maryam jafarkhani kermani

Rosa iberica Stev. is one of the 14 wild rose species native to Iran. This plant has fragrant flowers and leaves. Therefore, one of the most important objectives of this study was to investigate the of crossability of R. iberica with R. damascena and commercial cultivars of Dolce Vita, Avalanch and Red One, as well as embryonic germination and some morphological characteristics of their offspring. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of crossbreeding of R. iberica with R. damascena and 3 commercial cultivars of Rose Avalanch, Red One and Dolce Vita in a completely randomized block design for hybridization and a completely randomized design for embryo rescue in 5 repeat performed. The results of this study showed that the highest percentage of hip formation and the highest average number of seeds per hip from the intersection of R. iberica with R. damascena was 34% and 13.40%, respectively. Also, R. iberica as a pollinating parent was different from R. damascena seed parent and produced few hip and seeds. The results of crosses showed that the highest height, average number of leaves and green leaf percentage and chlorophyll content were belonged to id5 genotype. The only cross between R. iberica as the pollinating parent and the Red One cultivar as the parent was not successful, and the hips dried up and fell off the plant a few days after the crossing. In the crossings of R. iberica with Avalanch cultivar and also R. iberica with Dolce Vita cultivar, the average number of seeds per hip was 10.20% and 6.80%, respectively, and in the crossings between R. iberica as the pollinating parent with Avalanch cultivar as mother parent and also R. iberica as pollinator parent with Dolce Vita cultivar as mother parent, a large number of seedlings produced in the early stages of growth on MS culture medium were died, and in crossing of R. iberica with Avalanch and Dolce Vita resulted in the highest number of offspring. It can be attributed to gametophytic incompatibility, meiotic abnormalities and accumulation of recessive genes or differences in the ploidy levels of the resulting offspring. Findings of this study showed that R. iberica with production of the highest number of hips and high average seed production is very suitable for selection as a parent and also the resulting genotype is superior to the parent in most parameters studied, which can be used in upcoming breeding program for the traits of flowers, the aroma of flowers and leaves.

The flowers of wild Rosa iberica are investigated to find the chemical constituents of its aroma and essential oil. The measurements were carried out by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. The aromatic compositions emitted from the flowers revealed 11 constituents, among which phenyl ethanol (38.82%), benzyl alcohol (28.48%), and geraniol (12.57%) were the most abundant. The essential oil investigation detected 13 compounds, the most abundant ones being anethole (45.56%) and phthalic acid (32.23%). The scent and essential oil detected de novo in the petals of R. iberica are beneficial as natural ingredients in seasonings, therapeutic compositions, and an aromatic plant in breeding strategies of ornamental shrubs and flowers.

The genus Rosa has a wide variety in Iran and although some natural hybrids have been found in different regions of the country, but no cultivars have been established so far. In order to optimize use of genetic resources in the country and to create varieties with desirable traits, inter-species relationships and identification of diversity, 45 populations from seven species in section Caninae collected from 13 provinces of Iran, were studied. To group the species, 61 qualitative and quantitative characters using the most suitable method of cluster analysis (WARD) were used and their ordination diagram based on the most variable factors for each species and sections were drown. Cluster analysis of quantitative and qualitative characters showed significant differences between characters. The results of classification confirmed previous taxonomy grouping. Factor analysis of R. elymatica populations showed that the hair on pedicels, sepal form, hip length, prickle base and prickle formpossessed the highest correlation. Two main groups were formed in R. boissieri based on ecological difference between them. Cluster analysis of R. orientalis also showed two main groups. Moreover, the results indicated that some populations of R. canina such as Polour, Karand, and Siahbishe (Iran), that showed the most variations in qualitative and quantitative characters, could be used to produce interspecific hybrids.Overall, the results of this study revealed that, R. canina and R. pulverulenta showed the highest variety in the section Caninae that is due to the combination of some unusual features in section.

Plant species with more than two sets of chromosome are called polyploids, which are usually spontaneously created by a mutation during the evolution process. The increased genetic diversity in polyploid plants is considered to be an important strategy in adapting them to new environments which are revolutionizing with time. The changes that are usually associated with auto and allopolyploids include alteration of cell size and morphological or physiological modifications. The aim of this study was to review some aspects of polyploidization and its impact on breeding of ornamental plants. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of the polyploid plants, chromosome doubling agents and application of polyploidization in ornamental plants are reviewed and polyploidization as a modern breeding method is discussed. This review suggested that although there are some disadvantages with polyploid plants, however, they have major advantages over non-polyploids. In using chromosome doubling agents, results indicated that due to complexity of the mode of action of these agents and response of different plants to them, type and concentration of polyploid inducing agents, exposure period and explant type are to be optimized. Moreover, the results suggested that polyploidization induce changes in plant's vigor, size of the fruits and flowers, size and thickness of the leaves, fertility and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and therefore it is considered as a modern breeding method for ornamental plants.

Ploidy level is one of important factors for plant breeders; therefore models that can predict it are very practical. To estimate of ploidy levels in some species, hybrids and cultivars of Rosa, dimensions of over 500 pollens include pollen length, width and area measured at ABRII. The calculations were carried out in several stages. First, Ploidy levels were regressed with pollen dimensions, after that, pollen area was regressed with pollen length and width. Finally the best models from previous step were tested to estimate of pollen level. In the present study, although a highly positive correlation (r2 ≥0.80, except for 2x) was obtained between pollen length and pollen area, but to predict of ploidy level, the correlation between it and pollen demotions was very weak (r2 ≥0.24). Results of test the best models (with highest r2 and lowest SES) for estimating of ploidy level, despite could be used, but because of the strong correlation among them, were not reliable.

In order to optimize the micropropagation of Qare-Qat (Vaccinium arctostaphylus J.J.Sm), samples were collected from two regions of Iran (Asalem and Kelardasht). Anderson (AN) media containing different concentrations of zeatin (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg L-1) and different levels of pH (4.5, 5 and 5.5) were compared. The in vitro shoots were transferred on AN media supplemented with zeatin (1 and 2 mg L-1) alone or in combination with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.2 and 0.4 mg L-1). To optimize the rooting stage, elongatedshoots (1.5- 2cm) were cultured on half strength semi- solid media containing activated charcoal (0 and 7g L-1), or half strength liquid AN medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0, 0.5, 2 and 3 mg L-1) and NAA (0 and 0.5 mg L-1). The results indicated that at the establishment stage, AN media supplemented with 4 mg L-1 zeatin (pH= 5.5) and 1 mg L-1 zeatin (pH= 5) were the best treatment for Asalem and Kelardasht explants, respectively. For the Asalem explants, the highest number of proliferated shoots (4) was observed on AN media consisting of 2 mg L-1 zeatin and 0.4 mg L-1 IBA. Whereas for the Kelardash explants the highest number of proliferated shoots (3) was observed on AN media consisting of 2 mg L-1 zeatin and 0.2 mg L-1 IBA. The highest percent of root formation (86 and 66%) were observed in half strength AN medium containing 7 g L- 1 activated charcoal and 3 mg L-1 IBA and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA in Asalem and Kelardasht explants, respectively. The plantlets were successfully transferred to soil and the survival rate was 85%.

Conventional methods of pear breeding, largely based on intra- and inter-specific hybridization, are difficult because pear is highly heterozygous, polygenic and has a long juvenile period. Genetic improvements of pear cultivars are possible through induction of mutations and gene transfer by genetic engineering. A general prerequisite for these approaches is to establish an efficient plant regeneration system. In the present study, the effect of two basal media (MS and NN) and different concentrations of TDZ (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 μM) or BAP (0, 4, 8, 16 μM) in combination with NAA (1 μM) on direct shoot regeneration of two pear (Pyrus communis L.) genotypes 'Bartlett' and 'Dargazi' was investigated. The obtained results showed that 'Dargazi' had higher rates of shoot regeneration than 'Bartlett' and in both cultivars the highest percent of shoot regeneration was observed from lower sections of the leaves. Although the highest percent of shoot regeneration in 'Bartlett' (38%) was attained in the NN medium containing 2.5 µM TDZ and 1 µM NAA, the differences in shoot regeneration between this medium and the NN media containing 5 or 7.5 µM TDZ and 1 µM NAA were not significant. The highest percent of shoot regeneration in 'Dargazi' (56%) was obtained in NN medium containing 7.5 µm TDZ and 1 µm NAA. It can be concluded that genotypes, explant types and culture media composition could effect on direct shoot regeneration of pear.

In vitro propagation of plant has played a very important role in rapid multiplication of cultivars with desirable traits and production of healthy and disease-free plants. In the present investigation, the objectives were to optimize the micropropagation of Rose hybrid ‘Black Baccarat’ cultivar. In proliferation step, the nodal segments (1.5 cm) was cultured on both liquid and solid media (MS, VS and WPM). The results showed that the highest shoot proliferation was obtained on VS medium. The highest amount of multiplication and the growth rate were obtained in the liquid medium. For rooting, three concentrations of VS mineral salts (full-, half-, and quarter-strength) containing NAA (0.5 μM) were tested in semi-solid and liquid media. Root initiation influenced by mineral concentration in the medium. The investigation showed that the highest number of roots was observed in semi-solid 1/4 VS medium. Variation in multiplication and growth rate of explants can be explained on the basis of water potential and mineral availability to the explants in the liquid medium.

In order to optimize the micropropagation of Qare-Qat (Vaccinium arctostaphylus J.J.Sm), samples were collected from two regions of Iran (Asalem and Kelardasht). Anderson (AN) media containing different concentrations of zeatin (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg L-1) and different levels of pH (4.5, 5 and 5.5) were compared. The in vitro shoots were transferred on AN media supplemented with zeatin (1 and 2 mg L-1) alone or in combination with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.2 and 0.4 mg L-1). To optimize the rooting stage, elongated shoots (1.5- 2cm) were cultured on half strength semi- solid media containing activated charcoal (0 and 7 g L- 1),or half strength liquid AN medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA 0, 0.5, 2 and 3 mg L-1) and NAA (0 and 0.5 mg L-1). The results indicated that at the establishment stage AN media supplemented with 4 mg L-1 zeatin (pH= 5.5) and 1 mg L-1 zeatin (pH= 5) were the best treatment for Asalem and Kelardasht explants, respectively. For the Asalem explants, the highest number of proliferated shoots (4) was observed on AN media consisting of 2 mg L-1 zeatin and 0.4 mg L-1 IBA. Whereas for the Kelardash explants the highest number of proliferated shoots (3) was observed on AN media consisting of 2 mg L-1 zeatin and 0.2 mg L-1 IBA. The highest percent of root formation (86 and 66%) were observed in half strength AN medium containing of 7 g L-1 activated charcoal and 3 mg L-1 IBA and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA in Asalem and Kelardasht explants, respectively. The plantlets were successfully transferred to soil and the survival rate was 85%.

Rosa persica with a distinctive red eye is a good candidate for addition to the breeding pool of roses. In order to optimize micropropagation of R. persica، three culture media (MS، QL and VS) were compared. The maximum growth rate was observed in the VS medium. Addition of FeEDTA (Fe: 65. 4 mg/l)، calcium gluconate (Cg: 2. 7 g/l) and Gamborg vitamins (B5) instead of VS vitamins، alone or in combinationwith VS medium were compared. The maximum growth rate was obtained in the medium containing VS + Cg + B5 (VSCgB5). Various concentrations of BAP (0، 2، 4 and 8 μM) in combination with 3 μM GA3 showed that maximum growth rate was attained in the medium containing 8 μM of BAP. To reduce vitrification of Rosa persica، effects of the type of gelling agent (8 g/l agar، 4 g/l phytagel and 2 g/l agar + 3 g/l phytagel) and sucrose concentrations (30، 45 and 60 g/l) were investigated. The results showed that agar could completely eliminate vitrification and was the superior gelling agent for R. persica، whereas different sucrose concentrations did not have a significant effect on vitrification. At rooting stage، half-strength VS mineral salts and vitamins containing IBA (0، 0. 25، 0. 5، and 1 μM) and NAA (0 and 0. 5 μM) were investigated. The results showed that there was not a significant difference between different rooting media in percentage of rooting or the number of roots per plantlet.

The present research was carried out to evaluate the response of seven selected Persian leek accessions to in vitro gynogenesis. The experimental design was a factorial one based upon a completely randomized design of three culture media treatments B2D0 (2 mgl-1 BA), B2D2 (2 mgl-1 BA and 2 mgl-1 2, 4-D), and B2D4 (2 mgl-1 BA and 4 mgl-1 2, 4-D) along with seven Persian leek accessions (Gorgan, Neishabur, Hamedan, Mianeh, Kangavar, Varamin and Kerman) carried out in three replications. Traits of embryo rate, regeneration rate, survival rates, callus formation and vitrified flowers were evaluated. Out of a total of 18,900 flower buds cultured, 459 embryos (2.43%) were all successfully regenerated into complete plants. Gorgan and Mianeh accessions ended up with the highest embryo and regeneration rates (25%) in the culture medium of B2D2 (2 mgl-1 BA and 2 mgl-1 2, 4-D). Results finally indicated that unpollinated flower culture is an effective method of in vitro gynogenesis of Persian leek.

Interactive effect of plant growth regulators 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0, 2, 4 and 8 mM) and 1-Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.05, 0.25 and 0.5 mM) in Van der Salm (VS) medium was used to optimize in vitro propagation of Rosa hybrida cv. Iceberg. Shoot proliferation and number of new leaves were measured as growth indicators. As the concentration of BAP was raised, growth rate increased with all of the above NAA concentrations. However, the highest number of axillary shoots and new leaves were produced with 4 mM BAP, which was considered the optimal level. A multiplication rate of 10 folds with a maximum number of axillary shoots (10.1) and new leaves per explant (25) were obtained in the medium containing 4 mM BAP plus 0.5 mM NAA. In vitro-derived shoots were used to investigate root initiation and growth by lowering the concentration of VS mineral salts and vitamins. Three strengths of VS (full, 1/2 and 1/4) were compared in semi-solid and liquid medium. The average number of roots (4.35) and root length (0.82 cm) were significantly higher in 1/4 strength VS. The highest percentage of rooting (93.33%) and number of roots (4.45) were significantly higher in semi-solid than liquid medium. The regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to soil and the survival rates of the rooted plantlets transferred to soil were 70% and 90% in plants treated with semi-sold and liquid media, respectively.