فهرست مطالب maryam raoof

This study considered the therapeutic efficacy of three different Artemisia species extracts on capsaicin-induced dental pulp pain and pain-associated changes in feeding behaviors in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were alienated into five groups (n=6), comprising: sham, capsaicin, and capsaicin groups pre-treated with hydroalcoholic extracts of A. sieberi, A.persica, and A.biennis. Pulpitis was evoked by intradental administration of capsaicin (100 µg). The plant extracts (200 mg/kg/ i.p.) were administered 10 min before capsaicin. Pain scores were recorded for forty min. Afterward, feeding behavior was evaluated within 6 hours. All extracts could suppress capsaicin-related dental pulp pain. Furthermore, capsaicin decreased the number of visits to the food and water ports of the feeding behavior evaluation device that led to a reduced amount and duration of meals consumed. These harmful effects of capsaicin on meal duration, and frequency were attenuated by A.persica. Moreover, capsaicin inhibitory effect on food intake and water consumption was suppressed by all the extracts. Taken together, the present study showed that Artemisia species extracts are useful in supressing capsaicin-induced pulpal pain and pain-induced feeding abnormalities.

This study investigated the effect of central administration of α‑pinene and the interaction of α‑pinene with GABAA receptor on pulpal nociception‑induced changes in learning and memory performances in rats.

Sixty‑six adult male Wistar rats were used. Pulpal nociception was induced by intradental application of capsaicin (100 μg/rat). α‑pinene (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/rat) was injected centrally 10 min before the administration of capsaicin. In addition, α‑pinene (0.4 μg/rat) was co‑injected with bicuculline (0.5 μg/rat). Spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory were assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box tasks, respectively.

Experimental results of the MWM test showed that capsaicin increases escape latency and distance traveled to the hidden platform (P < 0.01). The effect was prohibited by α‑pinene at the dose of 0.4 μg/rat. Moreover, capsaicin‑treated animals spent less time in the target zone than capsaicin + α‑pinene (0.4 μg/rat)‑treated rats (P < 0.05). In the shuttle box test, α‑pinene (0.2 μg and 0.4 μg) prevented an increased number of acquisition trials and time spent in the dark chamber induced by capsaicin, whereas it increased step‑through latency (P < 0.01). However, the effects of α‑pinene (0.4 μg/rat) in both tests were prohibited by bicuculline (0.5 μg/rat).

The data showed that central administration of α‑pinene might reduce pulpalgia‑induced learning and memory impairment, at least partially, via modulation of GABAA receptors.

To establish an endodontic diagnosis, a clinician should consider a variety of factors. Various studies have failed to demonstrate a strong correlation between histological findings with clinical and radiographic assessments. This study sought to evaluate the histopathological features of reversible and irreversible pulpitis diseases and their correlation with clinical diagnosis in extracted human molar teeth.

In this experimental ex vivo study, 75 molars with caries and three intact molars were used. According to the radiographic findings and clinical criteria and the need for root canal therapy, samples were categorized as having normal/reversible pulpitis and irreversible pulpitis. Immediately after extraction, an exposure was made at 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. Formalin‑fixed specimens were decalcified, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examinations using light microscopy. Variables including the type and severity of the inflammation, hyperemia, necrosis, fibrosis and the existence of an odontoblastic layer and dentin bridge were evaluated. The Fisher’s exact test and the Chi‑squared test were used for statistical analysis. P <0.05 was considered as significant.

Acute inflammation, hyperemia and pulp exposure were significantly more common among subjects with irreversible pulpitis (P < 0/005). However, fibrosis was significantly higher in the reversible group (P < 0/005). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the other variables.

Some discrepancies between clinical, radiographic and histological findings were observed in our experimental study. Indeed, effective clinical practice requires consideration of all discrepancies found.

The Basolateral Amygdala (BLA) has been shown to have an important role in food-related learning behaviors. Using a novel approach, we have evaluated the role of BLA in food preference and Food memory related to visual cues in rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats, weighing 200–250 g, were used for the experiments. Electric lesion of BLA was produced by passing 1.5 mA of current for 7 s. Food-related behaviors and preferences were evaluated by using an automated apparatus. Geometric visual cues were also constructed. Food-deprived rats were presented with different diets in 6 consecutive trial performances. The number of visits, time consumed on each food zone and port, distance traveled in each visit, and the total amount of food eaten was evaluated. The changes in hippocampal c-Fos expression were determined by immunoblotting. The control sham group showed a high and low preference for biscuit and white flour, respectively. BLA lesion rats exhibited a shifted preference curve. In the sham group, a more significant amount of food consumption was associated with an increased number of references to each zone and port, along with more time spent there. Furthermore, a decrease in hippocampal c-Fos expression was observed in the BLA- lesion animals. Taken together, the basolateral amygdala has a significant role in rats’ food-matched visual-cue memory and high-calorie/sweetness preferences.

Dental students are exposed to various stressors which are related to treatment procedures and educational and administrative challenges in different clinical departments. Stress has negative effects on dental students’ physical and mental health. No study to date has been conducted on stressors in different dental departments independently, so the aim of this study was to determine the most important stressors among dental students in various dentistry departments at Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was carried out on 117 fifth and sixth-year dental students at School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. In this respect, the most important stressors were separately investigated based on 11 clinical departments and 5 domains of school and administrative factors, work environment, patient treatment, clinical training, and workload using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS software using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Friedman test.

The highest mean scores for stressors were in the departments of surgery, endodontics, and pediatric dentistry and in the domain of patient treatment. In all departments, there were significant differences in 5 domains(P < 0.05). In all departments, except pathology, the lowest stressors’ score was in domain of school and administrative factors; it was patient treatment in pathology department. The highest stressors’ score was seen in surgery department and in patient treatment and workload domains.

Considering that the types of stressors in each department were different, much more attention must be paid to manage specific stressors.

Dental students are exposed to various stressors that are related to treatment procedures, training, and administrative challenges in the college.

The aim of this study was to assess the stress, anxiety, and depression levels of dental students and their relationships with demographic factors.

This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study on 297 dental students enrolled at the Kerman University of Medical Science in 2015 - 2016. The stress, anxiety, and depression levels were measured using the depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21). Data on demographic characteristics were also obtained. The statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS (version 11.0) using the chi-squared test. P < 0.05 was set as the level of significance.

The mean age of the participants was 23.80 ± 1.2 years; 58.9% were female, 88.9% were married, and 33.7% were dormitory students. Free education was provided for 64% of the students while the others were charged a tuition fee. The prevalence rates of moderate to extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression were 39.7%, 39.4%, and 35.7%, respectively. Stress, anxiety, and depression were not significantly associated with the year of academic study, gender, marital status, and place of residence (P > 0.05). The students with higher scores in the entrance exam who were free of charge presented significantly higher levels of severe-to-extremely severe stress and depression (P = 0.003 and P = 0.033, respectively) than students who were charged tuition fees.

Based on the findings of the present study, the high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among dental students in Kerman is alarming. This emphasizes the need for interventions, with the development of appropriate support services for this group. However, further studies should be conducted to find major sources of depression, anxiety, and stress.

The goal of endodontic therapy is the reduction or elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system. The use of intracanal medicament between treatment appointments is recommended in order to eliminate any remainang microorganisms in the pulp space.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Myrtus communisL. and Eucalyptus galbie, their combination with calcium hydroxide powder; combination of calcium hydroxide powder with water, and ready-to-use calcium hydroxide paste with iodoform; against Enterococcus faecalis.

In this experimental study, after gathering the plants, After gathering the plants, their methanolic extracts were obtained by masceration method. The diameters of inhibition zone of all mentioned materials were determined by agar diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC); and anti biofilm effect of the materials that showed antibacterial effect in agar diffusion test, were then evaluated by tube dilution test, and microtiter plate assay followed by colorimetric crystal violet methods, respectively.

After 48 hours, both herbal extracts showed antimicrobial effect. However, combination of calcium hydroxide with extracts produced no zone of inhibition. The mean inhibition zone of Eucalyptus extract was more than that of Myrtus. However, the results of ANOVA test, showed that there was no significant difference between the antibacterial effect of Eucalyptus galbie, Myrtus communisL. and positive control (Cefoxitin) (p Value= 0.987). The MIC for both extracts were 12.5 mg/ml. MBC evaluation of the two methanolic extracts showed no bactericidal effect on Enterococcus faecalis. Based on ELISA analysis, biofilm formation in response to different sub-MIC concentrations of both extracts was scored as weak to moderate.

The methanolic extracts of Eucalyptus galbie and Myrtus communis L. in combination with calcium hydroxide powder were not able to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis within 48 hours.

Learning and memory requires a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-dependent phase in the hippocampus. It has been reported that chronic pain decreases hippocampal BDNF levels. We have also previously reported that noxious stimulation of the rat tooth pulp impairs learning and memory. Therefore, we decided to find the changes in the hippocampal BDNF expression which are associated with tooth pain and learning and memory impairment. Dental pulp nociception was induced by intradental injection of capsaicin (100μg) in male Wistar rats. BDNF expression levels were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. The data indicated that capsaicin elicited pain behaviors and impaired learning and memory in Morris water maze test. The protein and mRNA levels of BDNF were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in capsaicin-treated rats as compared with control animals. Furthermore, iboprofen (120mg/kg, ip) treatment caused a significant (P<0.05) up-regulation of the BDNF protein and mRNA in the hippocampus of capsaicin-injected animals. These findings suggest that inflammatory dental pain induces hippocampal function impairments by decreasing in BDNF expression.

Orexin A and orexin B are hypothalamic neuropeptides that have critical roles in the regulation of physiological responses such as pain. C-fos is neural activity markers in painful situations. This study was designed to evaluate the role of trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) orexin 1 receptor on capsaicin-induced orofacial pain and c-fos expression in TNC. In this experimental study, 70 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly allocated into 10 groups: control, pain, sham surgery, sham capsaicin, surgery and pain, sham orexin A and pain, orexin A (50 pM/rat) and pain, sham SB-334867 and pain, SB-334867 (40 nM/rat) as antagonist and pain, orexin A plus SB-334867 and pain. Following cannula implantation and recovery period, the drugs were administration 20 min before capsaicin injection. C-fos expression in TNC was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The capsaicin-injected rats showed a significant pain behavior and expression c-fos (p<0.001). Orexin A significantly inhibited capsaicin-induced pain and decreased c-fos expression (p<0.001). Pretreatment with SB-334867 could prevent the effects of orexin A. SB-334867 alone exaggerated capsaicin-induced pain responses. The level of c-fos was high in SB-334867–treated rats some as capsaicin group. SB-334867 could partially inhibit the effect of orexin A on c-fos orexin A expression.

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of awareness of people referring to medical clinics in Kerman because of the oral cancer and its risk factors from 2015 to 2016.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample size of 1200 subjects between April and December 2016 in Kerman, Iran. The participants were selected based on stratified sampling from dental clinics of 4 different areas of the city. After filling the informed consent form, they were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic information, awareness of subjects about common characteristics of oral cancer, and predisposing risk factors. To analyze the data, chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used by means of SPSS 21.0. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant.
A total of 58.8% of the participants showed intermediate level of knowledge regarding oral cancer. Knowledge about risk factors and symptoms was also at an intermediate level (57.2% and 65% respectively). Knowledge of women was significantly more than that of men (P = 0.02). moreover, subjects who were married presented more correct answers than single ones (P = 0.01). Moreover, urban dwellers were found to be more knowledgeable than rural populations (P = 0.03).
Although the public information on oral cancer is improving compared to a study carried out 7 years ago in Kerman, the level of knowledge is still not satisfactory. Indeed, much more efforts to increase public information by social media is needed.

Cognitive impairment is commonly associated with pain. The modulatory role of orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in pain pathways as well as learning and memory processes is reported in several studies. The current study was designed to investigate the possible role of CA1-hippocampal OX1R on spatial learning and memory of rats following capsaicin-induced orofacial pain.
Orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous intra lip injection of capsaicin (100 μg). CA1 administration of orexin A and its selective antagonist (SB-334867-A) were performed 20 minutes prior to capsaicin injection. Learning and spatial memory performances were assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) task.
Capsaicin treated rats showed impairment in spatial learning and memory. In addition, pretreatment with orexin A (20 and 40 nM/rat) significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in capsaicin-treated rats. Conversely, blockage of OX1R via SB-334867-A (40 and 80 nM/rat) significantly exaggerated learning and memory loss in capsaicin-treated rats.
The obtained results indicated that CA1 OX1R may be involved in modulation of capsaicin –induced spatial learning and memory impairment.

Statement of Problem: The concentration of fluoride in water is usually higher in areas around the coal mines. Zarand region in the south-east of Iran is known for its coal mines. Some studies have shown the high prevalence of fluorosis and some studies reported high levels of fluoride in the region.
This study aimed to use Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess the relationship between water fluoride content and the prevalence of fluorosis and its spatial distribution in Zarand region.
This cross-sectional study aimed to recruit 550 people aged 7-40 years in Zarand. Dental examination for fluorosis was conducted based on the Dean’s Index. The level of fluoride in the water was determined in samples of water taken from 35 areas. Information on fluorosis and fluoride content was mapped on GIS.
Most participants lived in rural areas (87.25%) and had an educational status of high school level (66%). About 23% of the examined people had normal teeth, 10% had severe and 67% had mild to moderate fluorosis. Distribution of severe fluorosis was higher in areas with higher levels of fluoride in the water according to GIS map.
GIS map clearly showed a positive relationship between the prevalence and severity of fluorosis with the level of fluoride in water in Zarand. The GIS analysis may be useful in the analysis of other oral conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Eucalyptus galbie and Myrtus communis L. methanolic extracts, chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as the predominant species isolated from infected root canals.
Methods and Materials: One hundred twenty mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 8 groups: Eucalyptus galbie (E. galbie) 12.5 mg/mL, Myrtus communis L. (M. communis L.) 6.25 mg/mL, 0.2% CHX, %2 CHX, 2.5% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl, positive and negative control group. Sampling was performed using paper points (from the root canal space lumen) and Gates-Glidden drills (from the dentinal tubules); then colony forming units (CFU) were counted and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Mann Whitney U test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
All irrigants reduced more than 99% of bacteria in root canal. In the presence of M. communis L. and E. galbie, the bacterial count in dentin were significantly more than CHX and NaOCl groups (P0.05).
Although 5.25% NaOCl was the most effective irrigant, all agents exerted acceptable antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis.

Complicated crown fractures involve enamel, dentin, and pulp and occur in 0.9 to l3% of all dental injuries. If left untreated, will always result in pulp necrosis but, if it handled correctly, prognosis of the pulp following a traumatic crown fracture can be favorable.
Case Report: The present case report describes an apexogenesis report of a 9-year old boy referred to department of Endodontics 4 days after an impact trauma to the maxillary right central and lateral incisor that caused a complicated crown fracture and pulpal exposure. In the radiographic examination, the tooth was observed to be immature. After access cavity preparation, cervical pulpotomy was performed, and the remaining pulp was capped with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement. The crown was restored by composite on the next day. The radiographic and clinical examinations on the 18-month follow ups showed that the tooth remained functional, root development was completed, and the apex was formed. No further endodontic intervention was necessary.
MTA pulpotomy is an effective treatment in maintaining pulpal vitality and allowing physiological root development.

Protective equipment, such as lead aprons and thyroid shields, is effective in reducing patient radiation. This study was conducted for evaluation the use of thyroid shields and lead aprons in dental offices, in Kerman, Iran, in June 2014.
In this descriptive-analytical study, 106 dental offices with active X-ray machines were evaluated in Kerman. The information was recorded on a data sheet consisting of eight questions in three fields of the rate of the use of lead aprons, thyroid shields and taking part in radiation protection courses. Data were evaluated using frequency distribution and chi-squared test.
In this study, 12.3% of clinics were equipped with lead aprons but only 5.7% used them for all the patients. Only 10.4% of Kerman Dental Clinics had thyroid shields. Approximately, 9.7% of Kerman dentists had participated in continuous retraining courses on radiation protection. There was a significant relationship between clinics equipped with lead aprons with more job experience.
The results showed that the rate of the use of lead aprons and thyroid shields in dental clinics equipped with X-ray machines in Kerman is not sufficient and is far from the international standards. Therefore, it is suggested that radiation protection equipment be promoted and oral and dental radiologists be responsible for the use of such equipment in their clinics.

During root canal preparation, apical extrusion of debris can cause inflammation, flare-ups, and delayed healing. Therefore, instrumentation techniques that cause the least extrusion of debris are desirable. This study aimed to compare apical extrusion of debris by five single-file, full-sequence rotary and reciprocating systems.
One hundred twenty human mandibular premolars with similar root lengths, apical diameters, and canal curvatures were selected and randomly assigned to six groups (n=20): Reciproc R25 (25, 0.08), WaveOne Primary (25, 0.08), OneShape (25, 0.06), F360 (25, 0.04), Neoniti A1 (25, 0.08), and ProTaper Universal. Instrumentation of the root canals was performed in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions. Each tooth's debris was collected in a pre-weighed vial. After drying the debris in an incubator, the mass was measured three times consecutively; the mean was then calculated. The preparation time by each system was also measured. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA and Games-Howell post hoc test were used.
The mean masses (±standard deviation) of the apical debris were as follows: 2.071±1.38mg (ProTaper Universal), 1.702±1.306mg (Neoniti A1), 1.295±0.839mg (OneShape), 1.109±0.676mg (WaveOne), 0.976±0.478mg (Reciproc) and 0.797±0.531mg (F360). Compared to ProTaper Universal, F360 generated significantly less debris (P=0.02). The ProTaper system required the longest preparation time (mean=88.6 seconds); the Reciproc (P=0.008), OneShape (P=0.006), and F360 (P=0.001) required significantly less time (P All instruments caused extrusion of debris through the apex. The F360 produced significantly less debris than did the ProTaper Universal.

This study aimed to examine the effects of induced inflammatory tooth pain on anxiety level in adult male rats.
The mandibular incisors of 56 adult male rats were cut off and prefabricated crowns were fixed on the teeth. Formalin and capsaicin were injected intradentally to induce inflammatory tooth pain. Diazepam treated group received diazepam 30 minutes before intradental injection. The anxietyrelated behavior was evaluated with elevated plus maze test.
Intradental application of chemical noxious stimuli, capsaicin and formalin, significantly affected nociceptive behaviors (P Inflammatory pulpal pain has anxiogenic effect on rats, whereas diazepam premedication showed both anxiolytic and pain reducing effects.

A periapical endodontic surgery is an alternative treatment when teeth are not responding to conventional treatment and endodontic re-treatment.
CASE REPORT: The following case report presents a clinical case of maxillary right and left central incisors with unsatisfying endodontic surgery and severe sensitivity in the buccal mucous membrane. Radiographic examination revealed several fragments of amalgam as root-end filling material, surrounded by a periapical radiolucent area. The chosen treatment plan was to perform endodontic retreatment. Symptoms persisted in spite of the gutta-percha removal and calcium hydroxide intracanal medication. Hence, periradicular re-surgery was performed. However, deep tissue penetrated amalgam particles were difficult to explore and could not be removed completely. The root-end filling was done with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and the lesion was subjected to histologic analyses. The treatment was successful due to the absence of painful symptoms and due to periapical bone repair after 75 months follow-up.
MTA can be used successfully in the situations with failed previous periradicular surgery with amalgam.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of thickness and hydration condition on the surface microhardness of Endosequence Root Repair Material putty (ERRM; Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), a premixed bioceramic material. Polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical molds with an internal diameter of 4 mm and three heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm were fabricated. In Group 1 (dry condition), the molds with heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm (10 molds of each) were fi lled with ERRM. In Groups 2 and 3 (wet condition), a distilled water- or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-moistened cotton pellet was placed directly on the upper surface of ERRM, respectively. The lower surface of ERRM was in contact with fl oral foams soaked with human blood. After 4 days, Vickers microhardness of the upper surface of ERRM was tested. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. Signifi cance level was set at P < 0.05. No signifi cant difference was found between the microhardness of three thicknesses of ERRM (2, 4, and 6 mm) with or without placing a distilled water- or PBS-moistened cotton pellet over the material (P > 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that placing a moistened cotton pellet on ERRM putty up to 6 mm thick might be unnecessary to improve its surface microhardness and hydration characteristics.

For planning in health,preventing and representing valuable dentistry services, we need to identify and evaluate the information on the status of individuals' dental hygiene and health. In this examination, evaluating dental health which is one of hygienic main and key problems has been conducted according to world's standards in correction center of Tehran province in 2008.. The examination was performedbased on the suggested standards of World Health Organization (WHO). The mission team sent to this center includes senior students of dentistry who divided into two (examiner and coder) groups. These students examined190 persons (172 male and 18 female) and filled the relevant form. After collecting information and filling examination forms, the statistical analysis was carried out and the results were reported. The DMF index was 6.3 in the studied population. The values for females and males were 6.9 and 6.2, respectively. D, M and F indexes were3.69, 1.89 and 1.72, respectively. About13% of samples were caries free and dental Hypoplasiawas detected in 11% of samples and fluorosiswas observed in 2%. The most required treatment were filling one surfaceand fillingcomplicated and pull a tooth: 27.2%, 8.5% and 6%, respectively. DMF index was averagely lower than 4 which represented low levels of dentistry hygiene.Only 13% of samples were caries free which represented the preventive services weakness of mouth health.Therefore, it is necessary to perform special program for the purpose of WHO about DMFT rate.

Knowledge of existing situation in each region plays great role in order to prevent oral and dental diseases in people. Meanwhile, DMFT index is one of the best epidemiological indices in dentistry representing oral hygiene situation in society. So, this study was conducted in order to evaluate DMFT index in 12- years-old students of Zarand City at 2011. This descriptive study was done cross – sectionally using interview, examination and questionnaire among 12- years- old students of Zarand city. Considering WHO criteria, 350 samples were selected for the study and periodontal condition, number of caries, decayed, missed and filled teeth, existing fluorosis, occlusion, orthodontic and preventive treatment were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS software Version 17. The mean of DMFT index was 2.03 that it was zero at 121 students (34.6%) and maximum of DMFT reported at 11 persons (0.6%). The 34.6% of students were caries free. Results revealed no significant differences in need to orthodontic treatment between different groups of DMFT. Considering WHO criteria, the achieved, DMFT index in Zarand city was not acceptable. According to the aim of WHO for the year of 2015 for 12 years old people (SCI of less than 3DMFT<1), it is necessary to perform special program for the purpose.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammatory pulpal pain on spatial learning and memory in male Wistar rats. Fifty-six adult rats were divided into eight groups as follows (n=7 per group): control, sham-operated group that received normal saline, sham vehicle group that received vehicle of capsaicin, three capsaicin treated groups that received intradental injection of 10, 25 and 100 μg capsaicin, respectively, formalin treated group that received 10 μl formalin 2.5% and ibuprofen treated group that received ibuprofen 20 min before capsaicin (100 μg) injection. After preparing cavities via cutting 2 mm of the distal extremities of the mandibular incisors, the polyethylene crowns were placed on the teeth. Based on the study group, different algesics were administrated under the crowns. After recording the pain scores, spatial learning and memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. Capsaicin 25, 100 μg and formalin 2.5% applications induced significantly more painful stimulation compared with control groups (p< 0.001). Capsaicin 25, 100 μg and also formalin-treated groups significantly showed increased escape latency and traveled distance (p

A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in maxillary sinus is presented. The patient is a 50-year-old woman presenting with a slow-progressive swelling in left side of her face that she has noticed 2 years earlier. The lesion was not painful and caused asymmetry and mild exophthalmos. Microscopic examination revealed that the tumor was composed of two components partly of a pleomorphic adenoma and partly of a squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical examination for Ki-67 and SMA and mucicarmin staining were also done and confirmed the diagnosis of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. There is no evidence of recurrence 12 months after operation.

Effective post-operative pain management is one of the problems following root canal treatment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed analgesics in endodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of naproxen in controlling pain following root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis.

This triple-blinded clinical trial was performed on 68 patients admitted to dental school for root canal treatment (RCT). Patients were randomly allocated to treatment or placebo groups. After performing RCT, the patients received naproxen (275 mg every 12 hours for 48 hours) or placebo. Patients were instructed to complete a VAS pain score at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after single visit root canal treatment. Patients were classified as having no, mild, moderate, or severe pain. Data were analyzed via SPSS software using chi-square and t-test.

Although there was a significant difference between naproxen prescription compared with placebo in 6 and 72 hour intervals, the effect of naproxen in controlling post endodontic pain in all intervals was more than placebo. In addition, the duration of pain was shorter in the subjects receiving naproxen.

Based on the results of the present study, naproxen could be suggested to control post endodontic pain in patients with irreversible pulpitis.

Elastofibroma is a rare neoplasm that characteristically occurs in subscapular area in response to microtrauma. There are some reports of this tumor in other sites of the body but, up till now, there has been no report of elastofibroma in the face. A 20-year-old man presented with a slow growing painless mass in the face without any history of trauma. Histopathologic examination revealed a soft tissue mass composed of eosinophilic fibers admixed with aggregation of fat cells, capillary blood vessels, and fibroblasts. Elastic stain and Masson’s trichrome stain confirmed the nature of elastic and collagen fibers. It was a case of elastofibroma in the face.