masoud babaei

Sandwich structures are widely used in many industries such as marine& submarine, aerospace, automobiles and etc due to its lightweight nature, high bending stiffness, high fatigue resistance and ability to absorb energy. However, the investigations into sandwich structures with 3D printed core are limited in number. These structures can create a meta material behavior with the change of geometry which leads to negative poison ratio of core. Hence, in this article, investigations into sandwich structures with 3D printed core under various loading for comparing their structural responses have been reviewed in detail. Different shapes of 3D printed cores have been reviewed and their specifications are discussed.

In this article, free and forced vibration analyses of 3D printed FG sandwich beam based on higher order beam theory is investigated. The core and face sheets of sandwich beam are integrally fabricated by 3D printer. Therefore, ignoring the delamination between face sheets and core is a correct assumption. Three different cells are considered for the core including Re- entrant auxetic cell, anti-tetrachiral auxetic cell and conventional honeycomb cell. These cells are arranged along the thickness of structure based on cell thickness in four various patterns. The effective mechanical properties of cells are estimated by analytical relations. Finite element methods and Lagrange equations are employed for obtaining the effective stiffness and mass matrices of the sandwich beam. Finally, the influences of various parameters including various types of cells, various patterns of cell along the thickness of structure, thickness coefficient, the geometry of cells such as the interior angle and dimensions of cells on natural frequencies and transient deflection of structure have been studied. The results denote that the arrangement of cells along the thickness plays an important role on the vibration response of structure. On the other hand, for uniform thickness distribution of cells, Re –entrant auxetic cell has higher natural frequencies than other cells while in FG arrangements of cells, anti-tetrachiral cell with pattern A has higher natural frequencies than Re-entrant auxetic cell.

In this article, shear buckling analysis of functionally graded porous annular sector plate reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs) are investigated for the first time. The plate is consisting of a layered model with uniform or non-uniform dispersion of graphene platelets in a metallic matrix including open-cell interior pores. The extended rule of mixture and the modified Halpin-Tsai models and are employed to obtain the effective mechanical properties of the porous nanocomposite plate. Three different porosity distributions in conjunction with five patterns for dispersion of GPL nanofiller are considered through the thickness of plate. Governing equations derived according to the principle of minimum total potential energy based on 3D elasticity theory and generalized geometric stiffness concept. Finally, finite element method is applied for solving the governing equations of structure. The influence of different parameters including various porosity distribution, porosity coefficient, patterns of GPL dispersion, weight fraction of GPL nanofiller, boundary conditions and sector angles on shear buckling loads of the annular sector plate has been surveyed.

Functionally graded porous materials are porous structures with porosity gradient distributed over volume. The porous structures having valuable properties, such as lightweight and excellent energy absorption, have been considerably used in different engineering implementations such as aerospace, biomedical, and other industries. Two limit cases are usually considered for the porous structures: 1- The fluid pressure of pores is zero and 2- The pores fill by incompressible fluid and is in saturated condition. Many investigations have been reported on the behavior of functionally graded porous structures. But, most of them are concerned on the drained conditions. However, the investigations into saturated porous structures are limited in number. The present paper (a) specially reviews the mechanical properties of functionally graded saturated porous structures; (b) presents a comprehensive review on the mechanical analyses of these structures in saturated condition; (c) discusses the challenges and possible future works.

In this study, dynamic analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FGCNT) beam resting on viscoelastic foundation is investigated. Four different types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) distribution including uniform (UD-CNT), and three types of functionally graded distribution of CNTs through the thickness of beam are considered. The Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic model and higher-order shear deformation beam theory (HOBT) have been used. The rule of mixture is used to describe the effective material properties of the nanocomposite beams. The equations of motion are derived by using Lagrange’s equations, and solved by using finite element and Newmark methods. The effects of volume fraction and distribution of CNTs, stiffness and damping of viscoelastic foundation, slenderness ratio and different boundary conditions on transverse displacement and stresses of beam are investigated. The results show that by using viscoelastic foundation the amount of normal and shear stress have decreased considerably, and by increasing the stiffness coefficient of foundation, transverse displacement of beam reduces and the frequency of vibration increases as well, meanwhile by increasing the damping coefficient of foundation, amplitude of vibration decreases considerably. The model is verified and compared with previously published works and it shows good agreement.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of a period of high-intensity interval training and cinnamon supplementation on the levels of some inflammation and anti-inflammatory markers in overweight and obese men.

40 obese and overweight adult men with body mass index greater than 26 kg / m2 were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) Cinnamon supplement, 2) HIIT training, 3) HIIT supplement + HIIT training, and 4) placebo Were classified. Subjects were then subjected to various cinnamon supplement interventions and HIIT exercises for 8 weeks. Anthropometric, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory indices were measured in two stages: pre-test and post-test.

The results of data analysis showed that serum levels of IL-6 and TNFα and insulin resistance index in the complementary groups, HIIT training and supplement + HIIT training in the post-test were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test (P ≤ 0.05). While serum adiponectin levels in supplement groups, HIIT training and supplement + HIIT training had a significant increase in post-test (P ≤ 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the groups in any of the variables (P ≥ 0.05).

According to the results, it can be said that performing HIIT training with and without cinnamon supplementation will probably improve insulin resistance in overweight men by reducing the levels of inflammatory markers and increasing anti-inflammatory markers.

Nowadays, there is a high demand for great structural implementation and multifunctionality with excellent mechanical properties. The porous structures reinforced by graphene platelet (GPLs) having valuable properties, such as heat resistance, lightweight, and excellent energy absorption, have been considerably used in different engineering implementations. However, stiffness of porous structures reduces significantly, due to the internal cavities, by adding GPLs into porous medium, effective mechanical properties of porous structure considerably enhances. To boost the efficiency and capability of structures, functionally graded (FG) porous structures reinforced by GPLs have been suggested in the literature. Therefore, some researchers tried to figure out the fantastic characteristics of these structures and research activities in this emerging area have been rapidly increasing. The present paper (a) briefly reviews the mechanical properties of functionally graded porous composites reinforced by GPLs and discusses the existing micromechanics model for the prediction of effective mechanical properties; (b) presents a comprehensive review on the mechanical analyses of these structures; (c) discuses the challenges and possible future works.

This paper presents the thermal post-buckling analysis of functionally graded annular sector plates subjected to uniform temperature rise for the first time. The plate is consisting of a composed ceramic-metal material which the volume fraction of the component materials is assumed to change continuously through the thickness via a simple power law distribution.3D elasticity theory and non-linear Green strain tensor are used to derive the governing equations which are extended based on the principle of virtual work and solved via the graded finite element method. The non-linear equilibrium equations are solved by applying the Newton–Raphson procedure. The influences of material gradient exponent, various sector angles, thickness ratio, aspect ratio on the thermal post-buckling response of FGM annular sector plates subjected to uniform temperature rise are presented. Results indicate that the thermal post-buckling response of FGM annular sector plates can be considered as a bifurcation point following a stable post-buckling path.

In this study, low velocity impact analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube annular plate based of finite element method is presented for the first time. The governing equations are based on first shear deformation theory and Hamilton's principle. To model the contact force between annular plate and impactor, modified contact Hertz law has been used. Results of present study is compared with previous studies, and it shows good agreement. The effect of different parameters such as distribution and volume fraction of carbon nanotubes, and also, different mass and velocity of impactor on contact force and transverse displacemet of plate have been investigated. Results denotes that by increasing the volume fraction of carbon nanotube from 11 to 17 %, the contact force 32% is increased and the contact time is notably decreased. Also, results show that, the FGX distribution of nanotubes along the thickness of plate, has the highest contact force and the lowest contact time.

In this paper, static response and buckling analysis of functionally graded saturated porous beam resting on Winkler elastic foundation is investigated. The beam is modeled using higher-order shear deformation theory in conjunction with Biot constitutive law which has not been surveyed so far. Three different patterns are considered for porosity distribution along the thickness of the beam: 1) poro/nonlinear non-symmetric distribution, 2) poro/nonlinear symmetric distribution and 3) poro/monotonous distribution. To obtain the governing equations, geometric stiffness matrix concept and finite element method is used. The effect of various parameters such as: 1) Stiffness of elastic foundation 2) Slender ratio 3) Porosity coefficient 4) Skempton coefficient 5) Porosity distributions and 6) Different boundary conditions has been investigated to draw practical conclusions.

Spirituality leads people to seek for life meaning and life purpose. Occupational therapy (OT) is a holistic profession that believes all of experienced aspects of human including physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects are important to the health of human being. However, the general consensus is that occupational therapy literature has not paid enough attention to the concept of spirituality. Therefore, purpose of this article was to present the extent and nature of research about spirituality in that occupational therapy and finding gaps in this area.
A scoping review method was used. Biomedical and rehabilitation databases were searched using the relevant keywords. The interval of search was from the first articles of database till October 2015.
Forty five papers were entered in this review. They included original articles (46.6%), review and teaching articles (29.0%), books and book chapters (8.8%), models and theories (8.8%), and viewpoints (8.8%).
This review showed the extent of research about spirituality in that occupational therapy. Spirituality is an important aspect of occupational therapy literature, but there are few papers and researches in this subject. Overall, this review showed that there was a paucity of studies about spirituality in occupational therapy. These studies were often about the role of spirituality and perspective of occupational therapists toward it, and there was little attention to the concept of spirituality, its definition, available interventions, and procedure of facing with spiritual needs of clients.

Accurate cancer registry and awareness of cancer incidence rate is essential in order to define strategies for cancer prevention and control programs. Capture-recapture methods have been recommended for reducing bias and increase the accuracy of cancer incidence estimation.
This study aimed to estimate the esophagus cancer incidence by capture-recapture method based on Ardabil population-based cancer registry data.
Patients and Total new cases of esophagus cancer reported by three sources of pathology reports, medical records, and death certificates to Ardabil province cancer registry center in 2006 and 2008 were enrolled in the study. All duplicated cases between three sources were identified and removed using Excel software. Some characteristics such as name, surname, father’s name, date of birth and ICD codes related to their cancer type were used for data linkage and finding the common cases among three sources. The incidence rate per 100,000 was estimated based on capture-recapture method using the log-linear models. We used BIC, G2 and AIC statistics to select the best-fit model.
After removing duplicates, total 471 new cases of esophagus cancer were reported from three sources. The model with linkage between pathology reports, medical record sources and independence with the death certificates source was the best fitted model. The reported incidence rate for the years 2006 and 2008 was 18.77 and 18.51 per 100,000, respectively. In log-linear analysis, the estimated incidence rate for the years 2006 and 2008 was 49.71 and 53.87 per 100,000 populations, respectively.
Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that none of the sources of pathology reports, death certificates and medical records individually or collectively were fully covered the incidence cases of esophagus cancer and need to apply some changes in data abstracting and case finding.

Children with Cerebral palsy need to be cared like other children, the same as other children do. Usually the primary caregivers of children are their mothers who experience several problems due to this prolonged care.. This research aimed to investigate the effect of education of the correct ways of carrying and positioning to mothers of children with cerebral palsy on mothers’ quality of life (QOL)..Patients and This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 20 mothers of children with cerebral palsy who were referred to rehabilitation centers of Ahvaz school of rehabilitation sciences. They were randomly assigned to two groups of ten. The correct ways of carrying and positioning were instructed in two sessions to experimental group and then QOL in both groups was assessed at baseline, after second session, and after four weeks. The data were analyzed by the SPSS version 16.. The mean differences in three domains of QOL including the physical health, psychological health, and environmental health, were significant between groups (P < 0.05). The difference in scores of social relationships domain was not significant between groups (P > 0.05).. Since the difference between groups was significant in three domains of QOL, it can be concluded that the training could influence the QOL of mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Training the parents by experts is recommended..

Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with an unknown prevalence. The overall developmental delay as a hallmark of the syndrome requires the rehabilitational interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of motor rehabilitation on an established syndrome of Phelan-McDermid. Case Report: In this study, a four-year old child with Phelan-McDermid syndrome diagnosis is reported. His gross motor skills and upper extremity functional skills were delayed. Accordingly, a 12-week motor rehabilitation program was planned and carried out. Findings of this case report show that the common approaches to motor rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy and motor delay are applicable for children diagnosed with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. However, further studies are required to generalize the findings.

Due to a lack of clear criteria for recognizing subjects at risk of progression to gastric cancer (GC), this cohort study seeks to identify predictors of GC death in a high-risk population. During 2000–2001, 1011 randomly selected residents of Ardabil, Iran without a history of gastrointestinal diseases, underwent upper endoscopy with targeted biopsy sampling. Until 2013, cancer mortality data were obtained using cancer and death registry data and verbal autopsy reports. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR). A total of 3.95% of the participants [mean age: 53.1 ± 9.9 years, 49.8% males, and 88.2% Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori-positive)] died of GC. In the multivariate model, precancerous lesions at the beginning of follow-up were associated with increased GC mortality. The HR [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 7.4 (1.6–33.8) for atrophic gastritis (AG) and 23.6 (5.5–102.3) for intestinal metaplasia (IM). Age over 50 (HR = 4.4; 1.3–14.2), family history of GC (HR = 6.8; 3.3–13.8), smoking (HR = 7.4; 3.2–17.3), and endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcer (GU, HR = 6.5; 2.5–16.4) were independently associated with GC mortality. The concomitant presence of a precancerous lesion increased the HR to 46.5 (10.8–198.6) for a family history of GC, 27.6 (6.5–116.4) for smoking, and 25.1 (6.3–105.3) for age >50 years. In this population with a high rate of H. pylori infection, age over 50 years, smoking, family history of GC, IM, AG, and in particular, an undiagnosed GU were significant independent risk factors for mortality due to GC. The assessment of a combination of these risk factors might identify individuals at risk of GC who could possibly benefit from regular surveillance.

Evidence shows that the mortality rate of esophageal cancer (EC) in Ardabil Province is among the highest worldwide. Studies on the epidemiological profile of EC in Ardabil are scarce. We aim to study the characteristics of EC in Ardabil using data from the recently established Ardabil Cancer Registry (ACR). This study has been accomplished based on data collected in ACR between 2004 and 2006. Cases reported to ACR were coded based on the third edition of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O III). The age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) and the standard rate ratio (SRR) have been calculated for each district in Ardabil Province. A total of 549 new cases of EC were registered within ACR during the study period. The ASR was 19.5 for men and 19.7 for women per 100,000 person-years. The majority of cases (79.1%) were diagnosed based on pathology. The most common morphology of EC was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, 73%) followed by adenocarcinoma (17.8%). The ASR was significantly higher in northern districts of the province (p < 0.001); highest in Meshkinshahr (27.2/100,000) and lowest in Nir (7.6/100,000). The male:female ratio approximated one in the northern and above 2.5 in the southern districts. Our results demonstrate that the increased incidence of EC in Ardabil is mainly due to an increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (ACE) during recent years. The almost equal incidence of EC among men and women, and its geographical pattern across the province indicate the possible role of environmental risk factors, which need further investigations.