicate that Ghadaki House with a score of 4 had the highest and Hariri and Salmasi houses had the lowest respect. The general result indicates that in the studied samples in the mid-Qajar period have the highest and the lowest degree of confidentiality due to the concept of transparency in the spatial structure. In Research The future can include the number of samples as well as climatic diversity in the research.

This study aims to determine the effect of gestational hypertension on neonatal hemoglobin levels. This cohort study was performed on 150 pregnant women, 60 of whom had gestational hypertension and 90 were healthy. Participants were selected using sequential and quota non-probability sampling methods, respectively. The data were collected from interviews and examination forms. The newborns’ umbilical cords were clamped 30-60 sec after the delivery in both groups. Umbilical cord blood samples were taken to determine neonatal hemoglobin levels and sent to the laboratory immediately. Independent t-test was used to compare the two groups in terms of mean hemoglobin; general linear model with an identical link function was used to compare the two groups in terms of mean hemoglobin, considering the effect of confounding variables. SPSS software version 25 was used for the statistical analysis of the data. The statistical significance level in this study was considered to be 0.05. The mean neonatal hemoglobin level in women with gestational hypertension was significantly higher than that in the healthy group (16.73±1.81 gr/dl vs. 15.56±1.79, P<0.001). This difference remained significant after adjusting for demographic and background variables as well as medical records of the participants (P=0.008). The results revealed the hemoglobin level of newborns of mothers who had gestational hypertension, was higher than newborns of healthy mothers. Therefore, performing proper screening tests and knowledge of the hemoglobin level in these infants routinely helps the healthcare staff to prevent, decide and provide more and more useful services.

Fear of natural childbirth is a common problem among pregnant women. The present study was performed with aim to explain fear of natural childbirth and its related factors among primigravid women.

This sequential-explanatory mixed-methods study with participant selection type was conducted in 2014-2015. At quantitative phase, using a multistage cluster sampling method, 400 primigravid women with 18-32 gestation weeks were selected. To collected data, Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire, demographic characteristics, and Northouse Social Support Questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and multivariate logistic regression. At qualitative phase, semi-structured individual interviews using open-ended questions was performed on 15 primigravid women who were selected using purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method.

Mean score of fear of natural childbirth was 37.86±9.44 and its prevalence (CAQ≥28) was 80.8%. According to the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis, a significant relationship was found between lack of sufficient income (p=0.020), not participating in childbirth preparation classes (p=0.040) and selection of delivery method (vaginal delivery) (p<0.001) with fear of childbirth. Analysis of data at the qualitative stage led to three themes including feeling of inability for natural childbirth, confusion in decision making and concerns about natural childbirth complications.

Fear of childbirth was influenced by personal, social and cultural factors. Therefore, it is suggested that health service providers use the results of this study to implement educational programs in order to encourage natural childbirth.

Psychological load such as workload not only disrupts work performance, but can also have a direct effect on employee safety through accidents. However, despite this issue, many efforts have not been made to develop an assessment tool to measure psychological burden related to occupational safety and health of employees. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim of validating the psychological burden scale of workers by Kim et al. (2018) from the perspective of occupational health and safety. 

The statistical population of the research consists of all the workers working in the Eastern Alborz Company of Shahroud city, and 349 workers participated in the research using a simple random sampling method. In the present study, the mental load scale of Kim et al. (2018), the Copenhagen psychosocial scale (COPSOQ) and the occupational stress scale (HSE) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient tests and confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS-22 statistical software and Lisrel version 8.5.

Resalts: 

The results showed that all the components of workers' psychological burden with the overall score and Psycho-social scale and occupational stress scale have a positive and significant relationship. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also showed the good fit of the model in determining the factors in the initial form expressed by Kim et al. (2018). To determine the reliability of the scale, the value of Pearson's correlation coefficient was obtained at 0.82 in the test and retest phases. Also, the results of this study showed that 26.1 percent of workers experience low psychological burden, 49.6 percent of workers experience moderate psychological burden, and 24.4 percent experience severe psychological burden.

Based on the results of the current research, the workers' mental burden scale (Kim et al., 2018) is a valid and reliable scale and can be used to evaluate the psychological burden of workers in research and intervention studies.

The present research was done with the aim of encapsulation of fish oil with a ratio of 3:1 (oil: coating) with coatings of maltodextrin, sodium caseinate, whey protein concentrate and modified starch with different ratios by freeze dryer and in order to achieve the maximum encapsulation efficiency was optimized using a mixture design. Optimizing the concentration of different walls for microencapsulation using numerical and graphical optimization revealed that the optimal wall composition contains maltodextrin (15.16%), sodium caseinate (20%), whey protein concentrate (20%) and modified starch (19.84 %) with the encapsulation efficiency was 89.3 %.The results showed that according to the difference in the wall compositions and their ratios, the particle size, poly dispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency had different values. So that the size of the particles varied from 0.34 μm to 1.3 μm, and the PDI varied from 0.1 to 0.92. Evaluation of oxidative stability in optimal microcapsule powder and free fish oil stored at 0 and 32% humidity during 21 days of storage showed that encapsulated oil at zero humidity had higher oxidative stability during the storage period. In addition, the increase in humidity in the storage environment of microcapsules increased the intensity of oxidation in the treatments stored in 32% humidity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of microencapsulation technique is a practical and effective method to increase the oxidative stability of fish oil for use in the food and drug industry.

In the present study, a composite gel was prepared based on gelatin and sesame seed protein containing a fixed amount of oleosome. The different ratios of sesame protein to gelatin (30:70, 50:50, 70:30 w/w%) and a constant amount of 20% (w) oleosome were used to prepare the composite gel. Then the physicochemical properties of sesame seeds, oleosomes and their extraction efficiencies were determined. The rheological, textural and microstructural properties of the gels were also investigated. Protein and oleosome extraction efficiencies from sesame seeds were 21±1.23% and 68.96±1.41%, respectively. The results showed that the amount of sesame seed protein had significant effect on the gelation behavior and gel hardening, and the storage modulus and loss modulus increased in the samples with the decrease of the process temperature from 50 to 4 degrees Celsius. With the increase of sesame protein ratio, the amount of storage modulus and loss modulus at 4 degrees Celsius temperature increased from 258 pascals to 149400 pascals and from 46.7 pascals to 37648 pascals, respectively. The accumulation of protein molecules in the gel structure was observed with increasing the proportion of sesame protein to 70% by light microscope. The results of the present research confirm that sesame seed oleosome can be used as a substitute for fat particles in food products.

The present study was conducted considering the importance of low-fat meat products such as hamburgers with reduced calories and the production of nanoliposomes carrying fish oil as a substitute for fat in the nutritional quality of hamburgers and the production of a beneficial product. For this purpose, the physicochemical properties of nanoliposomes were investigated and nanoliposomes contain fish oil and non-liposome fish oil (5 and 10%) were substituted for fat in the hamburger formulation. The values of pH, protein, fat, ash of the raw sample, caloric content, water holding capacity, moisture, and cooking efficiency were calculated. The particle size and poly dispersity index of liposome were reported as 507.3 nm and 0.567, respectively, with a uniform distribution. The zeta potential of liposomes was evaluated as -12.9 mV and the efficiency of nanocoating was 76.8%. The results showed that the use of nanoliposomes in burgers has increased the water holding capacity and cooking efficiency, as well as reducing the total calories and improving the protein and fat oxidation. Also, after the cooking process, it improved the texture and color. The sensory evaluation of the samples showed that the addition of nano liposomes contains fish oil in the burger received the highest score in terms of texture, taste, smell, color, and overall acceptance. According to the results, it is possible to use encapsulated fish oil in nanoliposomes with the aim of enriching meat burgers and producing burgers with fewer calories without unpleasant odors and tastes.

Transparency is one of the principles that has been continuously used in Iranian art and architecture. The meaning of this principle in Iranian architecture is the constant movement and evolution of material quality to spiritual quality. The current research is analytical-descriptive research in terms of its structure, which in terms of its main goal is considered to be of the type of applied and developmental research, which can also be used as an exploratory research approach considering the lack of previous research on the concept of transparency in the field of the city in a methodical way. According to the course of theoretical foundations, the effective factors in the influence of transparency in the field of traditional houses morphology and by explaining the branch of Qajar architecture style to it, these factors are gathered for indexing using content-analysis method are taken so that the framework of the proposed criteria can be presented in chapter one. In conclusion the main affecting factors are enlistment, spatial ambiguity, flexibility and compatibility, legibility, permeability, spatial perception, connection, connectivity, spatial organization, spatial opening, dynamism, lightness, sequence, visual connection and light transmission. In future studies the main factors can be evaluated about relationship and affection value in traditional house architecture.

An edible coating of chitosan (CH) containing cumin essential oil (CEO) was used in this study to increase the shelf life of chicken fillets during refrigerated storage (4±1 ˚C). CEO was extracted by Clevenger apparatus, and the chemical compounds of CEO were determined. Four treatments were produced to investigate the shelf life of chicken fillets: T1: Control (C), T2: CH, T3: CH-CEO (0.75%), and T4: CH-CEO (1.5%). The chemical parameters (peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, and total volatile basic nitrogen), microbial parameters (total bacterial counts, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria), and sensory attributes (taste, odor, color, texture, and general acceptance) of the chicken fillets were periodically evaluated. Cumin aldehyde (25.79%), gamma-terpinene (21.95%), propanol (18.17%), p-menta-1,4-dien 7-al (11.73%), and beta-pinene (9.27%) were the chemical compounds of CEO. It was shown by the results that the microbial load and chemical oxidation of chicken fillets were inhibited by the active edible coating (p<0.05) and that better preservation effects have resulted from higher essential oil concentration (p<0.05). T4 achieved the best chemical, microbial and sensory results in most tests at the end of the storage period. The shelf life of chicken fillets during storage in the refrigerator was increased by the CH edible coating containing CEO, as demonstrated by this study.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of nettle hydroalcoholic extract (NE) with edible sodium alginate (SA) coating on the quality of rainbow trout fillet (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during a 12-day refrigeration period (4±1˚C). NE was extracted by ethanol solvent and the chemical compounds of NE were determined. Experiments were performed on 4 treatments (T1: control treatment, T2: SA 2%, T3: SA+NE 0.5% and T4: SA+NE 1%) in three replications. The results of chemical tests performed in comparison with the control sample showed that the samples containing the SA and NE were able to control the increase of chemical and microbial parameters (p<0.05). At the end of the storage period, the lowest amount of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid and total volatile basic nitrogen, and the lowest amounts of lactic acid-producing bacteria, total bacterial count, psychrotrophic values were observed in SA+NE 1% (p<0.05). The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the mentioned treatment maintained the quality of the fillet until the end of the storage period. In general, edible coating of SA with NE can delay the process of lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage and maintain or improve the sensory properties of refrigerated fish fillets.

Potato peels contain valuable substances such as pectin extraction and the use of potato peels to produce pectin with appropriate properties can solve the biological problems resulting from these wastes in addition to value-added. The overall objective of this study is to investigate the effect of three variables including temperature (35, 65, and 95 °C), time (40, 120, and 200), and pH (1, 2, and 3) on the yield, galacturonic acid percentage and degree of pectin esterification extracted from the potato peels and optimization of the condition of extraction. The response surface method is used to optimize the conditions of extraction. The physicochemical properties of extracted pectin under optimum conditions were compared with commercial citrus and apple pectins by pectin flow behavior tests at different concentrations, FT-IR spectrum, and pectin molecular weight. The results of optimized single independent variables showed that the highest extraction yield of potato peel was 14.87% at 95 °C, 120 min time, and pH 1. The highest percentage of extracted galacturonic acid pectin in potato peel was 36.37% at 95 °C in 120 min and pH 1. The highest degree of esterification of extracted pectin from potato peel was 41.820% at 65 °C in 40 min time and pH 3.00. Simultaneous optimization of extracting pectin to achieve maximum yield was galacturonic acid with 100% desirability at 95 °C, 200 min time, and pH 1 in this condition, the yield was 15.23% and galacturonic acid was 38.0712%. The highest stability of extracted pectin emulsion from potato peel was observed at 4 °C on the first day. Also, the FT-IR results showed that the strong absorption between 3200-3500 cm-1 in the extracted pectin sample was related to the intracellular and extracellular vibration of the hydrogen bond in the galacturonic acid polymer. By increasing the concentration of pectin (0.1 to 2%) their viscosity was increased and the behavior of all samples was Newtonian and their flow index was about one. The molecular weight of extracted pectin from potato peel under optimum conditions was 53.46 kDa after 30 days of storage at 4 and 23 °C with emulsion stability 85.1 and 63.1, respectively. The results of this research showed that extracted pectin from potato peel can be introduced as a source of pectin to the market.

Encapsulation in liposome structure can be used as a protective carrier system for bioactive compounds during processing and storage under different conditions. Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) extracted from algae with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties can be applied to produce raw materials for functional foods. Therefore, in the present study, phycobiliprotein pigment was extracted from Gracilaria algae and the amounts of pigment was investigated. Also, nanoliposomes containing PBPs coated by chitosan (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) were prepared and their physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. The mean diameter of nanoliposomes and Polydispersity index (PDI) ranged from 336.9 to 577.7 nm and 0.25 to 0.28 in nanocarriers, respectively. The highest values of nanoliposome encapsulation efficiency of PBPs (83.98%) were obtained under optimal conditions in nanoliposomes with 1.5% chitosan coating. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of the treatments increased significantly after encapsulation in the nanoliposome. In addition, the antioxidant activity of PBPs increased significantly after nanoencapsulation in liposomes. So that the EC50 level decreased to 81.27 and 107.67 ppm in DPPH and ABTS tests in nanoliposomes with 1.5% chitosan coating, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, it can be realized that nanocoating with chitosan effectively increases its stability, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Therefore, in order to increase the stability of natural compounds during different processes, it is recommended.

Sexual dysfunction has many factors in multiple sclerosis, but there is no reliable treatment for this challenge.

Determining effective sexual function or dysfunction interventions in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

To find the relevant published interventional studies that at least had an English abstract or in Persian, we searched International Statistical Institute, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar from January 1990 to June 2021. The results were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software. The p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Out of 568 articles, 41 were included after deleting the duplicate and irrelevant articles. Studies were divided into 2 groups of sexual function (n = 27) and dysfunction (n = 14). Interventions in each category have 4 subgroups: psychoeducational, exercise and rehabilitation, and medical and multi-type interventions. For improving sexual function, more than half of psychoeducational interventions showed a significant improvement after interventions (p = 0.0003). In sexual dysfunction studies, most of the interventions (n = 13/14) had improved at least one subscale of sexual dysfunction. Medical interventions were effective on men’s sexual dysfunction, and psychoeducational interventions had been more effective in women’s sexual dysfunction.

Psychoeducational and medical interventions are the commonest effective interventions. The psychoeducational studies conducted specifically on women had a positive impact, and only 4 articles with medical interventions were specifically targeted at men, which had a positive effect.

In recent years, the aquatic waste as a source of bioactive peptides has been considered by many researchers. Bioactive peptides require protective methods to increase physical stability and, controlled release and optimize efficacy during oral delivery. The aim of this study was to develop an oral phospholipid nanoliposomal system incorporated with bioactive peptides derived from fish protein hydrolysate of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with separating fractions of peptide in range of 3 kDa to 30 kDa in chitosan coating (0.5%, 1% w/v) by the alkalase enzyme. The results showed that chitosan coating greatly improved the stability of nano-liposomes. The average particle size was in the range of 333.9- 533.9 nm with a zeta potential of -54.03 to +46.3 and a poly dispersity index (PDI) of 0.2- 0.54 in nano-liposomes. The Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%) values were significantly influenced by changes in the concentration of chitosan and the maximum EE% (72.57± 0.51) was observed in the nano-liposome containing peptide with 3 kDa fractions coated with 1% chitosan. Study on the invitro releasing rate of the peptide showed the effect of the coating on the slower release and peptide stability in nano-liposomes.Physical stability evaluation determined a faster release of the peptide from the liposomes after freezing/thawing and freeze-drying / rehydration processes. The results of long-term storage of nano-liposomes at temperatures of 4 and 20 ° C indicated that chitosan coating increased the stability of nano-liposomes by adding membrane thickness and increasing repulsion between the particles. The results of this study showed that encapsulation of bioactive peptide in the liposomal system could be a useful approach for direct application of peptides with bioactive potential in food and drug industry.

Nowaday, the demand for low calorie food based and keeping primary features including texture and taste is increasing. Jelly is one of low calorie products produced from fruits and other components, and its consumption is increasing for human health. Jelly is semi-solid and transparent product that prepared with the use of sugar or juice and pectin or gelatin and flavor and color may also be added. Potato peels contain valuable substances such as pectin. Using potato peels to produce pectin with appropriate properties can solve the environmental issue resulting from these wastes in addition to make value added product. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that is found in the wall of early plant texture and in the intercellular layer. Pectin contains a group of rich polysaccharides of galacturonic acid units with lower amounts of different sugars (Baiano, 2014). Two commercial forms of pectin are available: high-methoxyl and low-methoxyl pectin (high ester and low ester pectin). High-ester pectin forms a gel in a solutions containing high soluble solids and acidic systems, whereas low-ester pectins form more gel at wider pH and range of solids content but they do require divalent cations to form the gel (Kratchanova et al., 2012). In the food industry, pectin is used as a jelly-making agent, especially in the production of jellies and jams. Pectin is also used in fillers, medicine, pastries, bakery products and also as a stabilizer in juices and beverages, as well as in dietary fiber (Sharma, 2006). Pectin also has therapeutic benefits such as lowering blood cholesterol levels, removing heavy metal ions from the body, stabilizing blood pressure and facilitating intestinal activity (Ptichkina et al., 2008). Temperature, pH, and acid extraction time are the most important factors affecting the extraction yield and quality of produced pectin (Yapo et al., 2007). Currently, almost all commercial pectins are produced from citrus or apple peels, both of which are juices by-products (Thirugnanasambandham et al., 2014). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to optimize the conditions of extraction of pectin from potato peel by response surface methodology and to compare the physicochemical properties of Jelly produced from potato peel under optimum conditions with Jelly produced from apple and citrus  

Potato of Granola variety was purchased from the local market in Ardebil. The chemicals used for the tests include: citric acid, sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein, and Calcium chloride were purchased from Merck Company (Germany). The method of Hoseeni et al (2017) was used for jelly production with slight modification as follows. In the First step,0.5 and 1% pectin extracted from potato peelings, 30 % Sugar, 0.014 % Cherry edible color and 0.75 % Cherry essential oil were mixed then 100 CC Boiling water was added to the mixture and mixed again. After the sugar was completely dissolved, 15, 30, and 45 mg of calcium chloride was added per gram of pectin. The pH of the samples was regulated by citric acid solution on 2.5 and 4. The heating of the samples was continued until the brix of the treated treatments was set to 42. The prepared samples were kept at room temperature for half an hour. The treatments were then refrigerated for 2 to 3 hours to complete the jelly closing process. For this purpose some jelly characteristics such as texture properties, physico-chemical (pH, acidity, brix, moisture and Drainage) and sensory properties of samples were investigated using five point hedonic scale. A one-way analysis of variance and Duncan test (P≤ 0.05) in three replications were used to establish the significance of differences in the experimental data. The results were analyzed using the Minitab version 16.  

Results showed that by increasing calcium chloride, pH and Pectin concentration had a significant effect on increasing the hardness of the gel and the strength needed to make the gel brittle (P≤0.05).The highest hardness of the gel in pectin emulsion extracted from potato peel was 30.0959 N and highest force required to break the gel was 27.3431 N in the most severe extraction conditions at Calcium chloride 35.2286 mg/g, Pectin concentration 1% and pH 4. Results of physico-chemical properties showed that there was no significant difference between pH, acidity, brix and moisture of jelly made from apple pectin and citrus and apple commercial pectin. The results of the syneresis showed that the syneresis by the jelly of potato pectin is not similar with jelly from apple pectin and citrus and apple commercial pectin significantly different. Also Results of sensory properties showed that it was no significant difference between jelly from apple pectin and citrus and apple commercial pectin. The results of this study showed that by optimizing the production conditions, potato pectin can be used in jelly formulation and jelly can be produced with desirable and comparable quality compared to the commercial pectins

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects own physical function and body image. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of expressive writing on body image in women with MS.

In this randomized trial, the Solomon four-group design was employed. The study was carried out in 116 women attending an MS clinic in Tehran, Iran 2019. The participants were randomly assigned to two subgroups of control (A1 and A2) and two subgroups of intervention (B2 and B1). Pretest and posttest were done in A2 and B2 while for A1 and B1only posttest was performed. Expressive writing including morning pages, meeting the inner child, and creative assignments were carried out for six weeks. The control group received routine care. Fisher Body Focus Questionnaire was completed at pretest in A2 and B2 and at posttest in all groups (immediately after the intervention, and at weeks four and eight). Data analysis was done in SPSS V26.

The mean scores for body image in B2 were 145.65±19.89 at pretest, 156.89±9.54 immediately after the intervention, 158.16±8.92 at week four, and 153.96±8.27 at week eight. In A2, the mean score at these times were 144.96±7.17, 145.55±5.10, 145.28±7.84, 145.00±9.15, respectively. Expressive writing significantly improved body image in B2 at immediately and four weeks after the intervention compared to pretest (P˂0.001). There were significant differences between the control group and intervention group at immediately after (P=0.002) and four weeks (P=0.03) after the intervention.

Expressive writing could be effective in improving body image in women with MS.

Exclusive breastfeeding does not continue until six months in many places. It is seem, many factors are involved. The interventions for increase mothers’ social support during breastfeeding could be effective. The aim of this study was to examine effect of home visit on social support and the continuity exclusive breastfeeding in Bokan city from kurdestan province.

In this research, 108 mothers which have 3-5 day’s old neonates that were referred to 8 health care centers of Bokan (Iran). They were entered into the study by random allocation using randomized block design and were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention consisted of six home-based training programs of about 30 minutes. The instruments used included demographic questionnaire and midwifery history, perceived social support tool of Zimet, and a researcher-made questionnaire on exclusive breastfeeding.

Most mothers in the intervention group continued exclusive breastfeeding until the fourth month, and the majority in the control group continued exclusive breastfeeding until the first and second months. In general, the mean number of breastfeeding months in the intervention group was 3.15±1.01 months and in the control group 1.71±0.906 months. Also, most people in the intervention group (76%) had more than 8 times breastfeeding per day, while most mothers in the control group (88%) had less than 8 times breastfeeding. Mothers’ perception social support score were not significant difference in two groups.

Home visit and follow-ups have led to a long-term exclusive breastfeeding and more often overnight, so itchr('39')s possible to set up such plans to enhance breastfeeding status. Home visit did not effect on mothers’ perceive social support and fathers’ attitude. It is seem to need future further interventions in this field with long time follow up and qualitative study with influence in deep layer in culture people in Bokan city

self-medication of herbal medicines during pregnancy can create dangers for the mother and fetus. Considering the existence of common pregnancy problems among many pregnant women and since people think that herbs are harmlessness; this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of self-medication of medicinal plants in treatment of common pregnancy problems in women referred to health centers in Kashan. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 300 pregnant and postpartum women referred to health centers of Kashan in 2018. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which included demographic information and a checklist of herbal medicines for treatment of pregnancy common problems. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 17), and descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. P˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. According to the results of this study, 164 cases of women (57.1%) had used the herbs to resolve the common problems during pregnancy without consulting and prescribing of physician. The most common problems for which the pregnant women used herbs to treat them were heartburn، constipation، nausea، and anemia. Considering the high prevalence of consumption of herbal medicine in resolving the common problems of women during pregnancy, the necessity of informing the public about self-medication of medicinal plants is felt.

Severe hyperbilirubinemia may cause side effects such as hearing impairment or bilirubin encephalopathy. In this way, transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TCB) is a non-invasive screening method, which is performed using BiliCheck and does not require frequent blood sampling, time and cost. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of TCB on third day of birth in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia diagnosis in term and near-term neonates. A test assessment method was chosen with continuous sampling in 388 neonates 35 weeks and more at AkabarAbadi hospital in Tehran in 2011. On the third day of birth, cutaneous bilirubin levels (TCB) in the forehead by using BiliCheck and serum bilirubin (TSB) was measured from the heel capillary sample and consequently were compared with each other. In neonatal hyperbilirubinemia diagnosis on the third day of birth, cutaneous bilirubin measurement had the sensitivity of 82% with the confidence interval (78.2%, 85.7%), specificity of 99.3% with the confidence interval (98.7%, 99.9%), positive predictive value of 92.9 with the confidence interval (88.0%, 96.2%) and negative predictive value of 94.8% with the confidence interval (92.8, 96.8). Generally, the third day measurement of cutaneous bilirubin had a predictive value of 94.5% in detecting high-risk neonates for hyperbilirubinemia. Third day TCB, in addition to being non-invasive and convenient use, has a high predictive value to detecting the risk of hyperbilirubinemia in neonate and it is recommended to use hyperbilirubinemia screening

In order to investigate the effect of amount and salinity of irrigation water equal to 0.5, 3 and 6 dSm-1 caused by NaCl (S0.5, S3 and S6, respectively) and irrigation levels equal to 60, 80 and 100% of full irrigation (E 60, E80 and E100, respectively) on nutrients and growth spinach, and also soil salinity profile, an experiment was carried out in the pot in a factorial method as a complete randomized design with four replications. According to the results of the research, salinity and water had effect on plant height, number of leaves; leaf area and chlorophyll index so that increasing salt amount in irrigation water and decreasing water usage leaded to decreasing chlorophyll index, height and number of leaves in the plant. Due to increasing salinity to 3dS.m-1, concentration of P and N had increased significantly and K had decreased to S0.5, insignificantly. Content of P and N decreasing in E60 treatment to E100 was 1.3 and 0.46% respectively and the Content of K increasing was 1.62% which was not significant. Study of soil salinity profile showed that in 0-6 cm soil layer for 3 and 6 dS.m-1 treatments, salinity increased about 23 to 53% to 0.5 dS.m-1 treatment. Due to saline water 6 dS.m-1, soil with the average of salinity is acceptable.

Neonatal weight loss in the first few days of life is a common phenomenon yet limited information about weight loss after birth is available.
The present study aimed at determining associated factors with neonatal weight loss after birth in newborns.
In this cross-sectional study, the sample included 982 healthy, term and singleton newborns that had referred to health centers of Ilam. The mother and neonate’s demographic characteristics, and the mother’s pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum data were collected by a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis using the SPSS software.
The mean NWL 3 to 5 days after birth was 129 ± 92 grams. Infants had lost 4.04 ± 3.19% of their birthweight. The results of multivariate analysis (logistic regression) showed that breastfeeding (OR = 7.228, CI: 4.707 - 11.099), cesarean section (OR = 4.429, CI: 3.166 - 6.196), female gender (OR = 3.080, CI: 2.201 - 4.309), mother’s no experience of breast feeding (OR = 2.831, CI: 1.817 - 4.409), weighting more than 4000 grams (OR = 2.464, CI: 1.034 - 5.870) and jaundice (OR = 1.486, CI: 1.035 - 2.133) were amongst risk factors for neonatal weight loss (NWL) of more than 5%, while risk factors for NWL of more than 7% included only breastfeeding (OR = 2.904, CI: 1.759 - 4.796), cesarean section (OR = 2.073, CI: 1.423 - 3.019), and female gender (OR = 1.850, CI: 1.254 - 2.730).
The study findings revealed that breastfeeding and cesarean section are the strongest predictors of NWL. Therefore, it is necessary for infant-friendly hospitals to come up with strategies to reduce the rate of cesarean section and establish successful breastfeeding before mothers are discharged.

Over the past few decades, we have seen a major decline in fertility in Iran and in the world. A wide range of social, economic and personality factors, including delayed marriage, fertility behavior, educational and economic goals have affected fertility intent. The rational action theory that determines the relationship among attitude, intent and behavior can be used to explain women's fertility intent.
The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to fertility intent based on rational action theory.
In this analytical cross-sectional research, the study’s population includes 480 married women covered by Saveh health centers which were selected by cluster sampling in 2015 and became subjects of the study. Data was collected by self-report and using a questionnaire designed on the basis of the constructs of the theory of rational action, marital satisfaction variable and demographic factors. It was analyzed by independent t test and Pearson’s correlation.
The results showed that about 62% of the women tended to have a baby. The variable of the fertility intent indicated significant and positive correlation with the constructs of the theory of rational action (attitude p=0.001, r=0.45, mental norms p=0.0001, r = 0.41, obedience motivation, p=0.0001, r = 0.36) and also marital satisfaction variable (p 0.0001, r = 0.37) and significant but a negative correlation with marriage age (r = -0.39, p=0.03).
According to the relationship between the constructs of the theory of rational action and the intention of fertility, consideration of these factors is useful for influencing women's fertility. Educational interventions on fertility are also recommended to help couples make informed decisions about fertility and correct false beliefs.

Alleviating labor pain has always been one of the most important issues in midwifery practice. Nowadays, non-pharmacological pain relief methods such as aromatherapy are considered due to low side effects. This study was performed with aim to review the studies which evaluated the effect of aromatherapy on relief of labor pain.
In this review study, electronic databases including: SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, IranDoc, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched with the keywords of aromatherapy, labor pain and clinical trial up to November 9, 2016. Search was limited based on English or/and Persian articles. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane "risk of bias" tool. The results were reported qualitatively.
Of 456 articles which were found in the initial search, 24 randomized trials (3414 participants) were selected for systematic review. The studies were conducted in Iran, India, Egypt, Korea, Italy and New Zealand. The used essence were lavender in 11 articles, rose in 6 articles, common sage in 3 articles, geranium in 3 articles, jasmine in 3 articles, chamomile in 2 articles, peppermint in 2 articles, bitter orange in 1 article, mandarin in 1 article, orange in 1 article, pink in 1 article, ginger in 1 article, lemongrass in 1 article and frankincense in 1 article. Most of the studies showed the positive effects of aromatherapy on labor pain relief.
Available data demonstrate that aromatherapy can be an effective intervention for alleviation of labor pain, but more studies with strong methodology are needed to achieve more rigorous evidence.

We aimed to explore whether maternal asymptomatic hepatitis B (HB) infection effects on pre-term rupture of membranous (PROM), stillbirth, preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational hypertension, or antepartum hemorrhage.
We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and ISI web of science from 1990 to Feb 2015. In addition, electronic literature searches supplemented by searching the gray literature (e.g., conference abstracts thesis and the result of technical reports) and scanning the reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews. We explored statistical heterogeneity using the, I2 and tau-squared (Tau2) statistical tests.
Eighteen studies were included. Preterm rupture of membranous (PROM), stillbirth, preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational hypertension and antepartum hemorrhage were considerable outcomes in this survey. The results showed no significant association between inactive HB and these complications in pregnancy. The small amounts of P-value and chi-square and large amount of I2 suggested the probable heterogeneity in this part, which we tried to modify with statistical methods such as subgroup analysis.
Inactive HB infection did not increase the risk of adversely mentioned outcomes in this study. Further, well-designed studies should be performed to confirm the results.