maryam sadat hashemi

,Ethics is an important matter and a necessary need for all human societies, and so far different ethical theories have been presented by each of the eastern and western thinkers and ethicists. Most of these theories are summarized in the three main theories of dutyism, virtueism and utilitarianism. Islamic thinkers have also paid special attention to this issue and consider the main mission of religion to be the education of human beings in the field of ethics. One of these thinkers is Allameh Mohammad Baqer Majlisi. He has written a lot about ethics. Therefore, the question is raised, what is Allameh Majlesi's moral theory? And what does he consider the criteria for evaluating moral actions? And which of the theories proposed in normative ethics is compatible with his theory?In response to this question and with a research-analytical approach, by studying Allameh's works, this research came to the conclusion that the most innovative and innovative aspect of his theory is that his moral theory is a unified theory that includes all three main theories in normative ethics. is . At the lowest level, according to nature and a part of human's innate ethics, Allameh considers the criterion of valuing actions to be duty-oriented. At the next level, with the acquisition of human virtues, he introduces virtueism, which,

Apostasy, which means leaving the religion of Islam, is one of the fundamental concepts that has become a challenging issue among theologians, jurists and commentators since the beginning of the formation of Islam. After the death of the Messenger of God, the first problem of the Caliph of the Muslims (Abu Bakr) was the attacks that started due to apostasy. Throughout the history of Islam, the concept of apostasy has become an argument for the discourse of Ahl al-Hadith and Salafism, and by using this concept, their opponents have accused themselves of apostasy and have committed many acts of violence and murder. In these days, the assassination of the apostate Salman Rushdie has once again raised the concept of apostasy in international news agencies. In the current situation, knowing the precise and far from distorted concept and nature of apostasy is a necessity. Based on this, the research is going to answer this specific question, who are the types and examples of apostates in the discourse of Salafists? With a document analysis method, he explored the Salafi texts focusing on Ibn Taymiyyah's point of view, and in the end he came to the conclusion that in the eyes of the Salafists, apostasy has a wide scope and includes many Islamic rulers and Islamic sects and sects, which has a significant meaning for the Islamic world. It is very harmful. Examples of apostasy range from denying the Most High in His Names and Attributes to attributing reprehensible attributes to mocking and mocking God and His Messenger. It includes the necessary denial of religion and the abandonment of prayer, as well as philosophers and mystics and many nobles and those who bow down to the rituals and festivals of Christians and associate with infidels and intercessors other than God.

Methadone poisoning intentionally or accidentally leads to a high rate of treatment burden and cost and deaths. The evaluation of the factors affecting the severity of poisoning can reduce recovery time, costs, and potential risks.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of intravenous vitamin C (ascorbic acid) administration on serum level and urinary excretion of methadone.

In this single-blind study, 54 patients who were diagnosed with methadone poisoning were divided into three groups. The two intervention groups received different doses of vitamin C, including 12 and 24 g, and the control group received normal saline. The serummethadone level and urine pH weremeasured at the time of arrival and 24 hours after admission. The data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) in STATA version 12.

In this study, 18 patients were placed in each group. The three groups were not significantly different in basic variables, such as age, gender, and methadone dosage. Between and within-group comparison showed a significant decrease in the serum methadone levels over time after adjusting age, gender and methadone dosage (P < 0.05). Post-hoc analyses revealed a significant difference in methadone reduction between 12 g of vitamin C and control groups (P = 0.04), and there was no significant difference between the control and 24 g of vitamin C groups (P > 0.05). However, between and within-group comparisons showed no significant difference between the three groups in terms of urine pH (P > 0.05). In addition, interaction was observed between intervention and time on serum methadone levels (P < 0.001) and urine pH (P = 0.04) variables.

Consuming 12 g of vitamin C further reduced the serum methadone level in patients with methadone poisoning. There was no effect on methadone urinary excretion in patients.

Non‑adherence to treatments increases the rates of hemodialysis complications, hospitalization, and mortality. One strategy for adherence improvement is peer education. This study aimed to investigate the effects of peer education on treatment adherence among patients receiving hemodialysis.

This was a randomized controlled trial. Patients in the control group were provided just with routine care, and the intervention group received peer education. Treatment adherence was assessed both before and after the intervention via the End‑Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Adherence Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted by the Chi‑square, the Mann‑Whitney U, the paired‑sample t, and the independent‑sample t tests.

There were no significant between‑group differences in terms of the pre‑test mean scores of Adherence to regular attendance at hemodialysis sessions (t = 0.19, p = 0.85), Adherence to the prescribed medications (t = 0.46, p = 0.64), and Adherence to fluid restrictions (t = 0.24, p = 0.81). The same finding was observed after the intervention, except for the mean score of the adherence to fluid restrictions dimension which was significantly greater in the intervention group (t = 2.86, p = 0.006). Moreover, no significant changes were observed in the mean scores of treatment adherence dimensions in the control group. However, in the intervention group, the mean scores of the adherence to regular attendance at hemodialysis sessions (t = 3.79, p < 0.001) and the adherence to fluid restrictions dimensions were significantly greater than their pre‑test values (t = 4.47, p < 0.001).

Education by peer groups improves the compliance of patients with regard to the consumption of fluids in the interval between two dialysis sessions.

Bed sore is one of the major problems in patients admitted to intensive care units. Two common tools for assessing the risk of bed sore are the Braden and Waterlow scales. There is very little evidence of agreement between the two scales in predicting the incidence of bed sore.

The present study was a prospective cohort study that was performed from July to November 2017 in the ICU of hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The risk of bed sore was assessed every two days using two scales, Braden and Waterloo, until the patient died or was discharged for a maximum of one month.

The findings of the study showed that the average Braden scale score in patients who developed bedsores was significantly lower than that of patients who did not develop bedsores (P = 0.002), also the average score of Waterloo in patients who developed bedsores was significantly higher than the patients who did not find bedsores (P<0.001). Braden scale sensitivity was 82.6% and specificity was 53.6% and positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 29.7% and 92.9%, respectively. Waterlow scale sensitivity was 73.9% and specificity was 68% and positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 35.4% and 91.7%, respectively.

Considering the area under the curve of the two scales as well as the sum of the two sensitivity and specificity indices, the Waterlow scale is a more suitable tool for predicting bed sores in patients than the Braden scale.

Apostasy is a topic in Islamic jurisprudence that has been subject to criticism and attacks on Islam, particularly when it pertains to women. The Imamiyyah religion and the Salafiyyah approach are two contemporary discourses that have significant influence and share many commonalities, but also have differences regarding women's apostasy. This comparative analysis aimed to provide an accurate understanding of women's apostasy in these two discourses and shed light on their conflicting aspects. The research employed a comparative analytical documentary method to address the conflicting aspects of the two discourses regarding the positive consequences of rulings on women's apostasy. The study concluded that Imamiyyah distinguished between natural and national apostasies and considers gender as a fundamental concept. In its rulings on apostasy, Imamiyyah provided more lenient and liberated conditions for apostate women compared to the Salafists.

One of the most challenging issues in Islamic jurisprudence is the issue of killing an apostate. According to this doctrine, a Muslim who leaves Islam will be killed. Regarding the details of this punishment, there is a great difference between Islamic sects. Salafists, a sect of Ahl-o-Hadith, Ahl-o-Sunnah following the thoughts of Ibn Taymiyyah Harrani, are one of the living and influential sects in the Islamic world that their specific and narrow-minded view of the apostate has left harmful consequences in the Islamic world. In the belief of this sect, anyone who becomes an apostate; If he does not repent within three days; is killed the main motivation of the Salafists in killing the apostate is the narration of “Man Baddal Dinah Faqtulouh”. This hadith has been reported in different ways in reliable Sunni sources. If the authenticity of the above hadith is challenged; The basis of the Salafists in killing the apostate will change. The present research evaluates this hadith with an analytical-documentary method. In the end, it comes to this conclusion; that this hadith does not have the conditions of protest for killing the apostate. Because, first, it is considered as a khabar wahid. Secondly, there is interruption, refinement, and anxiety in its chain. Thirdly, the content of the hadith is in conflict with the verses, narrations, practical life of the Prophet, jurisprudence rules, and other authorities. One of the sub-goals of the research is correct explanation and answer to doubts; Based on that, Imam Ali killed some apostates by burning them in a harsh and strict manner and contrary to the Prophet’s order. Research proves this point; that such a report from Imam Ali (a.s.) is unreliable.

Spirituality is an important dimension of holistic nursing, and spiritual care is essential to ensure the achievement of optimal care in nursing profession. The aim of this study was to explain the obstacles to providing spiritual care from the perspective of nurses.

The present qualitative study was conducted between November 2020 and June 2021 with a content analysis approach. Participants included 30 nurses, selected through purposive sampling, working in the general wards and intensive care units of Isfahan University hospitals. Data collection method was semi‑structured personal interviews. After recording and transcription word by word, all data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. MAXQDA 11 was used for data analysis.

Research findings included 323 primary codes and two main categories “individual barriers and organizational barriers” and eight subcategories “non‑compliance with human resources standards, lack of attention of organizational managers to the importance of holistic care, motivational barriers, training barriers, barriers to interprofessional collaboration, environmental barriers, barriers related to the nurses, and communication barriers.”

Using the results of the study, policymakers and nursing managers will be able to help facilitate spiritual care, and ultimately, improve the quality of nursing care by improving the infrastructure and removing existing barriers. 

Osteoporosis, the fourth most common disease in the world, affects the elderly and postmenopausal women and imposes a great financial and social burden on individuals and society. Furthermore, it has a significant impact on the quality of patients’ life. This study tries to take an effective step toward improving the quality of patients’ life by developing and evaluating the self‑care program of women with osteoporosis.

In this research, a hybrid sequential design of quantitative and qualitative type consisting of three phases is used. This mixed‑method study aimed to develop and evaluate a self‑care program for women with osteoporosis.

Familiarity with the needs of these patients and the use of self‑care programs and considering social, cultural, and psychological factors could be effective steps to improve the health of women with osteoporosis. These steps can improve the quality of life and reduce the costs of treatment for this group of women.

Recently, recruitment of clinical nursing faculty members with the aim of reducing the theory-practice gap and improving the quality of clinical education is being implemented in some nursing and midwifery schools in Iran. However, the dimensions of this approach have not been studied. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the implementation of clinical nursing faculty regulations.

The study was performed by descriptive qualitative method. By purposeful sampling method, 24 participants of clinical nursing faculty members and PhD nursing students in the participated in the study. Data were collected by individual interviews, focus group discussions and receiving electronic descriptive answers and analyzed by conventional content analysis method.

Effective factors were described in 2 categories: "Barriers to implementation of clinical nursing faculty" and"Facilitators of implementation of clinical nursing faculty" and 4 subcategories include; Psychological challenges, structural problems, organizational transparency, and organizational justice.

Psychological challenges and structural problems are among the executive barriers of clinical nursing faculty. Organizational transparency and organizational justice can facilitate the process of implementation of clinical nursing faculty.

Today, important proteins and pathways have been identified that lead to the regulation of the white adipose tissue and converting it to brown adipose tissue, the proteins PPARγ and PRDM16 are key proteins in this setting. Diabetes is one of the major causes of obesity and complications that can interfere in the function of these two proteins. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the content of PPARγ and PRDM16 proteins in subcutaneous adipose tissue of diabetic obese male rats.

In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (mean weight of 300±20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by injection of STZ and nicotinamide was randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed HIIT training for 4 weeks, accordance with the training program for 4 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent T-test was used to analyze the data.

Significant change was not observed in the content of PPARγ (P=0.16) and PRDM16 (P=0.83) proteins in HIIT training group compared to the control group.

According to the results of this study, HIIT training has not led to significant change the content of PPARγ and PRDM16 proteins. It seems to the intensity of HIIT training be a major contributor to the result that should be taken into consideration.

The formation of identity is influenced by interpersonal and acquired factors. In this regard, higher education can provide an opportunity for the formation of a stable identity and a framework for decision-making and problem-solving. The question now arises, is there an association between exposure to clinical field in training courses and identity styles of students?. hence, the study was conducted to survey the identity styles of students in clinical nursing education. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research samples were nursing students from semesters of 4 to 7 at the end of clinical courses in 2018. Sampling method was census in this study. Data were collected using a demographic form and Identity Style Inventory (ISI-6G, Berzonsky). Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 19 using Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. In this study, 165 nursing students participated. The mean age of participants was 22 ± 6.2 years. 26.2% of male students had informational style and 27.2% of female students had normative identity style, but the results of this study suggested that there is no association between gender and identity styles (p> 0.05). In this study, there was a statistically significant difference between academic semester and identity styles (P = 0.04) and no s statistically significant difference between identity styles and age, marital status and place of residence (P >0.05).
  Surveying identity styles of students in different semesters at the end of clinical courses shows that identity formation may be affected by increasing the students' academic semester in clinical nursing education. This is a reminder of this point that training qualified students depends on the development of identity and attention to its formation. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors of identity formation in undergraduate nursing education.

Thalassemia is a chronic hereditary anemia which can be associated with different psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems such as depression and anxiety. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on depression and anxiety of patients with thalassemia. This was a randomized controlled trial study. A total of 76 patients were randomly allocated to an experimental (n=38) and a control group (n=38). Patients in the experimental group were provided with cognitive behavioral therapy while their counterparts in the control group received routine care services. Depression and anxiety assessments were performed four weeks before the intervention as well as four and six weeks after that. Between-group and within-group comparisons were performed through the independent-sample t-tests and the paired sample t-test, respectively The post-test mean score of anxiety in the experimental group was significantly lower than that for the control group, while there was no significant difference between the groups regarding the post-test mean score of depression. The mean score of depression in both study groups decreased significantly. The rate of decrease in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used to prevent or alleviate depression and anxiety among patients.

Hemodialysis is currently the most common alternative treatment in patients with renal failure in the world. Today, despite the support provided by healthcare providers for these patients, they still express dissatisfaction with the quality of care and find it inadequate. However, there have been few studies investigating the needs of in-patients receiving hemodialysis care in Iran. Thus this research was undertaken to study the needs and demands of such patients.
This qualitative research was conducted from June to November 2016 to investigate the view points of the patients, their families and health care providers about improving quality of care in dialysis unit. At first, the sampling was based on a purposeful sampling method. A total of 35 participants (patients, their families and health care providers) were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed via Graneheim & Lundman qualitative content analysis.
Data analyses led to the production of 700 primary codes, 54 subcategories and 27 secondary categories out which 4 main categories of modification of physical stressors, requirement of support and the requirement of improved quality of Health Care service and improved facilities and equipment requirement.
Planning for modification of physical stressors, improved support of patients, enhancing the quality of care services provided by the treatment team, upgrading the facilities and equipment and the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach are all believed to improve the care services among in-patients receiving hemodialysis treatment.

Aneurysmal Bone cysts (ABC) are extremely rare in the head and neck region and even rarer in sinuses. ABC is a benign multicystic mass that is locally-destructive and rapidly expandable. Hemorrhagic fluid content (like in this case) and septated appearance are the characteristic feature of ABC. Established treatment options for ABCs include sclerotherapy, embolization, radiotherapy, simple curettage, surgical excision, or a combination of methods. Case Report: In this article, a 5 year-old boy with a recurrent nasal mass is presented. The patient was finally diagnosed with this rare entity: ABC of the paranasal sinuses. The patient was treated through complete surgical removal. ABC can be considered as a rare differential diagnosis of recurrent nasal hemorrhagic mass in a pediatric population.

Hypertension is very common in patients with end-stage renal disease and accelerates cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The most important factor in achieving normal blood pressure in these patients is reaching dry weight. Sodium and extracellular fl uid balance play a vital role in this regard. Considering the lack of consensus about the effi cacy of stepwise sodium profi le and individualized dialysate sodium, this study aimed to determine the superior method for blood pressure control in hemodialysis patients. In a quasi-experimental study, patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled through convenience sampling. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups of stepwise sodium profi le and individualized dialysate sodium. Information record form was used for data collection. Data were analyzed with paired and independent t-test and descriptive statistics using SPSS for Windows 20.0. Patients in the two groups were similar in qualitative and quantitative background variables. While systolic blood pressure signifi cantly decreased following hemodialysis with individualized dialysate sodium (P < 0.001), there was no signifi cant difference between pre- and post-dialysis systolic blood pressure values using stepwise sodium profi le (P = 0.060). Individualized dialysate sodium caused greater change in the mean systolic blood pressure than stepwise sodium profi le did (P = 0.040). Pre- and post-dialysis diastolic blood pressure values showed signifi cant differences in both groups (P < 0.001 using individualized dialysate sodium and P = 0.009 using stepwise sodium profi le). However, the mean changes in diastolic blood pressure of the two groups were not signifi cantly different (P = 0.295). We found no signifi cant difference in interdialytic weight gain and blood pressure control by the two methods. The change in systolic blood pressure was lower in the stepwise profi le method than in the individualized dialysate sodium method, and this method did not cause interdialytic hypertension. So, by adjusting the dialysis solution with regard to plasma sodium levels, lead to more blood pressure control. Meanwhile, the two groups were not signifi cantly different in the mean changes of diastolic blood pressure.