فهرست مطالب masoud

The matter of right of priority has long been an important one and needs more attention. When trying to understand the nature of the right of priority, we should not merely limit ourselves to exceptions such as the right of stone-fencing or the right of precedence; but try to elicit the rulings and common matters regarding them through studying and understanding the examples and types of the right of priority.In this study, using a comprehensive theoretic perspective, we have worked on the matter of right of priority and its nature through identifying and studying the types of right of priority, paying attention to the singularity of the owner, and hence, providing its rulings and common questions.However, besides the examples of right of priority, rulings, and other matters regarding them such as forced and voluntary transfer of the right of priority, dropping it, and its demise in the case of the delay in executing it, have been studied. Also, the responsibility of the owner and the inhibitor of each pre-emptive right is specified.

Fulfillment the Low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) is required for wind farms (WFs) connected to the power system. This paper proposes simultaneous using both superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and R-type solid-state fault current limiter (SSFCL) for enhancement the LVRT capability of WFs. The WFs is modeled with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The drive-train system is modeled by two-mass drive system. The analytical and simulation studies of using both SCES and R-type SSFCL for improving the LVRT capability of WFs are presented and compared with the impact of the Using the SMES alone. The simulation results show that simultaneous using both SCES and SSFCL effectively improves the LVRT capability of WFs connected to weak grids. Simulation were performed in PSCAD/EMTDC software environment.

In terms of psychology, job dissatisfaction and insecurity may have an impact on counterproductive behavior because they create conflicts between the employee and the employer and have negative impacts on employee well-being and efficiency. Individuals who are dissatisfied with their job, their commitment to work will decreases and consequently their destructive behaviors will increase. Affective commitment suggest that the employees of the organization have a strong desire for membership and a very low willingness to leave and is more likely to be the indicator of job satisfaction. The existence of job insecurity creates counterproductive behaviors in the organization, which leads to the elimination of employee commitment and the emergence of problems in the organization; therefore, it seems necessary to examine the relationship between these factors. In general, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of job insecurity on counterproductive behaviors with the mediating role of Affective commitment and the moderatoring role of supervisor support. The researchers seek to answer the question that does job insecurity lead to counterproductive behaviors in organizations?  The counterproductive behavior can continue in a range of less severe offenses (such as five minutes late or leave five minutes early, surfing the Internet) to more serious offenses (such as verbal harassment, or physical harm to employees). Despite the fact that most of the reports of economic losses related to these behaviors in workplace are committed by employees in the United States and in other countries, there is some evidence that indicates these behaviors are not limited to a specific geographical range and they have a global outbreak. According to industrial and organizational psychologists, job security is one of the factors that creates job satisfaction. The sense of job security can be defined as an individual's assessment of the individual, organizational and environmental conditions that leads him to a conclusion that his particular occupational safety factor doesn,t threat him and that he can be sure of his employment at the present time and in the future. If a person feels job insecurity in the organization, he may engage in Counterproductive behaviors that have implications to the organization. The main sources of support in the organization for employees are the percieved organizational , supervisor and Colleague support. The hypotheses of this research are: Hypothesis 1: Job insecurity affects counterproductive behaviors. Hypothesis 2: Job insecurity affects affective commitment. Hypothesis 3: affective commitment affects Counterproductive behaviors. Hypothesis 4: affective commitment mediates the impact of job insecurity on counterproductive behaviors. Hypothesis 5: Supervisors' support moderates the impact of job insecurity on affective commitment. Hypothesis 6: Supervisors' support moderates the effect of affective commitment on counterproductive behaviors. Based on the purpose, this study is an applied research and in terms of nature is a descriptive-survey research. Structured questionnaires has been used to collect data. Because this study investigates the relationship between variables, thus it uses structural equations model and the second version of Smart PlS software. Considering the significance coefficient for paths between variables, all the research hypotheses have been confirmed. Confirming the mediating role of affective commitment, job insecurity has a indirect and significant effect on the counterproductive behaviors. The amount of Z-value obtained from the Soubel test is 6.865 which because it is greater than 1.96, therefore it can be suggested that the effect of the mediating role of affective commitment on the relationship between job insecurity and counterproductive behaviors is significant at the 95% of confidence level. The achievement of the 0.381 for VAF in this study means that more than one-third of the job insecurity effect on counterproductive behaviors is explained by the mediating role of affective commitment.  Based on the results obtained from the hypothesis test and given that job insecurity has a direct impact on increasing the intention to perform counterproductive behaviors by employees, it is suggested that the company adopt strategies and activities to increase the employees' job security and reduce their concern for loss their job. It is suggested that the studied company should pay attention to the empowerment of its employees in order to achieve a higher organizational performance; Regarding the effect of affective commitment on employees' counterproductive behaviors, it is suggested that the company consider the necessary arrangements to create a sense of satisfaction among employees, so that the organization and the position of the employees of staff will give them a sense of pride. It is suggested that supervisors carry out the necessary activities to increase work motivation, accountability, as well as regulating employees in the organization. On the other hand, it is recommended that the company take steps to create a friendly and ethical atmosphere. The results of the hypotheses indicate that supervisors through appropriate feedback and attention to employees have a moderating effect on their affective commitment; therefore, they will reduce the intention to perform counterproductive behaviors by employees.

Sustainable development is one of the important aspects of any society's progress to maintain resources for future generations, to continue to develop and to benefit from clean land, and to use sustainable development with the environment. Green Information Technology (GIT) is a way to achieve these goals, which, in addition to providing sustainable development, assures the organization in organizational sustainability that it means sustaining the success and satisfaction of the stakeholders and adapting its behavior to the environment. This research seeks to design a model for the development of organizational sustainability through GIT. This study is an applied research from the objective point of view and a descriptive research based on the research method which is a mixed type. First, using the literature review and qualitative analysis, the indicators and components of GIT and organizational sustainability were extracted. Then, using 32 experts’ points of view, the indicators were evaluated through three stages of Delphi method. Sampling method at this stage was snowball. To implement the quantitative method, an online questionnaire was designed and forwarded to the statistical population including experts, senior managers of IT, and experts in the field of IT in the country. A total of 198 valid questionnaires were received and analyzed using structural equation modeling and partial least squares method. The results indicate that GIT with dimensions (green preparedness, ICT as enabler (low carbon), green actions and activities, GIT cycle management, organization of green data centers, green information monitoring) can be used for sustainability of organizations.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants that is characterized by high fever, ocular and nasal discharge, pneumonia, necrosis, ulceration of the mucous membranes and inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract leading to severe diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus infection in sheep and cattle in Ahvaz. Blood samples were taken from 100 cattle and 100 sheep that were kept together from different parts of Ahvaz. Blood samples were also taken from 16 vaccinated sheep against PPR for positive control. The sera were separated by centrifuge at 3000 ×g for 10 minutes and 3 mL of serum was harvested and stored at -20 °C until determination of antibody against PPR using VN method. The peste des petits ruminants (PPR) antibody seroprevalence was 23% in cattle and 58% in sheep and all the sheep samples collected for control were positive for PPR antibody. The present study indicates serological evidence for the natural transmission of PPRV from sheep to cattle under natural conditions and provides baseline information on prevalence of PPRV antibodies in cattle and sheep population in Ahvaz.

  A cost-effectiveness analysis is used to evaluate and compare the cost versus the benefits of different treatment modalities. The clinical effectiveness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been well documented. To our knowledge, there was no published data on the cost-utility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Iran. This study aimed to compare the cost-utility of the two surgical methods for removing gallstones: open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: In this comparative cross-sectional analysis, we investigated the data of patients who had undergone laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy operations in Kashani hospital, Iran, between 2012 and 2014. Using the available samples, two groups of 30 patients were randomly selected. SF-36 was used to assess the quality of life (QoL) of patients 30 to 35 days after operation, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated by multiplying the SF-36 score by healthy years of life. An activity-based costing method was used to determine the costs of the operations. The cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) was calculated by dividing the costs of each method by the gained QALY. To determine the difference between the two surgical methods, we used independent-samples t test. The data of 60 patients, 40 men and 20 women, with the mean age of 54.30 ± 16.44 in the laparoscopic group and 51.77 ± 18.41 in the open cholecystectomy group were analyzed. The mean cost of surgery was lower in the laparoscopy group (2259 ± 895 USD) than in the laparotomy group (2972 ± 907.9 USD) (P = 0.003). The mean SF-36 score was higher in the laparoscopic group (65.98 ± 9.22) than in the open cholecystectomy group (58.03 ± 11.30) (P < 0.004). The cost of gaining QALY was also significantly lower in the laparoscopic group. The mean of the gained QALY index was 1.79 ± 0.29 and 1.14 ± 0.41 for the laparoscopic and open surgeries, respectively (P < 0.001). The incremental CER was 1067 USD for each QALY for the laparoscopic group in comparison to the value of open cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was more cost-effective than open cholecystectomy and is therefore preferred and recommended in patients with gallstones

Pollution of aquatic ecosystems to heavy metals is one of the most important threats of human health and its food chain. Thus, in this study the concentration of heavy metals (lead, chromium, copper, and zinc) in Surface sediments and Nasturtium microphyllum was investigated in order to assessment their effects and ecological risk.
In order to assess the concentration of metals, 8 stations along the river were selected and in each station two samples of sediment and plant were taken. After preparinng and digesting the samples, the concentrations of these metals were determined using Atomic absorbtion.
The average of total concentration of detected metals Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn in sediment (10.33 ± 0. 02 > 13.35±1.10 > 33.07 ±6.13 > 44.02± 4.13) mg/kg respectively. In addition, evaluation indicators such as; Pollution Load Index (PLI) and ecological risk represents less pollution in the region. Also, the environmental risk of metals in the region was evaluated as (Cu> Pb> Zn> Cr). The results of concentration of metals in different organs of root, stem and leaf of Nasturtium microphyllum showed that the highest average accumulated concentration for each metal was obtained in stem, root and leaf, respectively.
According to the results, the pollution and ecological risk of metals in the region is low evaluated. The results of this study confirm the use of Nasturtium microphyllum as a heavy metals accumulation species and a suitable indicator for their biomonitoring.

Approximately one‑third of people suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) need long‑term care by their families, however, we know little of their experiences. Exploring these experiences can be a guideline to improve the quality of care for MS patients. The goal of this study is to explore informal caregivers’ experiences regarding care of MS patients. Materials and
A qualitative content analysis method was used to conduct this study in 2014. The study participants were 23 informal caregivers of MS patients who were chosen by purposeful sampling from the MS association of Iran. Data was analyzed by content analysis.
The analysis resulted in the emergence of six themes and seventeen subthemes. The main themes were being plagued, mental health damage, being captive among obstacles, perception of the affected family, being an emotional supporter, and need to maintain the functional independence of the patient.
The findings represent the mean of long‑term care by informal caregivers of MS patients, as well as the needs and challenges of this relationship. The findings can serve to create a framework for developing nursing care processes and planning educational sessions and support programs for MS patients and their informal caregivers.

Industrialization and human overpopulation are among the major reasons of environmental pollution and especially the pollution of water resources systems. Human activities can contribute to upsetting the delicate balance of nature by polluting air, soil, and water resources. The environment has the ability to recover from damages caused by pollutants, however, the problem is that this ability is limited and the process is time consuming. Nowadays, studying groundwater systems and providing new methods and managerial tools has become a widespread activity among water resources planners and managers. Since majority of Iran’s water demand is provided by groundwater and aquifers, there has to be a meaningful accentuation and notes on both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of water extracted from this kind of water resources systems as a strategic and a decisive phenomenon in regional planning. Groundwater, which is a major source of domestic, industrial, and agricultural water supply worldwide, is less susceptible to different types of water pollutants in comparison with surface water. Nevertheless, monitoring and remediation of groundwater pollution are more complicated and expensive than that of surface water pollution. Spatial variability and lack of data make groundwater remediation more difficult or even impractical. Therefore, pollution prevention must be considered as an immediate action for an effective management of groundwater resources.
The vulnerability assessment of groundwater system is a good practice for modelling and planning to preserve and protect these valuable systems from pollutions. Quantifying how and where groundwater systems are prone to be polluted is termed as vulnerability assessment. The tendency of contaminants originated from the land surface to reach water table is termed as groundwater vulnerability. National Research Council defines two types of groundwater vulnerability: specific vulnerability and intrinsic vulnerability. Intrinsic vulnerability is independent of the nature of water resources system, while specific vulnerability takes into account the susceptibility of groundwater to particular contaminants. Groundwater vulnerability assessment is a tool for protecting and qualitative management of these valuable resources. So, in this paper a well-known groundwater vulnerability model is used to assess aquifer vulnerability to pollutants. Different approaches such as indexing, statistical analysis, and process-based methods have been proposed for assessing the vulnerability of groundwater to pollutants and delineating vulnerable areas of aquifers. GOD, DRASTIC, AVI, SINTACS, RISKE, and DRAV are examples of indexing methods. This study proposes Dehgolan aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC technique. DRASTIC index is calculated as a linear combination of factors affecting the groundwater vulnerability to pollutants. In the present study, Generalized Reduced Gradient 2 (GRG2) algorithm was used to create an optimized weighted linear combination of the factors used in DRASTIC method based on gridded images to establish the aggregated vulnerability model. As a good criterion to evaluate the efficiency of this model, Spearman Correlation Rank Test (SCRT), between Groundwater vulnerability Index and Nitrate (NO3) concentration was carried out that was equal to 0.493. The optimization-simulation in this study includes a simulator of DRASTIC model with a given vector of candidate weights by optimization algorithm and the GRG2. The GRG2 algorithm could reach the desired value of SCRT with the minimum number of iteration. Then for evaluating this criterion, model’s parameters were optimized using (GRG2) algorithm and the correlation coefficient as objective function.
The optimized correlation was computed as 0.651. The study results, found optimization procedure as good idea in vulnerability assessment, where there is low or insignificant relationships between what is modeled using vulnerability technique and extend of observed pollutions in groundwater system. Optimization process showed the approach taken in the study useful in balancing and deriving reasoning multiplicative weights in a realistic groundwater vulnerability assessment. Even though, the study proposes a procedure for weights delineation of DRASTIC vulnerability method, it does not optimize number of subdivisions and sub-weights. Hence, further study would tune the method so that describes vulnerability condition concordant to observed pollutions. This study showed that although in vulnerability assessment, inaccurate data and uncertainty caused poor relationship for the vulnerability index and the current condition of the aquifer, the optimization approach could tune a desirable groundwater vulnerability map for regional planning. Finally, it is to say, the procedure which is described in this paper can be used for many aquifers and different groundwater systems for assessing their accurate vulnerability condition.

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria necatrix has the most economic impact on poultry production. Micronemal proteins in Eimeria necatrix are thought to be critical ligands determining host cell specificity at the time of invasion.
Isolation and purification of Eimeria necatrix oocysts from Khuzestan province of Iran was performed. A cDNA encoding microneme 5 (EnMIC5) protein was cloned and expressed as recombinant protein before the evaluation of its immunogenicity by Western blotting.
A primer pair was designed based on the published nucleotide sequence of Eimeria necatrix LZ strain micronem5 gene. A Partial cDNA sequence fragment of 758 bp coding for microneme 5 protein (EnMIC5) was amplified by semi- Nested RT-PCR. PCR products were cloned and expressed in a Maltose Binding protein (MBP) containing expression vector (pMAL-c2x) in Escherichia coli. The cDNA which is encoded for 252 amino acids shows high degree of conservation. It contains the adhesive plasma pre-kallikrein and seven hydrophilic motifs.
The results of SDS-PAGE revealed that the recombinant protein with a molecular weight of 70 kDa was over-expressed after induction with IPTG. Western blotting results revealed that the expressed recombinant protein was reacted with sera of the chicks infected with Eimeria necatrix. It was suggested that this protein should have a good immunogenicity and can be used for further studies.
In conclusion, the high degree of sequence homology indicates that this protein is immunogenic and might be an interesting vaccine target, and deserves further investigation

Precipitation with multiple time scales is considered as one of the most important parameters in water resources studies. Precipitation with different time scales can be expressed with fractal nature. One of the standard tools in the fractal investigation of hydrological processes is the power spectrum method. In this method, the power spectrum is calculated with transmitted observation from time space to frequency space. When all or a part of the spectral follow the power functions, the data in this power range will have fractal properties. In this study, the power spectrum of monthly precipitation of the 33 rain gauge stations in Iran was analyzed and scaling regimes with spectral exponent value are shown for each station. The results indicate that 81 percent of the stations have fractal nature and scaling properties in a period less than one year. In addition to the first scaling regime, 17 stations have second scaling regime and 3 stations have the third scaling regime. None of the stations in its second scaling regime have fractal nature and only one station in the third scaling regime has fractal nature.Precipitation with multiple time scales is considered as one of the most important parameters in water resources studies. Precipitation with different time scales can be expressed with fractal nature. One of the standard tools in the fractal investigation of hydrological processes is the power spectrum method. In this method, the power spectrum is calculated with transmitted observation from time space to frequency space. When all or a part of the spectral follow the power functions, the data in this power range will have fractal properties. In this study, the power spectrum of monthly precipitation of the 33 rain gauge stations in Iran was analyzed and scaling regimes with spectral exponent value are shown for each station. The results indicate that 81 percent of the stations have fractal nature and scaling properties in a period less than one year. In addition to the first scaling regime, 17 stations have second scaling regime and 3 stations have the third scaling regime. None of the stations in its second scaling regime have fractal nature and only one station in the third scaling regime has fractal nature.Precipitation with multiple time scales is considered as one of the most important parameters in water resources studies. Precipitation with different time scales can be expressed with fractal nature. One of the standard tools in the fractal investigation of hydrological processes is the power spectrum method. In this method, the power spectrum is calculated with transmitted observation from time space to frequency space. When all or a part of the spectral follow the power functions, the data in this power range will have fractal properties. In this study, the power spectrum of monthly precipitation of the 33 rain gauge stations in Iran was analyzed and scaling regimes with spectral exponent value are shown for each station. The results indicate that 81 percent of the stations have fractal nature and scaling properties in a period less than one year. In addition to the first scaling regime, 17 stations have second scaling regime and 3 stations have the third scaling regime. None of the stations in its second scaling regime have fractal nature and only one station in the third scaling regime has fractal nature.Precipitation with multiple time scales is considered as one of the most important parameters in water resources studies. Precipitation with different time scales can be expressed with fractal nature. One of the standard tools in the fractal investigation of hydrological processes is the power spectrum method. In this method, the power spectrum is calculated with transmitted observation from time space to frequency space. When all or a part of the spectral follow the power functions, the data in this power range will have fractal properties. In this study, the power spectrum of monthly precipitation of the 33 rain gauge stations in Iran was analyzed and scaling regimes with spectral exponent value are shown for each station. The results indicate that 81 percent of the stations have fractal nature and scaling properties in a period less than one year. In addition to the first scaling regime, 17 stations have second scaling regime and 3 stations have the third scaling regime. None of the stations in its second scaling regime have fractal nature and only one station in the third scaling regime has fractal nature.

Educational innovation is a learning process for faculty members and for their universities. Good understanding of innovation and clear conception of curriculum and education are necessary conditions for improved implementation of curriculum innovation engineering into practice The purpose of the present research was to examining the awareness degree of faculty members at Isfahan University and Isfahan University of Technology in the Department of Engineering and Science about curriculum innovation development factors (Innovation of instructional objectives, innovation content, innovative ways of regulating the learning experience, teaching new methods, and evaluation new methods¬) and scale of their usage. The present study is applied research and its method is descriptive-survey. The population of study was all faculty members of the Departments of Engineering and Science. Method of sampling was stratified sampling. According to the Cochran's sample size formula, 90 faculty members were chosen as sample (20 ones at University of Isfahan and 70 ones at Technical University of Isfahan). Research instruments was questionnaire of which designed by researcher. The content validity of questionnaire was determined using the specialist`s views and the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated 0.92 by using Coronbach`s Alpha method. The result showed that; 1-The awareness degree of faculty’s members about, innovation of content selection, teaching innovative methods, and evaluation new methods is “much”. 2-The awareness degree of faculty’s members about innovative objectives selection, and innovative mechanisms of regulation of learning experiences is “average”. 3-The awareness degree of faculty’s members about the application degree of innovative curricula of faculty members at Isfahan University of Technology is less than average.

Hepatitis C is a blood-borne virus that cause a liver inflammation. The prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) in hemodialysis patients is more than the general population. Periodic screening of HCV in dialysis centers is necessary for control this viral disease. The aim of this study is the evaluation of HCV infection among hemodialysis patients living in Yazd province of Iran.
In this cross sectional study, two milliliters blood sample has been taken from each of 188 hemodialysis patients. Third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RT-PCR methods were carried out for detecting HCV antibody and viral genome in patient sera. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were collected and data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and Mann–Whitney U test in SPSS software v.19.
HCV-Ab was positive in 12 hemodialysis patients. Eight cases had history of blood transfusion and four patients had a history of kidney transplantation. Anyone didn’t have a history of skin tattooing or intravenous drug usage. HCV-RNA was positive in 4 cases and was negative in 8 patients with positive HCV-Ab.
HCV prevalence using ELISA and RT-PCR tests among hemodialysis patients living in Yazd provenance of Iran is 6.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Risk factors are hemodialysis duration (p

Historic monuments in each land are the documents of its identity. Here the architecture and urbanism works have significant role in transmission of cultures and ideologies. Historical fabrics and in the better expression، historical cities were formed with consequent of varied and multipe factors and this makes them unique and non-reproducible. However، in our country (Iran) in recent decades، the historical cities seriously damaged because of different factors including new infill constructions. Therefore it is necessary for the formation process of new buildings in historical cities that be considered and guided in the right direction to conserve what remains. In this field، international documents as a global convergence and consensus on the conservation of cultural and historical heritages can be referred to extract useful guidelines for Iranian historical urban fabrics. This paper is an attempt in this direction. 2. Theoretical bases This paper is organized in special view to three topics; first: the concept and action of infill buildings، second: the concept and value of historical urban fabrics، third: attention to the context of new architectural work. Thus the formation of new infill building in historical fabric is as replacement new architectural word in a strong and valuable existent historical «text» or «context». Naturally this requires special sensitivity and precision. This paper follows the sensitivity and precision that above mentioned، referring to international declarations and charters which are the result of consensus of experts from different countries، and obtains the intervention guidelines from them. 3. Discussion Contents of international agreements، declarations and charters have different approaches to historical monuments and urban fabrics، but their overall process shows a gradual focus on context instead of building and then importance of historical city as a whole. Many of international related documents have a special attention to features of historic townscape of old cities and their historical urban fabrics. This matter and the importance of maintaining the environment around monuments and their panoramic views، have create the principles and criteria for interventions such as new construction near historical monuments. These principles and criteria could be explained in attention to values and historical unique character of cities، the harmony and companionship of old and new elements together as well as special attention to the context of the new buildings. 4. Conclusion Despite a wide range of rules and criteria discussed in international decisions for intervention in historical contexts and cities and diversity of their approaches، but the most important results achieved in surveying of such documents related to infill buildings in historical urban fabrics، can be can be found in a few cases with greater emphasis are: 4. 1. Special attention to the «context» as an active، effective and non-passive ground 4. 2. Special efforts to the «continuity» of place، architecture and city identity in the context of time (history) 4. 3. Attention to new buildings in coordination with historical monuments of an old city and their «integrity» 4. 4. Inspiration of old patterns of native and vernacular architecture in each of the new creations without requiring imitation 4. 5. Special efforts to improve the quality and absorption of life in historical cities 5. Suggestions Considering the importance of preserving the remained small parts of historic cities of Iran، referring to international viewpoints، it is suggested that the principled conservation of historic cities should be placed in plan of action. Particularly، the principles and criteria which extracted from international documents for guidance of new infill buildings – that are necessary for continuing the life in historical urban fabrics – be operated and performed. 5. 1. Trying to registering valuable urban fabrics in national or international heritage list 5. 2. The necessity of codification a national charter for conservation of historical cities 5. 3. Adapting of theory and practice in new infill buildings in historical contexts 5. 4. Avoiding any non-qualified or huge-scale infill developments in historical fabrics 5. 5. Studying and use the methods and experiences of developed countries without any necessity of imitation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate application of Neem (Azadirachta indica) extract with Beauveria bassiana against sawtoothed beetle in the nutritional status of the dates. The compatibility between Neem and the fungus was evaluated based on mycellial growth and spore germination of B. bassiana by extract medium mixing method. The lethality of Neem extracts individually and in conjunction with B. bassiana in the adult and larval population were evaluated by dipping bioassay method. Studies revealed that mycelial growth and spore germination of B. bassiana in 250 µl/L concentration of Neem were 3.1 and 2.5% respectively less than control treatment. 50% decreasing in mycelial growth and spore germination was happened at 3679.4 and 1949.4 µl/L of Neem extract respectively. The highest Compatibility of B. bassiana was 76.89% recorded at 250 µl/L of Neem extract. The average of LC50 in larva and adult population for the fungus was 3.31×102 and 2.5×104 conidia/ml respectively and while with usage neem extract was 386.1 and 696.4 µl/L respectively. According to the results, usage both of Neem extract and Beauveria bassiana increases mortality rate of adult and larval population of sawtoothed beetle based on SR indeices with 1.57 and 1.98 reppectivaly. Combined usage of neem extract and fungus B. bassiana can increase performance and provide the final formulation as a means of pest management to store dates.

The main issue of tunnelling in urban environment is the prediction of the ground settlements induced by tunnel excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. In this paper are used empirical, analytical and three-dimensional finite element methods (by ABAQUS program) for the prediction of ground settlements induced during tunnel construction using EPB (earth pressure balance) excavation machine in part of the line 3 of Tehran subway. The results indicate that the three dimensional FEM predicts a more realistic surface settlement value, and settlement profiles from empirical and analytical methods are narrower than numerical one. Moreover, the maximum predicted settlement by three methods is more than its suggested allowable value.

In this study, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DABCO) tribromide was immobilized on silica support by using 3-chloro propyl trimethoxy silane to obtain a silica-supported DABCO tribromide reagent. The synthesized reagent was characterized with elemental analysis, FT–IR spectroscopy, and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). This reagent has been applied in the conversion of alcohol to corresponding carbonyl compounds. Alcohol oxidation reactions yield in 52–95%, and the reagent may be recycled five times with further bromine treatment.

Wave spectrum provides a frequency domain description of the sea surface elevation and the stochastic process. Depending on the nature of the sea state they will be described by different shapes of spectra. Information about the spectral characteristics of waves such as significant wave height, peak wave period and wave spectral energy density are the basic needs of many scientific and engineering activities. In this study the raw wave's data measured by the ADCP in the Asalouye from April 2006 to April 2007 are analyzed. Due to the need to convert the analyzed data into the frequency spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform, certain considerations are made in analyses. Time series data obtained are classified, and after quality control, these data are used to obtain spectral energy density. The smoothed measured spectrum is compared with some various wave spectra estimated based on theoretical formulations such as Jonswap-Bretschneider-Ochi-Wallop spectra. Results of this study shows that the JONSWAP spectrum is in a good agreement with the measured spectrum. Root mean square values between maximum spectral energy obtained from measured and estimated by JONSWAP is less than other spectral models. It is also found that the spectrum of the region of study is predominant single peak. Furthermore directional wave spectrum is determined by using frequency spectrum based on Longuet – Higgins theory.

Urban spaces in the past were formed in an integrated and unrecorded manner of unity between architects and other related artificers. In those works، patterns of ornaments and decorations were used as quality-making and identifying elements، in addition to their climatical and structural functions. This shows special attention to the elements that affect the quality of urban spaces. Nowadays it seems that attention to quality and design features of urban spaces and architecture of urban facades have decreased. Also، the works of urban architecture and their decorations in the historical contexts have quick process of destruction. For these reasons، architecture of urban spaces has been exposed to serious threats. Recognition of concepts، qualities، motifs and cases of urban architectural decorations through theoretical discussion and analysis of field samples and finally، pathology and explanation of the necessities for the conservation of these works، are the basic objectives and main results of this paper.

This paper introduces a new prefix matching algorithm called “Coded Prefix Search” and its improved version called “Scalar Prefix Search” using a coding concept for prefixes which can be implemented on a variety of trees especially limited height balanced trees for both IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes. Using this concept, each prefix is treated as a number. The main advantage of the proposed algorithms compared to Trie-based solutions is that the number of node accesses does not depend on IP address length in both search and update procedures. Therefore, applying this concept to balanced trees, causes the search and update node access complexities to be O(log n) where nis the number of prefixes. Also, compared to the existing range-based solutions, it does not need to store both end points of a prefix or to store ranges. Finally, compared to similar tree based solutions; it exhibits good storage requirements while it supports faster incremental updates. These properties make the algorithm capable of potential hardware implementation.

CuAlS2 Chalcopyrite nanocrystalline are synthesized with facile method. The heat arrested solvothermal method for synthesize nanocrystalline were investigated. The time duration of synthesis, temperature of solution and metal salts to solvent molar ratio can be parameters that we are studied. The nanoparticles were synthesized with CuCl, AlCl3 and thiourea (SC(NH2)2) as precursors, Diehylene glycol ((CH2CH2OH)2O) and Polyethylene glycol 600 (HO(C2H4O)nH) as solvent and capping agent respectively, and Ammonia (NH4OH) as reducing agent. The parameters of synthesis were studied by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) for analysis of structure and by ultraviolet–visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometer for analysis of light structure. The possible formation mechanism metal complexes, sulfur ions and chalcopyrite compound are also discussed.

Understanding the genetic regulatory networks، the discovery of interactions between genes، and understanding regulatory processes in a cell at the gene level، is one of the major goals of system biology and computational biology. Modeling gene regulatory networks، describing the actions of the cells at the molecular level and is used in medicine and molecular biology applications such as metabolic pathways and drug discovery. Modeling these networks is also one of the important issues in Genomic Signal Processing. After the advent of microarray technology، it is possible to model these networks using time-series data. In this paper، we provide an extensive review of methods that have been used on time-series data and represent features، advantages and disadvantages of each. Also، we classify these methods according to their nature. A parallel study of these methods can lead to the discovery of new synthetic methods or improve previous methods.

In the crystal structure of the title polymeric compound, [C42H38N6O33Sr5.2(H2O)]n, five independent metal atoms (Sr1-Sr5) have different coordination environments. The S 1 and Sr5 atoms are nine coordinated and feature distorted tricapped trigonal-prismatic and capped square-antiprismatic geometries, respectively. The rest SrII atoms have eight coordination numbers. These units are connected via the carboxylate O atoms of mono- and di anionic forms of pyridine- 2,6-dicarboxylic acid, (pydcH2), and bridging water molecules that resulted in the formation of polymeric layers in 3-D. In the crystal structure, non-covalent interactions consisting of hydrogen bonds (O—H···O and C—H···O),
–
[interplanar distances of 3.413(2); 3.601(2) Å] and CO···
[O···
distances of 3.249(3); 3.275(3) Å] stacking interactions play an important roles in stabilizing the structure. The protonation constants of propane-1, 2-diamine (1, 2-pn) and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate ion (pydc)2–, the equilibrium constants for the pydc-1,2-pn proton transfer system and the stoichiometry and stability of this system with Sr2+ ion in aqueous solution were investigated by potentiometric pH titrations. The stoichiometry of one of the most abundant complexed species in solution was found to be the same as that of the crystalline SrII complex.

The Persian Gulf is an important economic and geo-political region. Owing to its oil and gas resources, it is one of the busiest waterways in the world. There are many operating oil wells in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. As a result, the risk of contaminant dispersion is high. The deliberate discharge of 6.3 million barrels of crude oil during the 1991 war against Kuwait in this region was an extreme act of environmental terrorism is an example to show that this region is at risk of pollution. The Arvand Rood River is the only navigable river located at the northwestern extremity of the Persian Gulf and the biggest river discharging into it. Many vessels transport huge amount of oil from this river daily. To study the contaminant dispersion from the Arvand Rood River into the Persian Gulf, a three dimensional hydrodynamic model (COHERENS) was employed. Our findings contributed to an understanding of circulation patterns in the northern part of the Persian Gulf to aid ship traffic and managing of oil spills. Results of the model are in close agreement with previous field data.

Qeshm Channel is a shallow and narrow waterway located between Qeshm Island and the mainland in the vicinity of Hormuzgan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran. This channel is important because of its economic, industrial, fisheries and navigation role it plays as well as environmental issues it presents in the region. A prognostic study was performed to simulate currents in this channel, using COHERENS model. This model is a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Simulation of currents was carried out in 20 sigma levels from the seabed to the water surface during one month. It was assumed that the variations of seawater temperature and salinity, four main tidal constituents and the regional wind were the most effective factors in the numerical simulation. Finally, sensitivity analysis was carried out for each factor and the outputs of simulation were verified using the field data recorded by the experts from Iranian National Center for Oceanography. Very good agreements were found between the numerical results and the field data.