masih shafiei

We aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the empathy quotient (EQ) and systemizing quotient (SQ) in a Farsi-speaking population.
This study explores the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Farsi translations of the 22-item version of EQ and the 25-item version of SQ among 542 young university students.
Applying a cross-validation approach, a 14-item two-factor model and a 15-item four-factor model for the Farsi translations of the short versions of EQ and SQ, respectively, were extracted from the exploratory dataset using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the validation dataset confirmed the factor structures identified by EFA. In addition, acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability were demonstrated for the Farsi translations of the 14-item two-factor EQ model and the 15-item four-factor SQ model.
The results suggested further evidence in favor of the multi-factorial constructs of the EQ and SQ and validity and reliability of the scales.

The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and patterns of primary exercise headache (PEH) in resistance trained male athletes. PEH is observed particularly during or after severe physical exercise and lasts up to 48 hours. While the focus of the literature has mainly been on the prevalence of PEH in the general population, few studies on athlete populations have been conducted so far. Therefore in a cohort study we examined the incidence and patterns of PEH in resistance trained athletes in an Iranian male sample.
A population of 116 resistance trained athletes, between 14 to 63 years old, was recruited. PEH was identified in the athletes according to a questionnaire based on the 3rd international classification of headache disorders. The athletes were followed up for six months on a monthly basis while the incidence, pattern and risk factors of PEH were evaluated in them in a precise manner.
The incidence of PEH in overall participants was evaluated 4.8 in 1000 hours exercise. The prevalence of headache during the follow-ups was 19.8% in which the highest headache incidence occurred in 20-30 years old athletes. PEH mainly occurred after sports and the quality of PEH was mainly a sudden (81%) pulsating (47%) headache which was felt mostly in the occipital region (39%). The incidence of PEH had a strong statistical correlation with having a history of PEH (odds: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.02 - 14.3).
Our study showed that incidence and prevalence of PEH in resistance trained athletes might be higher than general population. History of PEH was the main risk factor for developing PEH in resistance trained athletes.

Migraines, a common health problem in children and adolescents, still do not have an FDA approved preventive treatment for patients under the age of 18 years. This study compares and contrasts the efficacy and safety of cinnarizine and topiramate in preventing pediatric migraines. In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial 44 migrainous (from 4–15 years of age) were equally allocated to receive cinnarizine or topiramate. The primary efficacy measure was monthly migraine frequency. Secondary efficacy measures were monthly migraine intensity and ≥ 50% responder rate. Efficacy measures were recorded at the baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. During the double-blind phase of the study, monthly migraine frequency and intensity were significantly decreased in both the cinnarizine and topiramate groups when compared to the baseline. However, at the end of the study, the cinnarizine group exhibits a significant decrease from the baseline in the mean monthly migraine intensity when compared to the topiramate group (4.7 vs. 3, respectively; 95% CI = -0.8 to -3.2). No significant difference between cinnarizine and topiramate was found for the prevention of pediatric migraines. Both treatments were well tolerated.

As the field of off-road cycling is usually remote areas with limited access to medical care, off-road cyclists are at higher risk of animal attacks and related injuries. We report two cases of dog attacks in off-road cycling and discuss the basic principles in prevention and management of such incidents. The cyclists received all 5-dose regimen of the rabies vaccine and returned to sport after 6 weeks. During 6-month follow-up period, no complications were observed. To reduce the probability of dog attacks and its complications, the off-road cyclists should be familiar with some basic principles. They should also be educated about initial on-site management of the related injuries, which may have a great impact on decreasing further complications.