فهرست مطالب masoud dadbakhsh

From a political and social point of view, the Qajar period is considered to be one of the important periods in the history of Iran because of the occurrence of the Constitutional Revolution and the development of the National consultative Assembly during this time. In the first years of this government, Zoroastrians did not live in desirable financial conditions; however, from the mid Qajar period, because of establishing a relationship with the Parsis Community of India, their role in the economic and social activities of society became more eye-catching. This incident finally led to their playing a significant role in the events related to the Constitutional Revolution. Relying on first hand sources and following a descriptive-analytic method, this study was conducted to investigate Zoroastrians’ commercial activities and trade centers during the Qajar period and examine their political and social ventures at that time. The findings of this study indicate that Zoroastrian tradesmen and trade centers gradually improved their commercial status from the middle of the Qajar era onwards and, in addition to trade, expanded their activities in relation to money exchange and land ownership over time. The collection of these elements resulted in the gradual growth of their political and social status.

The influence of the Baha'is among a section of the Zoroastrian community in Iran was considered one of the greatest problems of the followers of this religious minority during the Qajar period. In those days, a number of educated Zoroastrian youth, influenced by the lifestyle and teachings of the Parsis or Parsees and the reformist and egalitarian slogans of the emerging so-called Baha'i faith, undertook extensive social and religious reforms within the Iranian Zoroastrian community and formed the Baha'i Zoroastrian community of Iran (Aheba). Using a descriptive-analytical method and focusing on the documents and works of the Zoroastrian and Baha'i communities of Iran, this paper studies the reasons behind the connection between the followers of Zoroastrianism and the so-called Baha'i faith and the consequences of this connection among the Zoroastrian community in Iran. The results indicate that the social pressures on Zoroastrian dissidents and the support of the Parsis and the British for these people, led some Zoroastrians to convert to the emerging so-called Baha'i faith, which led to widespread conflicts among prominent Zoroastrian figures in Iran

From the second half of the 13 solar hijri century, increase in the cultural and commercial relationships of iranian zoroastrians with Parsian society in India, has been resulted in a development of the cultural and educational activities of the zoroastrian society in Iran. Representstive of indian Persian, who beleived that the biggest problems of Iran are illiteracy and poor cultural situation, have been founded the schools and did several reforms in cultural and educatinal structure of iranian zoroastrians. After that the Reza shah got into power, in one side the tendency of the government for resuscitation of the antagonistic thought increased; And at the other side, modernisation and the integration of the cultural and educational system became one of the essential goals of the government. Above all, the main questions of this article are how these changes effect the state of Iranian Zoroastrians, and what is the role of them in developing process of cultural and educational activities? Based on descriptive and analytic consideration of historical documents and educational statistics, social state of Zoroastrians in the period of RezaShah was imporoved, and they play significant role in that period.

During Reza Shah’s monarchy in Iran (1941-1925), political, social and economic structures of Iran witnessed extensive revolution. Given the economic passivity and weakness of constitutional governments, most of experts emphasized on the necessity of economic revolution in Iran and they believed that Pahlavi government was bound and capable of implementing economic revolution in Iran. In responding to these demands, Reza Shah’s government influenced by German nationalist discourse tried ti implement nationalist and centralized theories in Iran. During that time, one of the significant evolutions in Germany was the foundation of national economy theory based on Friedrich List’s theories- German nationalist economist. His economic theories known as “National Economy Theory” were written in the mid-19the century which emphasized on nationalism, economic centralization and nationalization of all national economic resources. The main question of this article is: what national economic measures were taken during Reza Shah’s government and how they were related to Friedrich List’s theories? Hence, the authors of the present article investigate this subject through descriptive- analytic method. The findings of present study indicate that relying in national discourse and the support of some Iranian intellectuals, the modern absolute government of Reza Shah tried to make evolutions at different economic fields in order to provide required ground for the development of national economy and merging the small local economies in this economy.

Upon the rise of the Safavid government to power in Iran, the boundaries of the country were gradually specified and,after many centuries, the whole geographical realm of Iran was finallyruled by a single government. Through establishing security in different regions and trade routes of Iran and declaring Shiismas the official state religion, the Safavid government succeeded in bringing all Iranian people together under a single flag once again. During this period, because of the expansion of political and business relationships between Iran and other countries, foreign ambassadors had a vast presence in the country and, as a result, several travelogues were written by some travelers such as Shirley brothers, Charden, Tavernier, and Kaempfer. Following a descriptive-analytic method, the present paper examines the travelogues of this periods and explores the biography of their writers, the reasons for their presence in Iran, and the significant points in their travelogues. The findings of this study indicate that political and trade purposes were among the most important reasons behind the presence of travelers in Iran during the Safavid period.

The mourning tradition has been one of the prominent aspects of the cultural and social life of various societies throughout history, and is one of the traditions that all societies with different religions and cultures care about. In Iran too, this tradition has always been celebrated on various occasions throughout history, including the mourning ceremony of Zoroastrians in ancient Iran. This paper is based on a conventional descriptive-analytical method in historical research, relying on data from major texts and sources and research conducted, and examines how mourning customs (including cleansing, burial, clothing, and food) were common among Zoroastrians in ancient Iran. The findings of the present study indicate that simple mourning ceremonies, avoidance of excessive mourning, the use of simple food and clothing, and the holding of a third ceremony were among the most important teachings of the Zoroastrian religion.

The history of Iran's awakening, by Nazem al-Islam Kermani, is an important book about the events surrounding the Iranian constitutional revolution. Mirza Muhammad Nazem al-Islam introduced the 3rd volume of the book, which describes the events that led to the Constitutional Revolution, during his lifetime. The fourth and fifth volume of the book was also compiled and written by Saeedi Sirjani many years after his death. He collected and edited Nazem al-Islam's handwritten writings in the era of minor tyranny (which never found the opportunity to publish them) and after correction. The issue that arises here is to what extent Nazem al-Islam's accuracy and integrity in the description of his events have been and how much of these writings are derived from personal effects and influenced by the political and social conditions of those times in the field of writing. Is it? In this research, an attempt has been made to study the book of Iranian Awakening with a descriptive-analytical method. Using the documents and other available library resources about the events related to the constitutional Revolution of Iran, its accuracy, honesty and influence are discussed. To be caught. The results of this research indicate that Nazem al-Islam Kermani, in some cases, has entered personal intentions and desires, and sometimes, according to the political and social conditions, ignored some historical facts or reversed the title has done. However, one can not ignore the importance of the book in the history of the constitutional era and ignore the detailed and rich information in the book.

With the formation of Punchayat in India and gradually increasing Persian's power had been made India's Persians reform their fellow believers since the mid-19th century and, in this regard, they established the society of Akaber Parsian. The society dispatched emissaries with the aim of improving the social and religious affairs of the minority since 1855. One of their main aims was to help for establishing societies for Iranian Zoroastrians in the different cities where Zoroastrians had settled. The question posed here is how the formation of these societies has had an impact on the social status of Zoroastrians in Iran, and whether the occurrence of the constitutional revolution and the rising power of Reza Shah had any changes in effecting the process of these associations? This paper tries to study and evaluate the sources of Zoroastrian associations and the role of these associations in the Zoroastrian society by enjoying a descriptive and analytical method. As it seems, the progress and influence of the Zoroastrian had been intensified by the formation of Zoroastrian associations, and this happened with the constitutional revolution, and after the rising power of Reza Shah, it was intensified at different aspects.

ISIS, as a reactionary and pre-modern group in the religious and social spheres, seeks to self-identity through the use of cyberspace and modern communication facilities. So, by making various propaganda films and publishing them in cyberspace, he seeks to change the views of the international community, turning himself into a terrorist affiliated and reactionary group and becoming a self-contained group. And become idealistic goals.The purpose of the present study is to examine how ISIS's group identifies different aspects of one's identity and another in cyberspace. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of how the representation of one's own and another's identity by ISIS in propaganda films published in cyberspace, using the theory of representation and stereotyping. In this study, the qualitative description of the signs in the clips was systematically performed, and the qualitative content analysis of the films was coded in three stages.The statistical population of the present study is available promotional videos that were selected from the existing samples by purposeful sampling and based on research goals. The findings extracted from the clips showed various signs and concepts that illustrated the identity of the other and the identity of the other on the basis of stereotyping, depicting the structure of the ISIS in stereotyping the right and desirable identities, as well as dealing with the enemy in a negative and biased approach. Based on the distinction of self-identity, he defined the enemy's stereotype in a format that had no boundaries in common with self-identity.

Nowadays, social networks have become the cradle of public opinion and interpersonal communication in the Iranian community and have therefore attracted many scholars. These networks, with numerous and deep social impacts, have become the information feeds of various generations of the society, and the public generally receives most of their data -correctly or incorrectly- through social networks. Regarding the amount of the effectiveness of these networks amongst individuals of the society, the question that arises here is that how was their role in historical memory of the Iranian society? The research method in this study is developmental-practical and regarding the time of gathering information is survey-cross sectional. The statistical population of this research included all the users of Telegram social network in the country and using Cochran formula the sample size were determined 360 and the samples have chosen by convenience sampling. Finally, the results of this study indicate that from the respondents’ point of view social networks have meaningful relationship with all indicators that measure historical memory.

In 1270 A.H The handwritten version of Nezamie law has been written by Hassan Ali Afshar. The writer attempts to formulate a law and rule for Iranian military schools using the methods and techniques common in Europe. Hence in some parts of the book the writer examined the school conditions in terms of habitation, clothes and food for the students. Also in other parts of the book he expressed the number of infantry, cavalry , flocks of ordnances, the stipend payments, the soldier and officer's salaries, the battle arrangements, military camps and even how to choose and assign officers in key positions such as ruling on the boundary states. The problem is that why this book was written? and how it affects the order of the military school structures in Iran? As it can be understood from the conducted researches, the main objective of formulating this book was the discipline of offers related to the military schools and to reduce their disorder lines. Although this book couldn't solve the problems of the military schools in Iran completely, it created a comprehensive recognition of the new training structures in the top military schools of the world.