maryam kouchak

Statement of the Problem:

 Dental caries are among the most common oral and dental diseases affecting adults and children. To prevent caries, either the factors that cause caries should be reduced or the host resistance should be increased. Several compounds, such as bioglass, chitosan, and silver diamine fluoride (SDF), can enhance enamel remineralization.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chitosan, bioglass, chitosan-bioglass, and SDF compounds on remineralizing primary enamel lesions.

In this in vitro study, seventy-two primary canine teeth were collected. The teeth were exposed to a demineralization solution for 72 hours to create primary caries lesions. The primary Vickers microhardness test (VMT) was conducted to measure the initial values. The samples were randomly divided into six groups (n=12): Group 1: bioglass-chitosan solution; Group 2: chitosan; Group 3: bioglass solution; Group 4: SDF; Group 5: remineralization solution; Group 6: distilled water. The solutions of Groups 1, 2, and 3 were applied to the samples for 7 days, while the SDF solution was applied only once. The samples were immersed in an artificial saliva solution, which was refreshed daily. After the treatment, the final Vickers microhardness test (VMT) values were recorded. The data were analyzed statistically using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p< 0.05).

The results indicated a statistically significant effect of remineralizing compounds on both pre-treatment and post-treatment microhardness (p< 0.0001). However, no significant difference in microhardness was observed between the groups studied (p= 0.225).

All the compounds utilized in this study demonstrated a significant remineralizing effect on enamel lesions caused by primary caries in primary teeth. The chitosan-bioglass and bioglass groups exhibited the highest levels of remineralization, respectively. However, the comparison between the groups yielded insignificant results due to the dispersion of the samples. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Blended electrospun nanofibrous mats containing black pomegranate peel extract (BPPE) were prepared using different proportions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polycaprolactone as the filament-forming polymers. The electrospinning process was conducted by simultaneously injecting PVP and polycaprolactone spinning solutions from two opposite sides on a rotary collector. The films were characterized in morphology, mechanical features, water vapor transmission rate, swelling properties, and drug release profile. The uniform white porous nanofibrous mats were achieved using the optimized method. As the concentration of PVP in the formula increased, the average diameter of the fibers increased, and fibers containing spindle bodies appeared. Though, the moisture content is one of the most essential issues with a wound dressing to promote the healing process, excessive water absorption by PVP produced highly erodible mats with weak tensile strength and elongation. The higher content of polycaprolactone created narrower and more uniform fibers and improved the mechanical features and water swelling properties of the blended mats. Furthermore, the nanofibrous membrane composed of a 70:30 polycaprolactone/PVP weight ratio resulted in a more sustained drug release. The favorable properties mentioned above, along with the wound healing effect of BPPE, make it an attractive candidate for application in wound dressing products.

 This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of resveratrol (RES) and saroglitazar (SARO) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a rat model.

 In this animal study, rats were treated with RES, SARO, or a combination of both. Male rats were fed with an HFD to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and then divided into 4 groups: RES treatment, SARO treatment, combined RES and SARO treatment, and no treatment. Various parameters were measured, including body and liver weight, liver enzymes, gene expression of inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein expression levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and p-Smad3, and liver histology.

 The combination of RES and SARO significantly reduced blood and hepatic lipids, attenuated weight gain, and decreased inflammatory cytokine production in a NAFLD study. The combination diminished hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and TGF-β1 expression, suggesting antifibrotic effects. Histological evaluations showed antisteatotic and antifibrotic outcomes of the combined treatment. Improved glycemic index, blood lipids, and reduced NASH indicators (i.e., aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) were observed after 6 weeks. The treatment also decreased ROS and NOX family expression, lessening oxidative stress. The inhibition of the TGF-β-Smad3 pathway in HFD-induced rats resulted in reduced NASH (P < 0.05).

 The results indicated that the group receiving the combination of RES and SARO showed a more efficient reduction in fibrosis and steatosis in the NASH model induced by an HFD than the groups receiving RES or SARO alone.

Liposomes have been attracted considerable attention as phospholipid spherical vesicles, over the past 40 years. These lipid vesicles are valued in biomedical application due to their ability to carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic agents, high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Various methods have been used for the synthesis of liposomes, so far and numerous modifications have been performed to introduce liposomes with different characteristics like surface charge, size, number of their layers, and length of circulation in biological fluids. This article provides an overview of the significant advances in synthesis of liposomes via active or passive drug loading methods, as well as describes some strategies developed to fabricate their targeted formulations to overcome limitations of the “first-generation” liposomes.

Knee osteoarthritis is the most common arthritis and musculoskeletal disease. The low efficacy and significant side effects of synthetic drugs in the treatment of this disease have led many researchers to look for a drug that is effective but has fewer side effects. Recently, ginger is one of the most popular herbal remedies in the treatment of this disease. This study aimed to compare the effect of ginger by skin patch and oral capsule on pain intensity, joint dryness, and daily performance of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

This was a three-group clinical trial study that was performed on patients referred to Afshar orthopedic clinic in Dezful in 2015. Sampling was available. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups according to the table of random numbers: skin patch, ginger capsule, and control. All three groups received treatment prescribed by an orthopedic specialist. In addition, the ginger capsule group used 2 500 mg ginger capsules daily and the ginger skin patch group used one ginger skin patch daily in the middle of the waist for 9 weeks. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and a translated version of the Arthritis Index of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC). One-way analysis of variance, paired t-test, and Tukey post hoc test aswas used to analyze the data. A significant level were considered 0.05.

The total number of participants in the study was 135.In the groups of ginger capsules, ginger skin patch, and control. the mean pain intensity before the intervention was 13.08, 14.52, and 13.55, respectively, and after the intervention, it decreased to 7.05, 8.62, and 11.37(P<0.00).

Ginger in both oral capsules and skin patches is effective in reducing the severity of pain and dysfunction in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. It seems that only oral capsules reduce joint dryness and the ginger skin patch is ineffective.

 Plant essential oils (EOs) as natural agents have broad activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, and repel activities because of their chemical compositions.

 The objective of this study was to increase the stability of Origanum vulgar subsp. viride EOs by encapsulation in chitosan-carbomer nanoparticles by ionic gelation method.

 The EOs from dried leaves of O. vulgar subsp. viride were extracted by hydro-distillation method, and EO components were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Besides, OEO-loaded chitosan (CS) nano-capsules were prepared using the ionic gelation method. The molecular structure and morphology of nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC) of the OEO-loaded CS nanoparticles, and their release profiles were determined using UV/Vis spectrophotometry.

 The major components of OEO were thymol (20.53%), 4-terpinenol (20.28%), and γ-terpinene (12.22%). The percentages of EE and LC of OEO ranged from 99.25 ± 0.74 to 93.84 ± 0.71 and 38.02 ± 0.18 to 66.73 ± 0.51, respectively, with increasing the OEO to chitosan ratio from 1:0.01 to 1:0.04 W/V. The nanoparticles were regular, uniform, and spherical in shape with an average size of 134 to 181 nm, which were dispersed throughout the solution. The zeta potential values for blank chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and OEO-loaded CSNPs were +23.4 and +38.5 mV, respectively.

 The results confirmed the suitability of the CS-carbomer complex for OEO- CSNPs formation. It is recommended to evaluate the antimicrobial, insecticidal and insect repel activities of developed OEO nanoparticles in laboratory and field studies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has several complications such as hyperlipidemia and hepatotoxicity. Myricitrin has an antidiabetic action along with low bioavailability. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of myricitrin and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) containing myricitrin on the T2DM mouse model induced by Streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA).

In this experimental study, 90 Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) adult male mice were divided into 9 groups (n=10 per group): control, vehicle, diabetic, diabetic + myricitrin, or SLN containing myricitrin 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg groups. The cold homogenization method was used to prepare SLN containing myricitrin. The diabetic model was induced by one injection of STZ-NA (65-120 mg/kg) with a 15-min interval. Animals' treatment was done for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, plasma samples were taken for experimental assessments.

Plasma level of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in diabetic mice compared to the control group (P<0.05). Administration of myricitrin or SLN containing myricitrin decreased plasma levels of TG, LDL-C, VLDL, AST, and ALT and increased HDL-C in the treated diabetic groups compared to the untreated groups (P<0.05).

According to the results, myricitrin and SLN containing myricitrin showed hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects in T2DM mice. Also, SLN containing myricitrin was more potent than myricitrin especially in a low dose of administration.

Lidocaine and prilocaine are amide-type local anesthetic agents that are expectedly adequate to create a rapid pharmacological effect immediately after using transdermal delivery system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials on drug release from different polymeric films containing lidocaine and prilocaine.

Several films containing lidocaine and prilocaine were prepared using ethyl cellulose (EC) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymers. The effect of propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (as permeation enhancers) and triacetin or dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizer on tensile strength, moisture absorption, content uniformity, and drug release properties were investigated. In vitro permeations studies were carried out using Fransz diffusion cells and samples were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography for each drug.

DBP unlike triacetin had a dramatic effect on drug release rate and moisture absorption in HPMC films. The presence of PG on the formulations containing EC caused an increase in the moisture absorption and drug release and shifted the mechanism of release from Fickian diffusion to Case-II transport. PEG4000 was not a significant effect on these variables in the HPMC films.

Hydrophilic additives like PG when used in an water-insoluble membrane act as a channeling agent and increase the rate of drug release because in dissolution medium they dissolve out of the film and leave channels from which drug can be released more rapidly

The present study evaluates the protective effects of myricitrin and its solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) on diabetic nephropathy (DN) induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) in mice. In this experimental study, 108 adult male NMRI mice were divided into 9 groups: control, vehicle, diabetes, diabetes + myricitrin 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg and, diabetes + SLN containing myricitrin 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg. After the experimental period, the plasma and tissue samples were collected for experimental, histopathological, real-time PCR and apoptosis assessments. Total antioxidant capacity, catalase, glomerular filtration rate, plasma level of albumin, urine (BUN) and, creatinine (Cr) levels decreased, and the kidney weight, intake/output, malondialdehyde, plasma level of BUN and Cr, urine level of sodium, potassium, albumin and glucose, fractional excretions of sodium and potassium, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) gene expression, red blood cell accumulation and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and kidney apoptosis increased in untreated diabetic mice compared to the control group, and administration of myricitrin and its SLN recovered all of these changes. Ultimately, myricitrin and its SLN administration improved DN changes by reducing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant enzymes level, and these effects were more prominent in the SLN-administered mice.

Protoscolex plays an important role in the development of hydatid cyst. Albendazole is one of the most effectual protoscolicidal agents for averting the reappearance of this disease, nonetheless, its low solubility and its low intestinal absorption necessitates the presence of a drug carrier to enhance its efficacy. In this study, the effect of albendazole and its nano-form on protoscolices in cultured media and in vivo was evaluated. Microemulsion method was used to prepare the Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing albendazole. Infected livers were collected from the Slaughterhouse of Ahvaz, Khuzestan in 2017. The protoscolices were stored in RPMI 1640 for one week, and their survival under the influence of albendazole and nano-albendazole on days 3 and 7 at concentrations of 250 and 500µg / ml was investigated. The live protoscolices exposed on day 3 at a concentration of 250 μg/ml were injected to mice for evaluation of pathogenicity. Three months later, after autopsy of the mice, the pathogenicity was evaluated. Protoscolicidal efficacy was highest in both concentrations on day 7 for albendazole and on day 5 for nano-albendazole. Following the autopsy of the mice, cyst growth was reported in all mice, and only two mice from the albandazole loaded SLNs group did not have any cyst. Albendazole loaded SLNs showed a higher protoscolicidal property than the free form of this drug; therefore, the use of nano-formulation of this drug is recommended to prevent the onset of this disease.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), as one of the complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, occurs in over 40% - 77% of cases. Considering the numerous complications of synthetic drugs, there is a growing tendency towards the use of herbal medicines due to their unique features. Ginger root is one of the herbal compounds effective on nausea and vomiting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative Zintoma capsules on PONV after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this quasi-experimental study, 130 eligible patients were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 65) and control (n = 65) groups using the four-block method. The intervention group received two capsules of 500 mg and one of 250 mg Zintoma. The control group received three placebo capsules. The severity of patients’ PONV was recorded at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery using a checklist and a standard VAS instrument. Data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square test, and LSD Post Hoc test (ANOVA) in SPSS 19. The severity of PONV and vomiting was significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.001) at the above time points. The mean severity of nausea (by VAS) changed in the intervention group from 7.92 ± 1.28 to 0.33 ± 0.67 and in the control group from 8.00 ± 1.20 to 2.11 ± 1.55. The postoperative vomiting was less frequent in the group receiving the Zintoma capsules. The postoperative use of chemical anti-vomiting and nausea drugs was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the placebo group (P = 0.001). Zintoma capsules can be used as a supportive treatment in the prevention of nausea and vomiting by reducing the incidence rate of PONV

Context: Oral administration of drugs remains the most common and preferred route for many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, solid oral dosage forms may be limited for patients who have swallowing problems or fear of choking. Furthermore in the case of solid dosage forms, disintegration and dissolution of dosage forms are rate limiting steps mostly for hydrophobic drug's absorption and bioavailability. Liquid oral dosage forms such as syrups, emulsions or suspensions may be used to overcome these disadvantages but higher costs of their production and larger volume and dimensions of their packaging along with the lower precision in dose intake make the liquid oral dosage form less acceptable for patients and pharmaceutical industries.
Evidence Acquisition: In order to merge the advantages of both solid and liquid oral dosage forms, fast dissolving drug delivery systems have been developed over the years. The current review aimed to discuss the pros and cons of different preparations of oral fast dissolving dosage forms including tablets, films and nanofibers.
Fast dissolving dosage forms rapidly dissolve in mouth without the need for additional liquid or chewing, providing ease of use for consumers, a fast absorption of drug, quick onset of action, and improved bioavailability. Various technologies to fabricate these dosage forms such as lyophilization, spray drying, solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, compaction and electrospinning are also addressed.
Fast dissolving drug delivery systems are the promising approach in oral drug delivery systems, which can provide patient compliance especially in case of pediatrics and geriatrics. They can also lead to quick action of drugs and enhanced bioavailability.

Dorzolamide ophthalmic drop is one of the most common glaucoma medications but it has a short residence time in the eye. The aim of this study is to develop ocular dorzolamide HCl nanoliposomes (DRZ – nanoliposomes) and to evaluate their potential use for the treatment of ocular hypertension. Nanoliposomes were prepared using Reverse-phase evaporation vesicle (REV) and thin layer hydration (TLH) method with 7:3 and 7:4 molar ratios of phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol. The physicochemical properties of the formulations were investigated. Formulations with 7:4 lipid ratio were evaluated in terms of drug release, physical stability and ex vivo permeation through the excised albino rabbit cornea. The rabbits in groups of 6 were treated with selected DRZ – nanoliposomes or dorzolamide solution or marketed dorzolamid preparation (Biosopt®) and intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored. Formulations with 7:4 molar ratio entrapped greater amount of drug compared to those with 7:3 lipid components ratio. DRZ – nanoliposomes with 7:4 lipid ratio showed more transcorneal permeation than Dorzolamide solution (p

Previous reports have shown that quince seed might have some healing effects on skin ulcers in rabbits.. To assess the potential healing effect of quince seed cream on human skin ulcers..Patients and The present study was a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Fifty patients with skin ulcer caused by disposable biopsy punch 5 mm were allocated in two groups (25 in each) to receive either 5% quince seed cream or 1% phenytoin cream. Skin ulcers were evaluated before and during the study (on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days), based on the size of ulcers.. There was no significant difference in ulcer size between the two groups, before the treatment (P = 0.79). The ulcer size was diminished in the quince seed group, in comparison with the phenytoin group, on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after the treatment. After two weeks of treatment, complete healing was observed in 19 patients (86.4%) of quince seed group and five patients (21.7%) of phenytoin group that was significant (P < 0.001). The most common complication was burning and local hypersensitivity and both were more frequent in the phenytoin group.. According to our findings, 5% quince seed cream, compared with 1% phenytoin cream, had several advantages, such as more rapid healing process of skin ulcers, and less complications..

Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug and is available as oral dosage forms. Development of topical treatment could be advantageous for superficial fungal infections of skin. The film forming property of chitosan has made it interesting for transdermal/dermal drug delivery, but showed lack of stability. Soy phosphatidylcholine (PC), besides playing penetration enhancer and solubilizer roles, could enhance the stability and mechanical properties of the film. Films prepared from a mixture of chitosan and PC can achieve the benefits of both materials.. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize films formed from blends of chitosan and soy PC for topical delivery of griseofulvin.. Topical films composed of chitosan and soy PC were prepared by means of casting and solvent evaporation technique. The properties of the films were characterized regarding mechanical properties, swelling, ability to transmit vapor, drug release, thermal behavior and antifungal efficacy against Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum.. Presence of soy PC improved mechanical properties, lowered swelling ratio and increased stability of the films. Solubilizing activity of phospholipid resulted in higher flux of drug release from formulation containing higher amount of soy PC. Antifungal efficacy of formulations was confirmed against two species of dermatophytes in vitro.. This topical composite film had the potential for griseofulvin delivery to superficial fungal infections..

Chitosan-based nanoparticle systems have gained wide interest, mainly for their biocompatibility, biodegradability and mucoadhesive properties.. The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate diclofenac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles based on the ionotropic gelation method.. Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles containing diclofenac was prepared using the ionotropic gelation method. Sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) was used as a polyanion in this process. The effect of some parameters on particle size and drug loading efficiency was evaluated.. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photographs exhibited typical spherical shape of particles. The mean particle size was within 129 - 166 nm and was affected by homogenization, CS/TPP ratio, CS/drug ratio and pH of medium. The maximum drug loading efficiency was estimated as 65.43 ± 7.03% with CS/drug ratio of 10:1. This value tended to decrease by enhancement of drug proportion in the formulations. Differential scanning calorimetry data confirmed the formation of polyelectrolyte complex of TPP and chitosan. Drug release profile in phosphate buffer solutions (pH 6.8, 7.4) showed initial burst effect followed by a slower release pattern. However, release of diclofenac in the acidic medium was negligible.. Diclofenac-loaded nanoparticles based on properties of chitosan gelation could delay the release of drugs in the stomach and be further evaluated for the enteric delivery of diclofenac..

This investigation aimed to prepare aminophylline gel and study the effect of ethanol and di-limonen on the permeation enhancement of drug through shed snake skin. Subjects and Aminophylline gels were prepared using theophylline and ethylene diamine as raw materials of aminophylline and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) F4M and propylene glycol as gelling agent and cosolvent, respectively. Ethanol or di-limonen 5% was added as an enhancer. Drug permeability across polymeric membrane and shed snake skin was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Drug permeation parameters including flux (J), permeability coefficient (Kp) and enhancement factors (EFs) of each enhancer were calculated. Both accelerants significantly enhanced the absorption of aminophylline through skin model in comparison with control group (P <0.05). But they significantly reduced the drug permeability across polymeric membrane. Ethanol 60% showed a significant higher permeation effect (EF=6.61±1.05) in comparison with d-limonen 5% (EF=2.91±0.02). Both increased aminophyllin skin permeability after a lag time. D-limonen and ethanol are able to increase absorption of aminophylline through shed snake skin. Reduction in drug permeability across non-biological membrane suggests that enhancement effect on the transdermal permeation of the drug can be attributed to time-dependent reconstruction of stratum corneum.

Dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs are difficult due to the barrier properties of the stratum corneum. Polymeric carriers such as chitosan can be used to increase drug permeability. Chitosan is a nontoxic natural cationic biopolymer and has been widely used in biomedical field including healing burns and wounds owning to its biological properties such as biocompatibility، biodegradability، mucoadhesivity، antibacterial and hemostatic activities. This polymer can be used to produce dermal/transdermal preparations in different types of drug delivery systems including hydrogel، film and nanoparticle. The aim of this review article is introduce chitosan as a carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery.

The aim of this study was to insert nitrofurazone in a chitosan membrane to be used as a wound dressing. Several blend films using chitosan (Cs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), containing nitrofurazone were prepared by means of casting/solvent evaporating technique. Different characteristics such as mechanical properties, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), oxygen permeability (OP), swelling ability (SW), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), drug release profiles and antibacterial activity of the films were investigated. The results showed that nitrofurazone decreased tensile strength, OP and SW of Cs films, while increased WVTR. Addition of PVA at any concentration improved mechanical properties, reduced WVTR, and increased OP and SW of nitrofurazone-loaded Cs films. The latter films showed higher activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than drug-free chitosan films. The presence of PVA improves many properties of Cs-nitrofurazone films and makes them more desirable as dressing material for burn wounds. Although nitrofurazone alone is ineffective against P. aeruginosa, it is able to increase antibacterial effect of chitosan in composite films

Cellulite is the accumulation of subcutaneous fat and connective tissue in tights and buttocks. Xanthines, such as aminophylline, are used as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and are also adenosine receptor antagonists.. The aim of the present study was to characterize in vitro aminophylline transdermal absorption through shed snake skin, and to investigate the absorption enhancing effect of various enhancers.. Aminophylline gels were prepared using theophylline and ethylenediamine as raw materials of aminophylline, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) F4M as gelling agent, and propylene glycol as a co-solvent. Sodium tauroglycocholate (STGC) (100, 200, and 500 μg/mL), lauric acid (1.7 and 15%), and ethanol (60%) were added as enhancers. In vitro percutaneous absorption experiments were performed on snake skin using Franz diffusion cells. Flux (J), permeability coefficient (P), and enhancement factor (EF) for each formulation were calculated.. The results indicated that all of enhancers significantly enhanced drug permeability. This effect was decreased by increasing the concentration of STGC; in contrast, by increasing the concentration of lauric acid from 1.7 to 15%, EF was enhanced Although ethanol (60%) and STGC (100 μg/mL) showed the highest EFs, the effect of ethanol on drug permeability appeared with a lag time.. According to the findings, type and concentration of penetration enhancers can effect on transdermal permeation of drug..

Nanoliposomes are colloidal structures composed of a bilayer membrane. In aqueous solutions، hydrophobic phospholipid groups are directed inward sphere، while hydrophilic groups are directed towards the outer sphere. The result of such orientation is formation of two layers composed of lipid molecules. Now-a-day، there have been many efforts to utilize these nano-structures as carriers for drug delivery، gene delivery and modeling of cell membranes in animal and human studies. The ability of encapsulating a large amount of drugs، minimizing unwanted side effects، high efficiency and low toxicity are some of the proper of nano liposomes. For example، the encapsulation of anticancer drugs in such nano-structures have been widely studied. The results showed that using nano-liposomes، delivery to target cells is improved and drug efficacy is increased. The structures of nano-liposomes، the various methods used for preparation and their use as drug delivery carriers are briefly reviewed in this article.