فهرست مطالب maryam koushkie jahromi

Considering limitations related to intensity, duration, and mode of exercise and possible physiological mechanisms, this study aimed to summarize the physiological mechanisms emphasizing inflammation, angiogenesis, and immunology of different exercises related to prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

In the current review study, different platforms were analyzed including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Research Gate as well as Iranian databases such as Scientific Information Database (SID) and Magiran. The data was reviewed until May 2024. Search keywords included “exercise", "sport”, “physical exercise”, “intensity, training”, “breast cancer”, “inflammation”, “angiogenesis”,” immunology”, and “physiological mechanisms”.

Among several proposed mechanisms, inflammation, immunity and angiogenesis have been mentioned as important indices but there are ambiguities regarding the influence of different intensities and durations of exercise on breast cancer prevention and treatment. Other effective factors such as the effect of exercise on gene regulation and some other mechanisms have been proposed as possible mediators.

According to some previous studies, aerobic exercise induces positive effects on preventing and treating breast cancer through reducing inflammation, improving angiogenesis, and enhancing immunological mechanisms. Regarding duration and intensity, long term regular exercise (>8 weeks), in the form of aerobic and especially high intensity interval training (HIIT) reduces inflammation. while the effect of short-term exercise training is not clear yet and high intensity exercise may induce suppressing effects on the immune system. Therefore, the effect of intensity and duration of exercise on physiological mechanismsmust be clarified

 Some evidence has shown the beneficial effects of exercise on reducing menopausal symptoms. However, the effect of type of exercise (aquatic and land-based exercise) and cessation of exercise is still unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the menopausal symptoms in two aquatic and land-based trained groups before and after cessation of exercise due to COVID-19 outbreak.

 90 postmenopausal women participated in the study voluntarily. The daily and sport physical activities and menopausal symptoms were assessed through interviews three months after cessation of sport activities and qestions were designed and obtained from daily physical activity form and menopausal rating scale (MRS) questionnaire respectively.

 Before the cessation of exercise, the somatic, psychological, and sexual symptoms of menopause were lower in both active groups than the inactive group, while there was no significant difference in three categories of menopausal symptoms between aquatic and land-based exercise groups. After the cessation of exercise, menopausal symptoms in the two groups of previously active women increased significantly compared to the inactive group, so that there was no significant difference in menopausal symptoms between the exercise and inactive groups.

aquatic and land-based exercise reduces the symptoms of menopause similarly, while the beneficial effects of exercise on menopausal symptoms can disappear after the cessation of exercise for three months.

In middle-aged women, the postmenopausal period is associated with increased oxidative, inflammatory, and psychological stress. We intend to investigate the effect of home-based aerobic exercise (HAE) on serum levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-C) and the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in leukocytes of postmenopausal women.

A total of 20 sedentary postmenopausal women who had at least 12 months passed since their last menstruation participated in the study voluntarily. Their Mean±SD age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were respectively 52.4±3.8 years, 161.4±3.7 cm, 74.4±6.8 kg, and 28.6±3.4 kg/m2. They were randomly divided into two groups: Home-based aerobic exercise (HAE, n=10) and inactive control (CON, n=10). HAE group undertook 4 weeks of home-based aerobic exercise (4 d/wk, intensity: 70%-80% maximal heart rate) with online supervision. Participants’ weight and fasting blood samples (12-h fasting state) were measured and taken before and 48 hours after the intervention. TERT expression in blood leukocytes and serum levels of 8-OHDG were assessed by real-time PCR and ELISA methods, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using mixed (2×2) repeated measure ANOVA and independent samples t-test in SPSS software. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered for all tests.

The findings showed that 4 weeks of HAE increased TERT expression significantly compared to the CON (ES=0.40, P<0.05). Although 8-OHDG serum level in the HAE group increased following training compared to pre-training (P<0.05), no significant difference was observed between the CON and HAE groups (P>0.05). Also, the interaction effect on 8-OHDG was not significant (ES=0.11, P>0.05). In addition, after 4 weeks of HAE, body weight and BMI significantly decreased in the training group compared to the control (P<0.05).

According to these findings, HEA effectively reduces telomere erosion and improves weight control in postmenopausal women.

The present study aimed to assess and compare the effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on oxidative stress-related markers in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle in healthy male rats.

Fifteen male Wistar rats, aged 50-70 days, were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control group (CON), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). After determining the maximum speed of VO2max, the training program of HIIT (six 2-min periods with 85%-90% VO2max and five 2-min with 50%-60% VO2max intensity) and MICT (same distance of running as HIIT with 70% VO2max intensity) groups were performed for 8 weeks, 5 days per week. Forty-eight hours after the last intervention session, the animals were anesthetized, and their heart tissue was removed and stored at -80°C. Then, the expression rates of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes were measured by real-time PCR, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in left ventricular tissue of heart was measured by colorimetry method. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used for data analysis at the significance level of P<0.05.

There were significant differences between the groups’ expression rates of AMPK, PGC-1α, and SOD (P<0.05). The expression rates of AMPK and PGC-1α were higher in the MICT group than in the CON group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between HIIT and MICT groups regarding AMPK and PGC-1α (P>0.05). SOD expression was significantly higher in the HIIT group than CON and MICT groups (P<0.05). SOD expression was also higher in the MICT group compared to the CON group (P<0.05). MDA concentration was not significantly different between the studied groups (P>0.05).

HIIT and MICT induce positive adaptations in the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and SOD in the heart tissue of healthy male rats. However, HIIT stimulates SOD gene expression more than MICT.

Lactate has been recently considered as a signaling factor involved in metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of lactate entrance into the brain on endurance training-induced adaptations in lipid oxidation.  24 male rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 197 ± 21 g) were divided into control (C), trained (T), and traind+4-CIN (T+4-CIN, which experienced the inhibition of lactate entrance into the brain during exercise). All animals performed a single session of acute endurance exercise following their 12-weeks training protocol.  Free fatty acids (FFA) and triglyceride content in plasma and adipose tissue and cAMP and Inositol triphosphate (PI3) content in epididymal fat were measured immediately after acute exercise using ELISA and were compared among the groups by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Acute exercise significantly increased lactate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (SCF) in both T and T+4-CIN compared to the C group. Lactate concentration was slightly lower in T + 4-CIN compared to the T.  Immediately after acute endurance training, a significant decrease of 61 and 31% in plasma triglyceride levels, a significant decrease of 39 and 26% in adipose tissue triglyceride levels, a significant increase of 125 and 56% in plasma FFA levels, a significant increase of 217 and 125% increase in FFA plasma levels, a significant increase of 87 and 41% in adipose tissue cAMP levels, and a significant increase of 90 and 49% in adipose tissue inositol triphosphate levels was observed in the T and T+4-CIN compared to the control group, respectively (all P < 0.01). Plasma triglyceride and adipose tissue levels in the 4-CIN + training group were significantly higher and plasma and adipose tissue FFA levels were significantly lower (all P < 0.05) than the values found in the T group.  In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that lactate can be effective on endurance training-induced adaptations in lipid oxidation due to its action in the brain.

Various environmental and genetic factors, such as inflammation caused by intense sports activity, affect the immune system response of athletes. One method of preventing the inflammatory process and helping the immune system is probably to take anti-inflammatory drugs like cinnamon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one-week consumption of cinnamon supplement on the immune response to one session of exhaustive exercise in active boys..

This study was a kind of quasi-experimental, and single- blind. Study population was male collegiate sport man at Shiraz University. 12 healthy students (age: 22±1.93 year, height: 172.56±6.56 cm, weight: 66.56±11.54) participated in the study voluntarily and by a crossover method. Participants performed Bruce exhaustive exercise test in two situations of consuming cinnamon and placebo. Daily 500 mg cinnamon or similarly placebo during one weeks before exercise sessions were consumed by participants in single-blinded method. Blood samples were taken before and 15 minutes following exercise. T dependent test was used for data analysis and significant level was set at p<0.05.

cinnamon supplementation did not affect significantly monocyte before and after exercise (P=0/154), but caused significant reduction of neutrophils and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and increase lymphocytes in rest(before exercise status). Cinnemon supplementation reduced significantly exercise induced changes in neutrophils (decrease), lymphocyte(increase), neutrophil/lymphocyte(decrease) (p values, respectively p=0.015, p=0.012 and p=0.02).

Changes of physical activity before and during three trimesters of pregnancy known as pattern of physical activity and anxiety during pregnancy can be two concerns of pregnant women about preterm birth which require clarification. So, this retrospective study aimed to assess the effect of pattern of physical activity, and anxiety on preterm birth in Iranian pregnant women.

This study was a kind of descriptive correlation which was performed retrospectively. Participants of this study (2019-2020) included 118 pregnant women with preterm (n=62) and term (n=56) birth who participated in the study voluntarily and were selected according to the study inclusion criteria. The energy cost of physical activity before and during three trimesters of pregnancy, and anxiety level were recorded through interview using pregnancy physical activity (PPAQ) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale Anxiety (HADS) questionnaires respectively.

There was no significant difference between preterm and term birth groups regarding total physical activity, and sedentary behavior energy expenditure before and during pregnancy as well as anxiety during pregnancy(P>0.05). Physical activity pattern was not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). However, physical activity before pregnancy was significantly higher than all trimesters of pregnancy in both groups of the study (P<0.001). In two groups of preterm and term deliver, physical activity reduced in the third compared to the second trimester of pregnancy similarly.

Physical activity reduced during pregnancy in preterm and term birth women similarly. In this study, physical activity, sedentary behavior and anxiety during pregnancy and before it were not effective on the pre-term birth.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ramadan fasting on some female volleyball players’ physical fitness and skill indices.   This study was conducted on 49 female volleyball players with at least three years of regular participation in sports activities who participated voluntarily and objectively. Participants were divided into fasting and non-fasting groups. The participants performed muscular strength and power, agility, reaction time, skills, and perceived exertion tests during four sessions before fasting, two weeks after fasting, and two weeks following recovery.  T-test was used for data analysis.  The perceived exertion increased following one day [p=0.001] and two weeks of fasting [p=0.000], and agility decreased following two weeks of fasting [p=0.028], while other variables did not significantly change during repetitive measurements.  Some physical fitness indices decreased in athletes, and perceived exertion increased during fasting. Thus, athletic competitions are not recommended during Ramadan fasting.

Accumulation of fat in the liver tissue is known as the most important cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is associated with a decrease in the protein of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α). This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIST) on PPAR-α and liver enzymes in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis rats.

The current research was semi-experimental. 40 Spraguedauli male rats (age: 6 to 8 weeks and weight: 230 ± 20 grams) were selected and divided into two equal groups, healthy and high-fat diet (HFD). The HFD group was subjected to gavage for eight weeks with the aim of inducing the disease. Rats were divided into four groups: control-healthy (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), control- disease (n=9) and disease -swimming (n=9). The training groups performed HIST for eight weeks (three sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes). In the end, liver PPAR-α was measured by western blot analysis; and ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum level were measured by photometric method. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Significant level (P≥0.05) and all statistical methods were performed using SPSS16 software.

HIST controlled the weight gain caused by HFD and there was a significant decrease in serum ALT and AST in the healthy-swimming and sick-swimming groups compared to the control-patient group and a significant decrease in serum GGT in the healthy-swimming group compared to the control-patient (P≤0.001) and patient-swimming (P≤0.044) were observed. A significant increase in hepatic PPAR-α was observed in healthy-swimming patients compared to the control-patients (P≤0.002).

HIST can control body weight and reduce liver enzymes. However, more research is needed to obtain definitive results.

Nutrition programs can effectively influence physiological systems both at rest and in response to exercise. In the present study, the effect of time-restricted eating (TRE) on two steroid hormones, namely testosterone and cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, at rest and in response to a session of exhaustive endurance exercise was investigated. 

Participants of this study were 8 active boys (age: 22.63±3.50 years, body mass index: 23.46±5.61kg/m2) who participated in the study voluntarily. Subjects performed TRE for two weeks. That is, they abstained from eating and drinking (except water) from 8 am to 4 pm, and continued their usual diet for the rest of the day. Before and after the two weeks of diet, they participated in the Yo-Yo exercise test. In both stages, blood samples were taken before the breakfast, and immediately after eating breakfast and the yo-yo test to measure the concentration of testosterone and cortisol. Paired t-tests were used to analyze the findings. 

Findings indicated that TRE increased fasting testosterone levels. Testosterone decreased after exercise following two weeks of TRE. Cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol at rest and in response to exercise after TRE were not significantly different compared to before TRE. 

It can be concluded that TRE improved fasting testosterone as an anabolic index but reduced its response to exercise.

One of the recommended exercises for breast cancer patients is Pilates, which, although is useful in some aspects, but its effect on the immune system is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of Pilates exercises on immune factors in women with breast cancer.

Participants of the study included 30 breast cancer patients aged 30–57 years who participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 18) and control (n = 12). Finally, according to the exclusion criteria, participants were studied in two groups of exercise (n = 15) and control (n = 8). The exercise group performed Pilates training for eight weeks, three days a week, for 60 minutes per session. Blood samples were taken from the two groups at baseline and 48 hours after the exercise training.

The variables in the two groups of exercise (n= 15, age: 40.66± 6.30 years, BMI: 26.67± 5.27 kg/m2) and control (n= 8, age: 49.12± 7.31± 31 years, BMI: 28.96± 4.03 kg/m2) were compared. The results showed that Pilates training had no significant effect on neutrophil at baseline (51.58± 5.77) and post intervention (56.75± 8.69) compared with the control group at baseline (53.87± 5.11) and post intervention (52.87± 3.22) (P= 0.19). Pilates training had no effect on Lymphocyte at baseline (40.25± 7.50) and post intervention (37.75± 10.04), compared with the control group at baseline (36.86± 6.74) and post intervention (37.87± 5.64), (P= 0.84). Also, Pilates training had no significant effect on the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in the exercise group at baseline (1.34± 0.37) and post intervention (1.64± 0.59) compared to the control group at baseline (1.52± 0.40) and post intervention (1.42± 0.25) (P= 0.23).

Breast cancer patients can participate in Pilates exercises without any side effects on the immune system. Still, the intensity of these exercises may not have been enough to improve immune function.

In addition to daily calorie intake, vitamin D and iron as micronutrients are the most important in the diet of athletes, especially in adolescence. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of nutrition education intervention on total caloric intake, resting levels and iron and vitamin D intake in competitive adolescent soccer players.

The subjects of this study consisted of 63 competitive adolescent soccer players in the country's premier league. In order to achieve the total caloric intake and the amount of micronutrients, the subjects were recalled for three days, then blood samples were taken to achieve resting amounts of vitamin D and iron. Nutrition education intervention group (n = 41) and control group (n = 22) The experimental group was trained for 4 weeks (8 sessions of 30 minutes of applied nutrition educating followed by 10 weeks of face-to-face counseling) by attending the website and online. To examine changes within and between groups of analysis Mixed variance and dependent and independent t-tests were used.

The results of intragroup mixed analysis of variance test on total calories, resting levels of vitamin D and vitamin D in the diet were significant (P = 0.001).

Nutritional education intervention significantly increases total caloric intake, carbohydrate and protein intake, resting levels of vitamin D and intake of vitamin D in the diet of competitive adolescent soccer players, but on resting values and Dietary iron intake has no effect.

Appetite is an essential factor in obesity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on GLP-1, appetite, and weight of obese mice while maintaining a high caloric diet. 

A total of 24 C57BL/6 mice with a Mean±SD weight of 20.7±1 g were selected. After implementing a high caloric dieting and making them fat (Mean±SD weight: 30.95±3.23 g), they were divided into two groups of training and control. A high caloric diet was maintained for both groups (training and control) until the end of the experiment, while the training group performed HIIT for 8 weeks. Every session of HIIT included 30 minutes of exercise with a progressive intensity of 50% to 60% in low-intensity intervals and 80% to 90% in high-intensity intervals. The independent t test and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used for data analysis. 

 Findings of the study indicated that GLP-1 increased significantly in the HIIT training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the HIIT group, body weight was significantly higher (P<0.001), and food intake was significantly lower (P<0.001) than those in the control group.

When consuming high-calorie food, HIIT training can probably cause weight loss through reducing appetite mediated by increasing GLP-1

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) of elderly women. To do so, 30 non-athlete women (age: 60 to 70, weight 72.34 ± 2.5 kg and BMI: 28.8 ± 4.07) participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into three groups of control, water exercise with BFR and water exercise without BFR.  Both training groups performed aerobic exercises with water resistance (eight weeks, three days, one hour). Cuff pressure in the training group with BFR was 110 to 220 mm Hg. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. Statistical test of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for data analysis. Findings of the study indicated that two training groups had a significant increase in BMD, IGF-1 and T-score compared to the control group (p≤ 0.05). There was significant increase in the amount of GH only in the BFR group compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Moreover, the result showed significant increases in BMD, GH, IGF-1 and T-score in water exercise with BFR group compared to the water exercise without BFR group (p≤ 0.05). The results of the study indicated water exercise improved the effect of anabolic factors to prevent decreasing bone density, in older women, but water exercise with BFR induced a more beneficial effect on BMD rather than water exercise without BFR. Therefore using water exercise with BFR is recommended for older women.

The effect of exercise on the cerebellum cells in diabetic‑induced neuropathy and healthy situations is not clear yet. Growth‑associated protein 43 (GAP‑43) and adenylyl cyclase‑associated protein 1 (CAP‑1) proteins can restore nerve cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on GAP‑43 and CAP‑1 and their mRNA in the cerebellar tissue of diabetic‑induced neuropathy and healthy Wistar rats.

Around 40 healthy male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 271 ± 11.2 g were divided randomly into four groups; healthy aerobic exercise, diabetic‑aerobic exercise, healthy‑control, and diabetic‑control. The exercise group performed aerobic exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks.

Exercise increased CAP1 protein in the cerebellum tissue of healthy (P = 0.002) and diabetic (P = 0.002) groups compared with matched control groups. The effect of exercise on CAP1 was greater in diabetic compared with the healthy group (P = 0.002). The expression of CAP1 mRNA in the cerebellum was higher in the healthy exercise compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.002) and in the healthy exercise compared with the diabetic exercise group (P = 0.026). GAP43 protein was lower in the healthy exercise compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.002) while it was higher in diabetic exercise compared to the healthy exercise group (P = 0.002). Expression of GAP43 mRNA in the cerebellum was higher in the healthy (P = 0.002) and diabetic (P = 0.002) exercise groups compared to non‑exercise matched groups and in the diabetic control group compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.002). Exercise improved latency in diabetic (P = 0.001) and healthy exercise groups (P = 0.02). No significant difference was found in blood glucose between exercise and control groups (P > 0.05).

Exercise improved cerebellar functions in healthy and diabetic rats, probably mediating by CAP1 protein, even without changing blood glucose.

Hepatocellular damage caused by physical activity or the use of supplements is one of the serious problems facing athletes in various fields. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitric oxide supplements on AST and ALT liver enzymes and the ratio of AST to ALT following a session of eccentric exercise in Sprague Dawley male rats.

In this study, 36 Sprague Dawley male rats (two months old) were divided into three groups of control, low dose (4.8 mg/kg body weight), and high dose of NO supplements (15.4 mg/kg body weight). Supplements were given to rats for seven days. Subsequently, all three groups of rats were forced to run on a treadmill for 45 min with a speed of 20 m/min, and a slope of -15 degrees. Blood samples were taken directly from cardiac puncture of rats 24 h after the running exercise. Blood serum variables of the study were measured afterward.

Low dose of nitrate supplements did not change AST and ALT indices, while the high dose of nitrate supplements increased ALT serum level and decreased AST to ALT ratio, compared to a low dose of NO supplements and control group.

Based on the obtained results, the consumption of a low dose of NO supplements does not change hepatocellular damage markers, while the high dose of NO supplements causes degeneration of hepatic cells in athletes.

Efficient exercises for enhancing lipolysis could be implemented in the measures taken regarding obesity reduction and the related risk factors. The present study was conducted to compare the response of lipolysis inhibitory and excitatory hormones, including insulin, epinephrine, and glycerol, as index of lipolysis to high-intensity interval resistance exercise (HIIRE) and traditional resistance exercise (TRE) protocols in overweight girls. This was a kind of acute and semi experimental study, which was performed during the winter of 2019. Eleven overweight young girls with a mean weight of 68.54±4.3 kg participated in this study objectively and voluntarily. The participants took part in HIIRE and TRE programs separately with at least a one-week interval. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after an exercise session in order to measure the levels of epinephrine, insulin, and glycerol. For analysis of the data, we utilized statistical method of paired t-test. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a reduction in the level of insulin (P=0.009) and an increase in that of glycerol (P=0.04) after HIIRE. There were no significant changes in epinephrine following HIIRE (P=0.75) and TRE (P=0.15). Moreover, there were no significant differences concerning the changes of epinephrine (P=0.93), insulin (P=0.15), and glycerol (P=0.13) between HIIRE and TRE protocols (P>0.05). Regarding the decrease in lipolysis inhibitor (insulin) and the increase in glycerol, as an index of adipose lipolysis following HIIRE, it could be recommended as an effective exercise for reducing adiposity.

This study aimed to  investigate the effect of two weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation on some indices of Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) after  eccentric exercise.

Method and Materials:

 In this semi experimental study, 20 nonathletic male collegiate students (19.75±1.29 years) participated in the study voluntarily and were divided randomly into two groups of experimental (n=11) and placebo (n=9). The experimental group consumed vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) containing 50000 IU while the placebo group took apparently similar capsules containing starch like, two capsules for two weeks. To induce DOMS, participants performed a step protocol that included four sets (5 minutes for each set), with a 1-minute of rest interval between each set using a 46 cm-step. Range of Motion (ROM) of low extremity joints and circumferences, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS were measured before, immediately after (Time 0), and 24 hours (Time 1) and 48 hours (Time 2) after eccentric exercises.

This study showed that thigh Thigh circumference increased following eccentric exercise in the placebo group, while it did not change significantly in the experimental group (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two study groups regarding other variables (P>0.05). Vitamin D3 supplementation with the dosage and duration used in the present study reduced the limited symptoms of DOMS. Future studies of longer duration or higher dosage of vitamin D supplementation are recommended.  

According to the finding of this study, vitamin D3 supplementation could not reduce the limited symptoms significantly. However, future studies are suggested to evaluate the effect of higher dose or longer duration of vitamin D supplementation on DOMS.

Exercise and nutrition can be two factors influencing bone metabolism in old age. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with genistein (Ge) on serum levels ofosteocalcin (OCN) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in female elderly rats.  In this experimental study, 40 elderly female rats with a mean age of 18- 24 months and mean weight of 220.15 ± 15.28 g were divided into five groups of eight rats including 1) control (C), 2) sham (Sh), 3) HIIT, 4) HIIT+Ge, and 5) Ge. During eight weeks, groups 3 and 4 performed HIIT for three sessions per week with an intensity of 90- 95% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in high-intensity intervals and 40- 45% of VO2max in low-intensity intervals as well as groups 4 and 5 received 60 mg/kg/day Ge peritoneally. OCN and BALP were measured by the ELISA method.  HIIT significantly increased BALP (P=0.001) and OCN (P=0.04); Ge and HIIT + Ge significantly increased BALP (P=0.001); although Ge had a more favorable effect on increasing BALP compared to HIIT (P=0.001) HIIT had a more favorable effect on increasing OCN compare to Ge (P=0.008).  Although HIIT simultaneously with Ge consumption can increase serum BALP levels in female elderly rats the effects of HIIT and Ge alone on BALP and OCN are different from each other.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two concurrent training (resistance training + high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) with different orders on inflammation caused by diabetes, inflammation-induced muscle atrophy, insulin resistance, and body composition in women with type 2 diabetes. 24 nonathletic 45-65 year-old women with type 2 diabetes voluntarily participated in this study. They were divided into three groups: control group, type I, and type II exercise. Both groups of exercises performed concurrent training for 8 weeks. The first group had both exercises on the same day in the form of resistance-HIIT and the second group had the same volume of exercise on separated days. Cardiovascular evaluation and body composition analysis were measured before and after the training period. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last session of concurrent training to measure glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, IGF1, and IL1β. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for comparison between groups and the results of post-test analysis of covariance showed a significant decrease in insulin resistance in both training groups compared to the control group. IL1β decreased significantly in both training groups compared to the control group and there was no significant difference between the two orders. The increase in IGF1 and fat-free mass were significant in both training groups compared to the control group and a significant difference was observed between type I and type II exercise (p < /em><0.05). The results of this study showed that concurrent training with two different orders can be an important factor in decreasing insulin resistance and inflammation caused by diabetes and increasing IGF1 growth factor while exercise on separated days had more beneficial effects on boosting muscle growth.

 Breast cancer as the most common cancer and deadliest malignancy among women is one of the most important health concerns in the world. Therefore, the present study was conducted in response to the question of whether the Pilates training method affects the memory, attention, and balance of women with lymphedema after modified mastectomy.

 In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, we studied 20 women with an average and standard division in (age, 43.03±5.61year), height (163.85±4.63 cm) and weight (67±3.95 kg). Our subjects referred to Shahid Motahari clinic, Shiraz, Iran in 2019 with lymphedema after modified mastectomy. They were randomly divided into two groups: Pilates and control. The experimental group performed Pilate’s exercises for 2 weeks, 3 days a week with 60 minutes long each session. Memory, attention, and balance before and after the training program were assessed using one-way analysis of covariance and paired t-test at a significance level of 0.05.

 Statistical analysis of age, height, and weight showed no differences between the two groups. Statistical analysis of paired t-test indicated a significant difference in pre-test and post-test scores of the training group, yet this difference was not significant in the control group. Moreover, one-way analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between the two groups in pre to post- tests in the tests of Stroop test [exercise (pre): 449.70±45, (post): 421.30±58.13; Control (pre): 461.30±23.17, (post): 457.10±22.20, P=0.014), n-back [Exercise (pre): 69.50±19.69; (post): 88.00±13.23; Control (pre): 79.40±17.48, (post): 82.00±10.74 P=0.016), and Flamingo [Exercise(pre): 18.49 ±18.92; (post): 51.57±43.02; Control (pre): 10.85±4.36, (post): 10.83±3.91, P=0.001]. Attention: (431.30±33.59), (461±11.12), memory: (72.50±17.34), (90±8.27), and static balance: (9.96±4.23), (29.39±7.00). In control group, the mean and standard deviation of the scores were as follows: attention: (465.90±10.56), (462.60±6.99), memory: (79.40±17.48), (85.90±4.45), and static balance: (10.85±4.36), (10.83±3.91).

 According to our findings, it could be concluded that women with breast cancer can use the benefits of Pilates along with other treatments.

Menopausal symptoms severely affect a woman’s lifestyle and health. Lifestyle, including physical activity, is known to be an effective factor on the menopausal-associated symptoms. We conducted the present study to evaluate the effects of an eight-week Pilates training on menopausal-related symptoms, including somatic, psychological and sexual symptoms, body mass index (BMI), and anxiety as possible effective factors on menopausal symptoms. This was an experimental study conducted in the summer of 2020. The participants in this study were 27 postmenopausal women (aged 60-65, BMI: 24-30) who participated in the study voluntarily. They were randomly divided into two groups of control (n=12) and exercise (n=15). The subjects in the training group participated in Pilates training for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session lasted 75 minutes with progressive intensity. BMI was measured and the participants completed anxiety and depression questionnaires (HADS) and menopausal symptoms rating scale (MRS) before and after the exercises. We utilized paired t-test and analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) to analyze the data. BMI (P=0.023), anxiety (p <0.001), physical score (p <0.001), psychological score (P=0.001), and the total (p <0.001) score of menopausal symptoms reduced significantly following Pilates training compared to the control group. No significant changes were observed in the sexual symptoms of menopause following Pilates training compared to the control group (P=0.60). An eight-week Pilates training reduced most of the postmenopausal symptoms (somatic, psychological, and total) as well as potentially aggravating menopausal symptoms, including anxiety and BMI

Proper exercise and nutrition can help prevent bone disorders in old age, therefore present study aimed to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with genistein (Ge) on biomechanical properties of femur bone in elderly female rats.

In this experimental study, 40 elderly female rats with mean age of 18- 24 months and mean weight of 220.15±15.28 g were divided into five groups of eight rats including: 1) control (C), 2) sham (Sh), 3) HIIT, 4) HIIT + Ge, and 5) Ge. During eight weeks groups 3 and 4 performed HIIT for three sessions per week with an intensity of 90 to 95% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in high intensity intervals and 40 to 45% VO2max in low intensity intervals and groups 4 and 5 received 60 mg/kg/day Ge peritoneally. Maximum bending strength (Fmax) measured with three- point bending test and serum levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus were measured by o-Cresolphthalein and molybdate methods, respectively. Shapiro- Wilk, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post- hoc tests were used for analysis of data (P≤0.05).

HIIT (P=0.02), Ge (P=0.001) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.001) significantly increased Fmax also Ge (P=0.04) and HIIT+Ge (P=0.03) had more favorable effect on increasing Fmax compare to HIIT nevertheless HIIT, Ge and HIIT+Ge had not significant effect on Ca and phosphorus (P≥0.05).

Although HIIT and Ge alone can enhance Fmax in femur of elderly female rats, nevertheless HIIT+Ge has more favorable effect on increase of Fmax compare to HIIT.

Physical exercise and nutrition supplements are recommended interventions to reduce cachexia. This study was conducted to determine the effect of resistance training and resveratrol supplementation on muscle regeneration indices of MyoD (myoblast determination protein) and eMHC (embryonic Myosin Heavy Chain) in CT-26 colon cancer mice.

This experimental study was performed on 20 six-week-old BALB/c mice to which CT-26 tumor was implanted. The mice were divided into four groups of resistance training, resveratrol, combination of resveratrol with resistance training, and control. The resistance training group performed six weeks of progressive resistance training. The resveratrol group received 100 mg/kg resveratrol per day, and the control and resistance training group received the solution of Methyl cellulose through gavage. In gastrocnemius muscle MyoD protein and eMHC level were measured using western blot and ELISA methods, respectively.

eMHC protein in combination of resveratrol with exercise group (4.66±0.25) increased significantly compared to the exercise group (3.46±0.64) (P<0.05). Body weight of mice without tumor (21.50±1.30) in the resistance training group increased significantly compared to other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the tumor weight of mice and MyoD protein in expermental groups.

Regarding the increasing effect of combination of resveratrol with exercise group compared to resistance training group on eMHC, resveratrol supplementation at higher doses may be recommended along with resistance training to improve muscle regeneration.

The levels of branched-chain amino acids, an increase in obese subjects and associated with the risk of insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of circuit resistance training on the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids and insulin resistance in in obese adolescents boys.

33 obese adolescent boys (BMI≥30) with 14 to 17 years of age were randomly divided into two groups: Circuit resistance training group (n=16) and control group (n=17). The circuit resistance training was performed for eight-weeks, three sessions per week. The training program included 11 stations. The exercise was performed in the first 4 weeks with 2 sets with 70 -75% one repetition maximum, 10-12 repetitions, and in the second 4 weeks with 4 sets with 75-80% one repetition maximum, 6-8 replications. The rest between stations and sets was 30 and 180 seconds, respectively. HPLC method was used to measure the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids.

resistance training reduced weight (P <0.001), BMI (P <0.001), glucose (P = 0.035), valine (P = 0.007) and sum of branched-chain amino acids (P = 0.007) and insulin resistance index did not reach significant level (P = 0.083).

The circuit resistance training in obese adolescents improved levels of branched-chain amino acids, glucose, and insulin resistance. Given that obese children and adolescents are more at risk for various diseases, such as diabetes, circuit resistance training may prevent metabolic disorders associated with obesity.