maryam hossein

The problems of drugs and addiction and the consequences of drug into abuse are considered as a phenomenon that affects different aspects of human life and is one of the main problems of modern age. The main goal of performing this investigation was identifying general demographic factors which affect the process of addiction in order to make available the facility of diagnosis and practice of therapeutic programs.

In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, a number of 500 addicts in Kermanshah, Iran, were selected using sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage frequency, cumulative frequency, and average).

The mean age of the subjects in this study was 36.6 + 8.80 years. Most addicts were in the age category of 31 to 40 years old. 62.8% of them began drug use for the first time in the age range of 10 to 20 years. 47% had primary education and 68.4% were unemployed and had no specific source of income. The top cause of drug use was reported as entertainment and enjoyment (47.6%) and the other cause was curiosity (26.4%). The most common cause of drug cessation was being tired of drug use.

With regard to the fact that most addicts are unemployed with no source of income, thus it seems that the authorities have to assess effective treatments and find ways to create youth employment and also healthy entertainment activities and source of income on which one can rely.

Exploring the formal and spiritual structure of some controversial Shahths of the early centuries of Sufism and some others from the sixth century to the eleventh century, shows that as we get passed the first centuries, Shath tends to imitation and vulgarity, and it differs from the famous and customary features of the true Shath. This research, after expressing the theoretical foundations of Shath and its characteristics, divides the period of shath into three categories according to the available resources ;then we examine the course of each period, with the focus of the contractual features of Shath and we also review the courses to show that the only true Shath is in the first periods of Sufism and in the language of Bayazid, Kharaghani and Hallaj, and anything thereafter is either imitation or repetition, or mystical acquisitions that are inaccurately interpreted and As Shtah in the works of Sufism.

Background and

Fish and seafood are considered as important sources of high-quality protein, minerals and polyunsaturated fatty acids, but they can contribute significantly to human dietary exposure to environmental pollutants. This study was carried out to assess the concentration of Pb in kutum as the most consumed fish and to determine the estimated daily/weekly intake (EDI/EWI) for comparisons to the tolerable daily/weekly intake (TDI/TWI).

Forty kutums were collected from Bandar Anzali and Roodsar stations, Iran, during January 2012. After preparation and chemical digestion, Pb concentration was determined using Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (SHIMADZU AA/680).

The mean accumulated concentrations of Pb in the kutum from Bandar Anzali and Roodsar stations were 2.55 ± 0.54 and 1.66 ± 0.25 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The observed EDI and EWI of Pb from Bandar Anzali and Roodsar stations were 0.001-0.009 and 0.0009-0.006 mg/kg, respectively.

The observed EDI and EWI of Pb in the kutum from Bandar Anzali and Roodsar stations were lower than stipulated guidelines by the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee and therefore, were not considered to pose adverse effects to consumers.