فهرست مطالب maryam sharifian sani

Food insecurity is a major public health problem, especially among older adults living in developing countries. The present study aimed at examining the prevalence, and risk and protective factors for severe food insecurity among elderly in Tehran, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 384 elderly people aged 60 years and older were selected from five different socioeconomic zones in Tehran, 2019, using multi-stage sampling. Food security status was assessed by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Data were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression models in SPSS.

Among the people investigated, 37.8% were completely food secure, 24.1% were found with mild food insecurity, 22.7% reported moderate food insecurity, and 15.2% were severely food insecure. Low levels of physical activity (OR=8.7, CI 95%: 2.96-25.57), low educational levels (OR=6.15, CI 95%: 1.54-24.64), low monthly income (OR=5.63, CI 95%: 2.71-11.67), low levels of social capital (OR=3.13, CI 95%: 1.09-9.03), having oral and dental diseases (OR=2.51, CI 95%: 1.02-6.17), and male gender (OR=1.92, CI 95%: 0.89-4.11) were the risk factors, while having more children (OR=0.26, CI 95%: 0.04-1.36) was the protective factor for severe food insecurity in elderly. The predictors entered into the model could explain between 44.2% and 60.3% of the variance of the outcome.

Only one-third of the elderly were adequately food secure. Current findings could be beneficial in designing and implementing early interventions to provide food security for the elderly.

Successful aging is an interdisciplinary concept. Despite the great body of literature on successful aging, few studies have focused on its subjective and multidimensional measurements. Thus, the present study aimed to develop an instrument to measure self-perceived successful aging. We used a mixed method approach. The successful aging dimensions were explored through an integrative review and qualitative study among 64 older adults. Based on the obtained qualitative data, initial item pool was designed and its content validity was evaluated. A quantitative survey among 600 older adults and exploratory factor analysis was applied to test the structural validity of the instrument. The EFA results indicated that the instrument loaded into seven factors; “psychological well-being”, “social support”, “financial and environmental security”, “spirituality”, “physical and mental health”, “functional health”, and “health-related behavior”. In addition, the instrument had a high degree of reliability coefficients. The obtained results indicated methods of measuring successful aging, as well as the importance of generating social policy in the area of aging well; researchers should consider all dimensions of successful aging at individual and social levels.

Nowadays in societies, families are seen as agents and beneficiaries of development, and therefore policymakers and planners make all of their decisions and take necessary actions based on the promotion and protection of this social institution. Different countries have different policies in the field of family policies, such as in the terms of the universal approach vs. mean-tested one to the provision of welfare services. Therefore, this research aims to analyze family policies in Iran according to existing documents and laws, in order to determine which policies, and consequently, services are planned for families universally. The paradigm of this study is qualitative, that is, the social policies and laws about family have been analyzed qualitatively. The study population includes all laws and legislations of Iran since the Islamic Revolution (1979). It should be noted that the laws and legislations that have been approved before February 1979 would also have been considered as study population if they had still been valid. All laws and legislations which have been approved by the end of March 2017 were reviewed and analyzed. The sample size was initially 171 documents, in the end, 130 documents remained according to established criteria (1- The family is addressed directly in the title or goals of the law; in fact, preservation, promotion or health of the family are some goals of these laws; and 2- It is mentioned directly that the law is for the individual and his or her family, or seeing the person in the context of the family, such as being a spouse and mother, or considering the family relations, such as child custody and marriage). After classification of documents in 14 welfare service user groups, 35 documents were found to be related to the universal family policies. The qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data so that the main concepts and themes were extracted. According to analysis and coding of 35 policies and laws related to families, three main themes of sanctity of the family, addressing the basic needs of the family, and reproduction of family have been extracted. Most of the laws refer to the family as a worthwhile and sacred unit. The goal of most of these laws is to strengthen and assure sustainability of the family. Some of them specifically address family stability and divorce by establishing counseling systems, special family courts, and prevention of divorce. In some of the laws, the responsibility of family protection is provided by the family with strategies of nurturing and providing the children’s emotional needs and promoting the interaction of the husband and wife. Finally, the three macro policies refer to the family-centered laws and policies. Considering the importance of this concept, the preservation and protection of the family can be considered as a great goal and criterion governing all the other categories in different levels of policy making and legislation. According to the second category, the legislator has also taken account of the basic needs of the all families in five areas of health (such as family physician program), insurance (all the family members’ insurance), housing (such as considering housing as a right and priority to provide housing for low-income families), economics and income (such as paying attention to family poverty, Economic Development Program and Subsidies Targeting Program), and security (general and limited use of this term). Finally, the issue of reproduction of family and population, in various documents, varies according to changes in population policy-making, and includes both reducing and increasing population growth and in fact the purpose of these documents is the population, which can be regarded as a top priority. Considering the results of analysis of laws, it can be stated that family welfare policies are less explicit in documents that are for of all families and mostly addressed the needs, such as housing and income.  Although in this study the policies and laws for general population of families have been extracted and analyzed, in many of these documents, there is not a universal approach to family. In many of addressed needs, the terms, such as vulnerable, unemployed, and so on could be seen. Thus it can be concluded that there is a pathological and mean-tested approach to family welfare in Iran. According to the study, family-centered laws and policies have been mentioned in limited documents which is in contrast to a significant number of documents mentioning sanctity of the family. The operationalization of this family-centering has not been mentioned either, and it is limited to overall and macro recommendations. It seems that the goal of maintaining and sustaining a family is predestinarian, in fact instead of developing a context for family sustainability, efforts have been made to preserve and sustain it by establishing specialized courts, family counseling, and legal facilities. The strategies proposed to protect the family’s sanctity are macro strategies that need to be planned in operational levels. Finally, it could be concluded that explicit policies in the area of family welfare have to become a specific part of Iran policies. Besides, universal services should be defined and, of course, for vulnerable families, some specific policies and services should be considered in further studies since they were not addressed in this article. In fact, family-centered laws can help reducing family risks and even influences of other policies on family, such as the economy.

Physical, psychological and emotional status of mothers of children with cancer as a key element in providing services and care is affected by the disease and makes high tensions for them. This study aimed to investigate the quality of life of mothers of children with cancer in Iran.
In this descriptive study, statistical population consisted of all mothers (900 subjects) of children with cancer were covered by MAHAK charity institution, in 2016. In this account, 210 samples were selected by a convenience sampling. Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer scale was used for measuring the quality of life of mothers.
In terms of mental-emotional burden 20% (20.63±12.51), life style disruption 55.7% (17.02±8.87), financial concerns 68.6% (4.70±3.61), total quality of life score 60.50% (65.86±24.76) of participants had a middle-low status, but according to positive adaptation (21.14±5.28) about 59% and 26.2% had good and very good status, respectively.
The mothers as the primary caregiver to children with cancer bear a great deal of burden of caring. Therefore, highlighting and taking seriously the role of mothers in the planning of the health system, not only the quality of life of families and especially mothers as the caregivers to children with cancer will upgrade, but also children with cancer will gain positive externalities as a result of this attention.

Successful aging as an umbrella term with a large amount of literature has emerged with a variety of meanings and dimensions in different studies. This article aims at determining what dimensions contribute to constructing the concept of successful aging.

The method used in this study is an integrative review of published literature related to successful aging. This method includes both qualitative and quantitative studies. Data searching was conducted during November and December 2014 and was then updated in October 2015. First, 2543 articles were identified, and after the screening phase, 76 articles were eligible for inclusion in the integrative review.

The results specified 14 subcategories and 5 main categories of successful aging: social well-being, psychological well-being, physical health, spirituality and transcendence, and environment and economic security.

The present study provides a thorough understanding of successful aging dimensions and proposes the importance of the multidimensional concept of successful aging at the individual, interpersonal, and environmental levels for future studies and policymaking on population aging.

Health and nutrition are important aspects in the analysis of households’ multidimensional poverty. The present research investigated poverty in Tehran’s households through a cohort approach. In this regard, households’ financial participation about health costs and food intake calories were analyzed.
Households’ data of costs – income survey were then collected. Health and nutrition poverty trend was investigated through generational approach, index of poverty "Foster, Greer, Turbak", and in the period of 1984-2014 by dividing Tehrany families into eight various age groups. Excell and Stata11 were applied to process and calculate the indices.
During the study years, the highest level of health poverty (29%) in 1999 was in age range of 21-26 and the highest level of nutrition poverty in 1984 (65%) was in age range of 42-46. There has been an ascending trend of health and nutrition poverty at the end of the Fourth Development Plan (2009) up to 2013 for all age groups.
Generally, rate and severity of health and nutrition poverty had many fluctuations among different age groups of Tehrani households’ heads. This rate has raised during recent years which indicates lack of stable and coherent social policies to reduce households’ exposures with catastrophic health care costs and funding of the food aid needs.

Current research studied factors influencing age of marriage in Tarom province. The average age of marriage among Tarom residents is more than national average age of marriage. This research is a survey study that compares married and single Youth between 25-39 years old in a selected sample of 374 people. According to results, among factors that can effect marriage age are: cultural factors(attitude to marriage and religiosity), Social factors (family expectations, rigidity of marriage norms and mate selection expansion) and economic factors (Employment status of men and marriage Costs) and only economic factors have an effect on increased marriage age which is probably because of Rural context of Tarom, Non-economic Factors do not have any impact on marriage age. In the context of many rural areas in Iran, because of traditional norms rigidity, non-economic Factors like attitude to marriage cannot play a role in marriage age.

Objectives Time usage patterns of older adults is an important indicator of their health and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the time usage patterns of Iranian older adults and its association with social-demographic factor.
Methods & Materials This study was based on the secondary analysis of time use data of Iranians. The data were collected by questionnaire based on stratified sampling by Statistical Center of Iran in 2009. The sample size comprised 3516 Iranian elderly (60 years and older) who live in urban areas. The Chi-square, ANOVA, and multiple classification analysis (MCA) were used for data analysis.
Results The results indicated that Iranian older adults allocated the highest average time on activities related to personal care, leisure, unpaid works, religious activities, voluntary social activities, and paid works. The results also showed differential time usage patterns among different socioeconomic groups.
Conclusion Multivariate analysis indicated that age, gender, activity status, education level, living arrangement, and disability status are most important variables in the prediction of time use patterns.

Health literacy is a significant element in the ability of a woman to engage in health promotion and preventive activities both for herself and her children. This study aimed to evaluate health literacy and the rate of unintended pregnancies, as well as the relationship between health literacy and unintended pregnancies among rural Iranian married women. This study was conducted on 240 rural married women aged 18 to 45 years. To collect data, the Persian version of the test of functional health literacy in adults and a checklist of demographic characteristics and unintended pregnancy were used. Approximately, 62% of the women studied had low literacy level (marginal and inadequate) and the rate of unintended pregnancies was 35%. A significant correlation was observed between health literacy level and education level, age, number of children, and unintended pregnancy. Then, the level of health literacy was low among rural married women and this factor was associated with their unintended pregnancies.

The needs and problems of students with physical-motor disabilities should be properly identified in order to solve them. The main purpose of this research was to determine the needs and problems of Iranian male students with physical-motor disabilities in the education and employment dimensions.
This was a descriptive study. All the male students with physical-motor disabilities were selected from the special high schools of Tehran, Iran, in the year 2013-14 as a statistical research community. Of all, only 150 male students with physical-motor disabilities were chosen by convenience sampling method. An edited version of the questionnaire from a previous study on the needs and problems of girls and women was used for this study.
According to our results, the main needs of the students in the employment dimension include transportation services, specific training courses, and quotas for employment. However, the main problems in the employment dimension include displacement and transportation problems, and lack of policy enforcement. Similarly, the priority needs in the education dimension include community education and professional training, whereas the priority problems include displacement and transportation problems.
The results of this study indicated a variety of problems and needs of the Iranian students with physical-motor disabilities, indicating the requirement of planning and policies to address them.

Many researches have been done on the addiction process، but few studies have examined the process of resiliency against addiction. This study was aimed to identify the facilitating and inhibiting factors in the young people’s resiliency process by analyzing their living experiences. This qualitative study was based on grounded theory with Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The data underwent open، axial and selective coding. The study focused on Darvaze Ghar neighborhood of Tehran. Data were collected through open unstructured interviews and focus group discussion. In total، 21 interviews were conducted with 12 respondents and a focus group discussion was held with 7 participants. Lincoln and Guba (1985) scales were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. The obtained codes were classified into 19 categories، including personal characteristics، family support، culture، spirituality، spiritual beliefs، environment، and social interventions. According to their nature، these categories were facilitating or inhibiting the process of resiliency against substance abuse. The youth with more religious beliefs، awareness، self-confidence، optimism and hatred towards drugs are more resilient against substance abuse. Moreover، the families with a higher sense of responsibility trust and monitor their children’s activities، talk to them about different issues and provide them with good trainings from the very childhood; therefore their children will be more resilient against addiction.

Childhood is a very vulnerable stage in life. Child well-being, either directly or indirectly is affected by the status of households’ nutrition. Nutritional condition is an effective factor in weakening or strengthening the relationship between poverty and health in every household. Due to the importance of measuring nutrition poverty indices to inform planners about the distributive effects of policy strategies as well as family and child welfare, this study tends to measure and analyze the trends of nutritional poverty of Iranian households with child from 1984-2012. In this trend study, statistical data on household socioeconomic characteristics (household income-cost design) has been used to measure food poverty among the households with child. To this end and to investigate households’ food caloric, this research used Foster, Greer and Thorbeck (FGT) index. STATA and Excel softwares were employed to do the calculations. After dividing childhood into four age periods, nutrition poverty among households with child was examined in all of them. The results showed that in most age groups, the rate and severity of nutrition poverty had the highest values in 1989; also nutritional poverty of age group 0-5 years in the1989 entry year showed a reduced trend but in other entry years had some fluctuations. Compared to age groups, poverty rates among households with child belonging to age group 0-5 years, was lower than other age groups. Overall, nutritional poverty was high in all age groups and experienced large fluctuations. In most age groups, the rate and severity of poverty were highest during the First Development Plan. Research findings can have implications for policy makers regarding implementing efficient and effective policies in the field of child welfare.

The analysis of household financial contribution is considered as an indicator of financial equity in health. Households facing catastrophic payments lead to household poverty. This paper tends to measure and analyse trends of health poverty of Tehran housholds during1984-2012. In this Trend study we used the statistical data on Household budgets (based on cohort data) for measuring health poverty in households with heads residing in Tehran city(Using FGt index). For analyzing data, we used STATA and Excel Software. Households with heads divided into 8 groups. The results showed that, in most age groups, both the rate and the severity of health poverty in 1999 had the highest values. Health poverty indices in the last of Forth Development Plan and ending in 2012 has been rised for all age groups. Comparing age groups, since 1994 (the end of the First Development Plan) until 2012, the result showed the highest health poverty rate being related the younger age groups (26-21 years and 31-27 years), respectively. Overall, health poverty rate was high in all age groups and is associated with large fluctuations. The high fluctuation of the health poverty index during the Development Plans show stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure.

Health is an important dimension in analyzing multidimensional child poverty. High life expenditure imposed on families has lead to the household’s health poverty. Considering the importance of childhood and measuring health poverty indices to inform planners and towards distributive effects of policy strategies, as well as, family welfare, this paper tends to measure and analyse the trends of health poverty of Iranian “households with child” from 1984-2012. In this trend study, statistical data on household budgets were considered to measure health poverty in households with child (using FGt index). The results were analyzed using STATA and Excel Software. The results showed that the poverty rate was the highest in terms of all age group’s health in 1999. While, the health poverty rate among families with children in the age group of 11-15 year-old showed an upward trend in recent periods (the end of the fourth development goal and beginning of fifth Program), it was associated with fluctuations in other age groups. Overall, health poverty rate was high in all age groups although it showed high fluctuations. The high fluctuations of the health poverty index during the development plans indicate that stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure. At the end of this research, some recommendations have been offered to reduce the amount of household’s health poverty.

Background and Quality of life is a very important concept in health care. This study was designed in order to translate and validate the Persian version of the Quality of Life Index (QLI) questionnaire. Permission was asked and a forward-backward translation procedure was followed to develop the Persian version of the questionnaire. Questionnaire was administered to 130 students in Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University. These students were selected on the basis of systematic random sampling. The QLI and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire and Vaux social support questionnaire were used in pretest. After two weeks interval only QLI questionnaire was used. Reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using internal consistency. Test re test reliability, concomitant validity and construct validity was assessed using coefficient of concordance and spearman's correlation. The internal consistency for the global score was 0.934 indicating that all domains met the minimum reliability standard, the Cranach's alpha ranged from 0.74 to 0.90 except for family subscale (α= 0.58). Test re test reliability showed good results for global score (spearman's correlation=0.89, ICC= 0.887) and for other domains except for family subscale (ICC= 0.255). The concomitant validity and construct validity revealed significant correlation between QLI with SF-36 questionnaire and Vaux questionnaire, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis using EQS software also revealed that factor structure of the questionnaire in sample survey is repeated. The Persian version of the Quality of Life Index is a reliable and valid tool. However, further research is required to reduce the problems associated with reliability of family subscale.

Intorduction: According to the World Health Organization's definition of health, it is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition shows the importance of spirituality in the elderly’s health. Due to the lack of Persian questionnaire to assess spirituality among the Iranian elderly, the aim of this study was to assess validity and reliability of the Persian version of Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale-Revised (SIBS-R) among Iran’s elderly population. In order to prepare the Persian version of the questionnaire, the standard method of the translation model ‘The International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project’ was used for translating Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale-Revised (SIBS-R) among Iran’s elderly population. To determine the reliability of the scale, Intra-Class Correlation (ICC), Cronbach’s Alpha and Test-Retest among 30 samples twice with two weeks durability were tested. For assessing the validity of the questionnaire in three levels, face validity (external validity), content validity and construct validity (exploratory factor analysis) were measured. Additionally, this study is a correlational study based on which the data on Iranian elderly was collected among 200 samples in 2012 and factor analysis was done by the software of SPSS 16. Findings extracted from the descriptive results of the present study indicated that there is no correlation among the demographic data collected included age, religion, education and spirituality. On the other hand, after carrying out exploratory factor analysis, with calculation of Test-Retest (p-value=0.8), intra-class correlation coefficient (p-value=0.003) and the calculated internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.8, reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed, and in addition through exploratory factor analysis, construct validity of the questionnaire was verified. One of the most important issues in studying the functional consequences of the spirituality faced by researchers and experts is development of the convenient scales for assessment and intervention research among the elderly to improve their performance in this period. In this study, regarding the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire, as well as confirming the face validity (appearance), content validity, and factorial validity of the questionnaire, it can be stated that Persian translated version of the Spirituality Scale in this study corresponds to the main tool and it can be used as a valid assessment tool of the spirituality in Iran’s elderly population.

The aim of this study is exploring the resiliency process in Darrvaze Ghar neighborhoods of Tehran teenagers and youths with the substance abuse through discovering dimensions of experiences. The present research was carried out by using a methodology of qualitative research using grounded theory based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The study focused on Darrvaze Ghar neighborhoods of Tehran in 2011. Data was collected through open unstructured interviews and focus group discussion. In total، 14 interviews with 12 teenagers/youths were held and focused group discussion was held with 7 participants. Findings of the research have shown that 5 major elements are affecting the resiliency process of teenager and youths with the substance abuse as fallow: 1) Targeted efforts and hope for the future to identity achievement 2) Employing strategies to maintain their 3) For overcome cultural factor and social nasty stigma، underdevelopment، risky environmental and concern of safety issues 4) Identity achievement 5) Experiencing facilitator and confounding factors. The most important part of the other elements around it is identity achievement. The result uncovered، be confirming، the achieve meaning of life، achieve success are issues that are formed and resulted through process of resiliency with the drug abuse. Resiliency process of Darvaze Ghar teenager and youths are begging from training childhood and with efforts to overcome obstacle and achieve success will be continued.

Health is the base for socio-economic development and is the most important component of social welfare. Women’s health status, particularly, mothers’ health, is more vulnerable than men, in Iranian society. Evidences, resulted from different researches, indicate that health is related to socioeconomic determinants more than medical and nursing interventions. The term of Social Capital is a new concept in social sciences that during a short time, has been populated in literatures of social determinants of health. Social capital is consisting of the individual's participation in collective life and trust between them, which can enhance their human capital. In this article we looked the health as human capital. This study aims to explore relationships between individual measures of social capital and health, among mothers with children under age of 7 who attend the Abdolabad Health Site in south of Tehran. A cross- sectional design was used. 80 randomly samples were selected from mothers who attended to mentioned Health Site to attain preventive health services. Using “Shortened Version of Social Capital Assessment Tool” (SASCAT) we measured two basic dimensions of social capital: structural (group membership, social support and citizenship activities) and cognitive social capital (trust, social harmony, sense of belonging, sense of fairness). “SF-36” health questionnaire was used to measure two main components of health - physical and mental health – and also 8 health subscales: physical functioning(PF), role- limitations due to physical health problems(RP), bodily pain(BP), general health(GH), vitality(VT), social functioning(SF), role limitations due to emotional problems(RE) and mental health(MH). Partial Correlation Coefficient was applied to explore association between social capital and health. The study found low levels of group membership, social support and citizenship among the mothers. The findings indicate that, the study samples show medium scores of cognitive social capital and poor structural social capital. Mother's physical health was better than their mental health. The sample had the highest (best) mean scores for physical functioning (PF) and they showed the lowest (worst) mean scores for role limitations due to emotional problems (RE). Maternal cognitive social capital had statistically positive significant relationships with their physical health (r=0/45, p= 0/000) and also mental health (r=0/37, p= 0/001), but structural social capital had negative association with mental health(r=- 0/26, p= 0/027). In this study, positive relationship between maternal cognitive social capital and their health was notable. We conclude that the quality of human relationships (cognitive social capital) play more effective role than the quantity of them in maternal health....

Most researches carried out in the field of Social Capital have weighed each of the variables of social capital with various measuring models (especially trust and social networks) neglecting the inter relation of the forming variable and consequently, have introduced the degree of each of the forming variables as the total measure of Social Capital itself. In this paper, effort has been put into describing the current measuring methods and outlining the criticisms applied to each of them. The main focus of the article is on the assessment of the synergic interaction among the forming variables of social capital as a totality. Therefore, correlation of forming variables is the research method used. With regard to the complex relationship between the forming variables of social capital, complexity has been used as the major appropriate model. In this models with a functional definition basis and statement of the reciprocal and non-reduction relation between the variables, social capital has formed a complex function. Thus, estimating the phase space of each variable of the social capital and solving the partial differentiation equations system are introduced as the useful and efficient tools of evaluating Social Capital function. Resault: Exploiting the complexity mathematics is suggested to be the suitable method for measuring Social Capital.