maryam sadat mirenayat

SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the coronavirus family that has caused infections in humans. Iran, as one of the countries in West Asia, is facing a high prevalence of this virus. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between smoking and COVID-19 outcomes during the pandemic and sociodemographic characteristics.
This cross‐sectional survey was done to assess the frequency of tobacco smoking in COVID-19 patients hospitalized at Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All patients’ basic and clinical characteristics, smoking status, and outcomes (ICU admission) were recorded.
A total of 254 participants, of whom 206 (81.10%) provided complete data on variables included in the present analyses. In the present study, 137 (66.5%) of all patients were men and 69 (33.5%) were women. Also, 63 (30.4%) of the study population had a family member with a current disease or history of COVID-19. Fourteen patients (6.79%) were ex-smokers and 34 (16.50%) were current smokers. We found significant relationships between Ex-smoking and ICU admission in COVID-19 patients.
Ex-smoker inpatients with COVID-19 require special attention since they are a vulnerable population with a much higher morbidity rate.

Hemodialysis patients have high mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 due to different causes, thus the current study evaluates the difference between the effect of conventional and daily hemodialysis on mortality in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients with COVID-19. This study was designed as a single-center, parallel, randomized and un-blinded clinical trial that chronic hemodialysis patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection enrolled. The study group was dialyzed daily for a week and the control group was on three sessions per week of dialysis. The primary outcome was estimation of mortality rate and secondary outcome was considered as ICU admission rate during hospitalization. A total of 47 patients with the diagnosis of ESRD were included. The mean age of the included patients was 57.1±14.2 years in daily hemodialysis and 58.8±17.4 years in the conventional hemodialysis, and 36(76.6%) were male. From the 47 included patients, 18(38.3%) were admitted to the ICU, and 12(25.5%) were deceased during their hospital stay. The prevalence of the two main outcomes of the study, ICU admission and mortality, was not different between the two groups of the study. In this study, daily hemodialysis was beneficial in reducing mortality in COVID-19 infected patients, but this difference was not statistically significant. Studies with higher sample sizes may show this difference significantly.

The effect of using high flow oxygen delivery through the nasal cannula (HFNC) in COVID-19 patients has been associated with different results. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different HFNC temperatures in COVID-19 patients.

Patients were randomly divided into three groups under high current oxygenation with temperatures of 31, 34, and 37. Except for the temperature, other device settings were set equally. After 24 hours, clinical conditions were on the agenda and compared with the conditions before the intervention.

Fever, sore throat, malaise, diarrhea in patients of 31 degree group and indicators of nausea, cough, body pain, headache have changed the most in 37 degree group. Abdominal pain has shown the greatest change in the 34 degree group. PR, DBP, and SpO2 indices changed the most at 31 degrees and RR and SBP at 37 degrees. PR, RR, SBP and SPO2 indices showed significant values in intra-group comparison, and in inter-group comparison, only PR, RR indices had significant differences. In intra-group analysis, PaCO2, WBC, CRP, ESR and ferritin had significant changes, and in inter-group comparison, none of the indicators had significant differences.

Based on the results of the present study, reducing the temperature in the use of HFNC can improve the clinical conditions of patients with COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human beings worldwide. After recovery from the disease, the pulmonary function and physiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients are not well documented. The current study aims to assess post-COVID-19 lung function, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality within three months after recovery from the disease.
Ninety-seven patients (21 outpatients and 76 inpatients) with COVID-19 were followed three months after recovery. They were divided into two groups according to the severity of the disease. The spirometric parameters included FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/ FVC. A 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) was recorded. Besides, sleep quality using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and mood status in two dimensions of anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were compared between the groups.
More than 70% of the studied population presented at least one of the COVID-19 infection-related symptoms within three months after recovery. spirometric measurements revealed non-significant differences between the patients with severe versus non-severe COVID-19 in terms of FVC (P=0.805), FEV1 (P=0.948), FEV1/FVC (P=0.616), and 6MWT (P=0.409). Based on PSQI, sleep quality was significantly associated with the severity of disease (P=0.031), but HADS assessments were not significant (P>0.05).
This study demonstrated that a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients have corona symptoms and abnormal pulmonary function tests three months after recovery. Besides, sleep quality was considerably affected by the severity of the disease and was directly associated with the post-COVID-19 mood of the patients. It seems necessary to consider and control the long-term consequences of this infection regardless of the disease severity.

Since last decade, a device called PAKDAM (means clean inspiration) was invented in Iran which has been used in some cafe to prepare N2O and O2 as a new instrument instead of using water pipe. This study aimed to evaluate the respiratory and health effects of Pakdam and investigate its short and midterm side effects in users.
In a case-control pilot study between September 2021 and March 2022, 152 individuals were divided into two groups: 76 consumers (case) and 76 non- consumers (control). Both groups were divided into two groups of 36 smokers and 36 non-smokers. Participants signed the participation form and filled out the demographic data questionnaire, and then their vital signs, O2 saturation, expiratory CO, and spirometry tests were recorded.
The subjects who used the device had a mean blood pressure of 123.71±16.11 mmHg, oxygen saturation of 97.2±1.9, exhaled carbon monoxide of 9.8±5.5, and an FVC / FEV1 ratio of 88.5±7.9. These figures in control group were (137.79±18.15) - (94.1±4.2) - (14.3 ± 9.3) and (83.9 ± 10.4), respectively. In addition to the effects on the respiratory system, consumers had lower heart rates and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
The blood oxygen level and FEV1/FVC ratio were higher in subjects using Pakdam and the amount of exhaled carbon monoxide and blood pressure were lower. This condition was more common in smokers and less in non-smokers. It is possible to see the favorable effects of using Pakdam device on people especially in smokers.

There have been several known neurologic manifestations of COVID-19, such as headache, anosmia, etc. Rare cases of restless legs syndrome (RLS) associated with the disease have been reported. Here, the authors describe a patient with six-day nighttime discomfort in both legs that improved with moving them, with dry cough and myalgia added to her symptoms and she was hospitalized due to low oxygen saturation and suspicion of COVID-19. During hospitalization, antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs were used and after a short time of discharge, RLS was eliminated without any specific drug. We hypothesize that since angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) is highly expressed in Substantia Nigra, SARS-Cov-2 may disturb iron metabolism and homeostasis of dopaminergic neurons which leads to the development of RLS and inflammation exacerbates the condition.

With the expansion of the COVID-19, the study of different oxygen therapy methods has yielded different results. In the current study, we compare the effects of non-invasive ventilation and oxygen therapy through the high-flow nasal cannula.

Non-intensive care unit-admitted COVID-19 patients were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received oxygen therapy with High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) and the second group received Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV). Clinical conditions and results obtained from laboratory tests were compared in two groups before oxygen therapy, and after 24 and 48 hr.

The average age of the participants was 56.25. According to the results, after 24 hr of respiratory intervention, dyspnea was the most frequent in the NIV group with 83.33% and in the HFNC group with 90%. After 48 hr, in the NIV group, nasal flaring was observed with a frequency of 60%, and in the HFNC group, weakness and lethargy were the most common symptoms (56.66%). Comparison of clinical status and laboratory indices of the two groups of patients showed that most of the indices in patients in three time periods were not significantly different, while the results demonstrated that after 24 hours, the mean PaCo2 in the HFNC group was significantly lower than the NIV group (0.002) and the mean PH in the HFNC group was significantly higher than the other group (p=0.039).

The effectiveness of using HFNC compared to NIV is the same and shows no significant difference.

The epidemic caused by the spread of the infectious agent called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a huge challenge to various communities around the world. The high prevalence and widespread infectivity of this virus indicated that despite the relentless efforts of various biological scientists to provide appropriate treatment or control of the disease, no definitive treatment has been reported successfully. Since the source of infection of this virus is an entry into the host cell through the specific angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, in the present study, we reviewed the ACE2 receptor and its role in SARS-COV-2 infection.

Many patients with COVID-19 complain about the remaining symptoms after being discharged from the hospital. Therefore, monitoring possible complications after contracting COVID-19 can play a significant role in the management of this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess long-term complications in patients with COVID-19.

Patients with COVID-19 who were referred to the hospital from June to November 2021 were examined in our cross-sectional study. Before the discharge of patients, the six-minute walk was performed and the patient’s clinical information was recorded. Then, patients were recalled and analyzed 2 weeks and 1 month after discharge.

Ninety-one patients participated in our study. After 2 weeks, fatigue with a prevalence of 62.6% was the most common clinical symptom residual in patients. In addition, 1 month after discharge, dyspnea (46.4%) and fatigue (35.7%), as well as muscle weakness and anxiety (28.6%), were the most common symptoms. The mean of oxygen saturation was 93.43±3.71 two weeks after discharge and 94.79±2.14 one month after discharge. The distance traveled at 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) was not significantly increased 1 month after discharge (P=0.43). However, the mean of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (P=0.001), forced vital capacity (FVC) average (P=0.002), and total lung capacity (TLC) (P=05) increased significantly after 1 month.

According to the results of this study, in some patients with COVID-19, symptoms such as dyspnea and fatigue remain until 1 month after discharge from the hospital. In such patients, chest computed tomography scans, pulmonary rehabilitation, and patient follow-up can help patients recover faster.

Inspiratory muscle training has been introduced as one of the effective methods in pulmonary rehabilitation, and attention to this technique in patients with COVID-19 is still being studied. In the present study 52 patients who have undergone the period of the COVID-19 disease were randomly divided into two groups. In the control group, in addition to the routine treatment prescribed by a specialist physician, rehabilitation was performed by performing diaphragmatic breathing exercises, pursed-lips breathing, chest expansion, and simple stretching exercises. In the intervention group in addition to the rehabilitation program provided to the control group, patients used an inspiratory muscle training device. This pulmonary rehabilitation program was performed twice a day and 30 repetitions each time with a two-minute rest after every 10 exercises. After 4 weeks, patients in both groups were referred to the hospital for re-assessment of the distance of the 6-minute walk test, SF-12 questionnaire results, dyspnea, and S-index. To compare quantitative variables between the two groups we utilized a student t-test. Type one error was put at P≤0.05. The comparison of 6MWT values shows that the mean of this index in the intervention group is significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.002). Also, the S-index of the two groups showed a significant difference (p=0.024). Results show a significant increase in the SF-12 quality of life questionnaire in patients using IMT (p=0.001). IMT improves pulmonary functions, 6MWT, and SF-12 Questionnaire in recovered COVID-19 patients.

Diaphragm paralysis may be either idiopathic or associated with several medical conditions including viral and bacterial infection. The association of phrenic nerve palsy with viral infections is rare but well-appreciated in several case reports. Neuropathy, both central and peripheral, is a common neurological consequence of COVID-19. Here, we describe a case of diaphragm paralysis in a woman who was admitted to the hospital because of COVID-19 pneumonia. Post-COVID-19 unilateral paralyzed diaphragm was diagnosed with a chest X-ray for her and the disorder was attributed to COVID-19 because no other etiology was found to be associated. So far, phrenic neuropathy and diaphragmatic paralysis in a COVID-19-affected patient have not been reported from Iran.

Exercise training is an important intervention in the pulmonary rehabilitation of adults with chronic respiratory diseases. High-intensity exercise is challenging for these patients. Thus, interval exercise has received much attention as a suitable option for optimizing a tolerable load during exercise. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on peak power, peak oxygen uptake, functional capacity, and health-related quality of life in people with chronic respiratory diseases.

In this study, the related studies were collected and examined from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases.

A total of 14 randomized controlled trials were selected based on the study subject. The results demonstrated that HIIT and continuous training in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) led to significant improvement in peak power, peak oxygen uptake, and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) or 12-minute walk test (12MWT) distance and health-related quality of life and there was no significant difference between the two groups. And HIIT, compared to no exercise training, showed greater significant changes. Few studies have examined HIIT in patients with cystic fibrosis, with different results. We found no studies investigating the effect of HIIT on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and interstitial lung diseases. Conclusion studies confirm the positive effect of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise capacity, functional capacity, and health-related quality of life in people with COPD. In other respiratory diseases, more studies are needed to investigate the effects of HIIT.

 Allergic rhinitis is a very common disease which its clinical symptoms can reduce the patient’s quality of life. This study aimed to compare the effects and side effects of desloratadine with fexofenadine on allergic rhinitis.

 The present study is a clinical trial on 68 patients with allergic rhinitis who were randomly divided into two groups named A and B. In the A group, patients used 120 mg of fexofenadine for 4 weeks and in the B group, patients received 5 mg of desloratadine for 4 weeks. After two weeks of rest, patients in the A group received desloratadine, and patients in the B group received fexofenadine for 4 weeks. Then, the clinical conditions and efficiency of the drugs in both groups were compared.

 The severity of symptoms significantly decreased in the A and B groups before and after the treatment (p<0.001 and p=0.007, respectively). The severity of symptoms after taking the first and second drugs in the A group was lower than in the B group. In the A group, the changes in symptom severity after taking the first and second drugs were significantly greater than in the B group. Other symptoms were not significantly different between the two treatment groups (p>0.05 in all cases(. 

 In patients with allergic rhinitis, the use of fexofenadine compared to desloratadine can more effectively reduce the severity of the symptoms of the disease and can be prescribed as a suitable treatment option for these patients.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a lifestyle-related chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease and a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence and associated factors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in COPD patients.

A total of 91 COPD patients were recruited from October 2017 and December 2018. Lung function test, CAT score, 6-minutes’ walk test, Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea score and body mass index, air flow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE index) were evaluated in the patients. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measurements of the femoral neck, total femur (including femoral neck, trochanter, and intertrochanter area), and lumbar spine were conducted using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A T-score which was 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the average value was indicative of osteoporosis, in accordance with the World Health Organization criteria. We excluded COPD patients who had asthma, malignancy, and fracture.

There were 86 males (mean age±SD: 66.49±9.40 years) and 5 females (mean age±SD: 65.40±12.40 years). Among all the patients, 46 (51.1%) patients had osteopenia and 36 (40%) had osteoporosis. Comparing COPD grades showed grade 2 was a more prevalent grade (41.1%). There was no statistically association between femoral neck T score (mean±SD: -2.21±0.89) and COPD grade (P=0.58), while lumber spine T score (mean±SD: -2.13±1.11) was statistically decreased with increasing severity of COPD (p= 0.02).

The results of our study demonstrated that osteoporosis is common among COPD patients. Moreover, we found significant correlations between BMI, walking test, FEV1, MMRC, and BODE index.

 The application of methylprednisolone in ARDS patients has led to a sustained reduction in inflammatory plasma cytokines and chemokines and has recently been used in the treatment of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

 In this study, the effect of methylprednisolone on clinical symptoms and antioxidant changes of patients with COVID-19 has been investigated.

 In the present study, patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 who required hospitalization were entered into the study phase. Then, in addition to standard treatment, patients received methylprednisolone at a dose of 250 mg intravenously over three days. Necessary evaluations include analysis of arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, monitoring of patient clinical signs, examination of inflammatory biomarkers, and also receiving 10 cc of peripheral blood samples to check for antioxidant changes, at the beginning of the study, after 24 hours, and 72 hours after receiving methylprednisolone was on the agenda.

 Changes in fever, superoxide dismutase (SOD, Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST, the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP, malondialdehyde (MDA, Nitric oxide, Ferritin, and TNF-α before treatment and 72 hours after treatment were significantly different between the two stages (P < 0.05).

 The use of methylprednisolone improves the balance of antioxidants and immunological factors in patients with COVID-19 and thus improves some clinical indicators in these patients.

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an oxygen delivery procedure for patients with respiratory disorders. The role of this oxygen therapy system in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 has not been conclusively proven. The present study evaluated the efficacy and success of HFNC in improving the clinical condition of patients with COVID-19.

The statistical population of this cross-sectional study was hypoxemic patients with the COVID-19 disease. The findings of the study were obtained by reviewing patients’ records and extracting information from the hospital information system.

A total of 29 patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 were analyzed. Comparison of the results of blood gas analysis of these patients showed that the use of HFNC did not make a significant difference in pH (P=0.063), PaCO2 (P=0.135), O2 sat (P=0.999), and HCO3 (P=0.717).

Our study showed that the use of HFNC did not make a significant difference in respiratory parameters and the results of blood gas analysis in patients with COVID-19.

Many efforts were made to determine the uncommon clinical complications after lung transplantation and treatment options to tackle them; however, many of these rare complications have not been mentioned in recent publications. Evaluating and recording adverse effects after organ transplantation can significantly prevent post-transplant mortality. This study aimed to examine rejection factors by examining individuals undergoing lung transplantation surgery. In a prospective longitudinal study, we followed up on complications of 60 lung recipients post lung-transplantation surgery for six years from 2010 to 2018. All complications were recorded in follow-up visits or hospital admissions during these years. Finally, the patients' information was categorized and evaluated by designing a questionnaire. From a total of 60 transplant recipients, from 2010 to 2018, 58 patients were initially enrolled in our study, but two were lost to follow-up. Uncommon complications witnessed in the post-transplantation period included endogenous endophthalmitis, herpetic keratitis, duodenal strongyloidiasis, intestinal cryptosporidiosis, myocardial infarction, diaphragm dysfunction, Chylothorax, thyroid nodule, and necrotizing pancreatitis. Meticulous postoperative surveillance is crucial for managing lung transplant patients for early detection and treatment of common and uncommon complications. Therefore, it is necessary to establish procedures for assessing the patients' constancy until complete recovery.

More than a year after the onset of the coronavirus disease pandemic in 2019, the disease remains a major global health issue. During this time, health organizations worldwide have tried to provide integrated treatment guidelines to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at different levels. However, due to the novel nature of the disease and the emergence of new variants, medical teams' updating medical information and drug prescribing guidelines should be given special attention. This version is an updated instruction of the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD) in collaboration with a group of specialists from Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran, which is provided to update the information of caring clinicians for the treatment and care of COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

Coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has gradually spread worldwide, becoming a major public health event. This situation requires designing a novel antiviral agent against the SARS-CoV-2; however, this is time-consuming and the use of repurposed medicines may be promising. One such medicine is favipiravir, primarily introduced as an anti-influenza agent in east world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of favipiravir in comparison with lopinavir-ritonavir in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this randomized clinical trial, 62 patients were recruited. These patients had bilateral pulmonary infiltration with peripheral oxygen saturation lower than 93%. The median time from symptoms onset to intervention initiation was seven days. Favipiravir was not available in the Iranian pharmaceutical market, and it was decided to formulate it at the research laboratory of School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The patients received favipiravir tablet at a dose of 1600 mg orally twice a day for day one and then 600 mg orally twice a day for days 2 to 6. In the second group, the patients received lopinavir-ritonavir combination tablet at a dose of 200/50 mg twice a day for seven days. Fever, cough, and dyspnea were improved significantly in favipiravir group in comparison with lopinavir-ritonavir group on days four and five. Mortality rate and ICU stay in both groups were similar, and there was no significant difference in this regard (P = 0.463 and P = 0.286, respectively). Chest X-ray improvement also was not significantly different between the two groups. Adverse drug reactions occurred in both groups, and impaired liver enzymes were the most frequent adverse effect. In conclusion, early administration of oral favipiravir may reduce the duration of clinical signs and symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and hospitalization period. The mortality rate also should be investigated in future clinical trials.

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is an uncommon disease principally affecting women during childbearing years and eventually leading to progressive respiratory failure. Lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with end-stage disease. LAM-related complications remain common, but recurrence of LAM following allograft transplantation is rare. We present a 25-year-old woman who presented with progressive dyspnea five years after bilateral lung transplantation for end-stage LAM. Histological examination of transbronchial lung biopsy sample confirmed recurrent LAM. We changed cyclosporine to sirolimus and she is currently being considered for re-transplantation.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) leads to limited activity and reduced quality of life. Treatment of this disease is a long-term process that requires the cooperation of patients in monitoring and treatment. In the present study which was conducted from April 2019 to March 2021 in Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran, 75 patients were randomly divided into telerehabilitation and control groups. Patients in the control group received pulmonary rehabilitation including respiratory, isometric, and aerobic exercises for 8 weeks, three times per week. In the second group, patients were given a lung rehabilitation booklet and asked to repeat the exercises three times a week for four weeks according to a specific schedule. In addition, patients installed Behzee care application on the mobile phone that recorded various indicators such as heart rate, SpO2, dyspnea, fatigue, and daily activities. This application reminded the patient of the program every day and at a specific time. Finally, the patients’ conditions were compared in the two groups after 8 weeks using CAT and mMRC questionnaires and 6-Minute Walk (6MW) exercise indices as well as spirometry tests.  In all four indicators (6MW, CAT,  and mMRC questionnaires as well as spirometry), patients showed improvement after rehabilitation (p<0.001). This improvement was significantly higher in the telemedicine group compared to the other group (p<0.01). The use of telerehabilitation in COPD patients is effective in improving spirometry indices, quality of life, as well as activity and sports indices.

Following the recent epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, a novel betacoronavirus was isolated from two patients in Iran on February 19, 2020. In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical manifestations and outcomes of the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection (n=127).

This prospective study was conducted on all COVID19-suspected cases, admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital (a designated hospital for COVID-19), Tehran, Iran, since February 19, 2020. All patients were tested for COVID-19, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Data of confirmed cases, including demographic characteristics, clinical features, and outcomes, were collected and compared between three groups of patients, requiring different types of admission (requiring ICU admission, admission to the general ward, and transfer to ICU).

Of 412 suspected cases, with the mean age of 54.1 years (SD=13.4), 127 (31%) were positive for COVID-19. Following the patients’ first visit to the clinic, 115 cases were admitted to the general ward, while ten patients required ICU admission. Due to clinical deterioration in the condition of 25 patients (out of 115 patients), ICU admission was essential. Based on the results, the baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. Patients requiring ICU admission were more likely to have multiorgan involvement (liver involvement, P<0.001; renal involvement, P<0.001; and cardiac involvement, P=0.02), low O2 saturation (P<0.001), and lymphopenia (P=0.05). During hospital admission, 21 (16.5%) patients died, while the rest (83.5%) were discharged and followed-up until March 26, 2020. Also, the survival rate of patients, who received immunoglobulin, was higher than other patients (60.87% vs. 39.13%).

The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients was considerable in our study. Based on the present results, this infection can cause multiorgan damage. Therefore, intensive monitoring of these patients needs to be considered.