فهرست مطالب masomeh amiri

Nowadays, due to some problems, such as allergic reactions and high fat content, the partial replacement of cow's milk with milk of other animals, such as goat's milk, is so crucial by proper techniques to improve the quality with the aim of yogurt production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Zataria multifliora and Mentha longifolia L extract on the qualitative characteristics of probiotic yogurt produced from the cow-goat milk in proportions 10: 90, 30: 70, 50: 50 and 0: 100. Sensory evaluation was performed on produced samples one day after production to selecting the best samples and then, the experiments were carried out on selected samples during 28 days. The results showed that, over time, acidity and syneresis values increased and pH value, viscosity and probiotic count decreased. The highest viscosity was related to the equal ratio of cow - goat milk and 0.05% of Zataria multifliora extract. The antioxidant activity (AA) trend was irregular but descending and extracts had a significant effect on AA. The treatment of cow-goat milk (10 : 90%) and 0.03% of Zataria multifliora extract had the highest probiotic count. The treatment of cow's milk (100%) containing the equal concentrations of two extract (0.02%), showed the highest color, taste, consistency and overall acceptance scores by panelist. As a conclusion, it can be concluded that in order to achieve the best quality of probiotic yogurt, various concentrations of extracts and optimal ratios of cow-goat milk should be used. .

Human resources employment and unemployment issues are regarded as some of the most crucial problems in the world. They have even a more important role in the development affairs of the developing countries because of the imbalances within their socioeconomic, cultural and political structures. Unemployment of the human resources has detrimental effects on socioeconomic, cultural, political and security issues. This paper tries to survey employment status of Technical and Vocational Training Organization's graduates in Tehran. For this purpose, the paper proposes a hypothesis and reviews global views and researches and the indicators that have influence in employment. Then it introduces the trainings offered in the above-mentioned organization. Next, employment situation in Iran is surveyed. Afterwards, the indicators that are effective on employment of the technical and vocational graduates in Tehran are surveyed. Meanwhile, the intensity and orientation of the indicators effectiveness are analyzed in male – female categories by means of Logit econometric model. The indicators consist of age, marital status, gender, final exam, first or second skill level and type of vocational training. Statistical community of the research includes all first and second level graduates of official technical and vocational training centers in Tehran during 1998-2000. This community is composed of 47810 people (36860 males and 10950 females). This number belongs to the independent graduates of official training centers. The graduates that had been referred to the official training centers by high schools or other executive agencies (such unemployment insurance institutes, trade unions, industries, prisons etc.) are not included in the above-mentioned number. The number does not include the graduates of unofficial vocational training centers either. Random stratified sampling method was used in the research. Sectional data during a three-year period were used. The data were gathered and organized in a field study. Questioning and interviewing techniques were also utilized for the purpose. Due to insufficient information about the graduates, absence of a database and difficulties in accessing the graduates, only 480 samples could be observed. Out of these, 38 people had been employed before taking vocational training courses and followed their previous jobs after graduation. Therefore the latter group was omitted from the statistical sample. As a result, the group was reduced to 442 (299 males and 143 females). The results of the research show that education level, age, marital status and final exam grade indicators have positive effect on men’s employment in Tehran. Meanwhile, final exam grade and relatedness of vocational training type to the service sector have positive effect on women’s employment. Yet, whole sample statistical estimation showed that gender indicator had no influence in employment. Therefore, there is no significant difference between unemployment rates of men and women.