masoud esmaeili sharif

Adult community-acquired pneumonia is the most common cause of hospitalization and a leading cause of death. Identification of microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia. A cross-sectional design was used. Information on adults hospitalized due to pneumonia in the cold seasons of 2018 and 2019 was collected. Results of microbiologic tests, other than serology and urinary antigen, were reviewed 205 patients had eligible criteria. The mean age was 52.4 and 62% were male. Microorganisms were identified in 117 (57%) patients. The most common etiologic agents were Influenza H1N1 2009 (n=39, 33.4%), Tuberculosis (n=21, 17.9%), Non-Albicans Candida Yeast (n=9, 7.8%), Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Epidermis (n=7, 6%) and Klebsiella Pneumonia (n=5, 4.3%). Streptococcus Pneumoniae had the 6th rank (n=3, 2.6%). A higher body mass index was associated with superimposed infections.  10 of 18 (56%) patients who died in hospital, got definite microbiologic diagnoses. The maximum mortality was due to staphylococci, with methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (n=2, 66%) and Staphylococcus epidermis (n=2, 29%). H1N1 2009 was the first cause. Tuberculosis with rising incidence could cause acute pneumonia. Pneumococcal incidence had declined. Community-acquired staphylococcal pneumonia is the most dangerous; hence, specific protocol-based treatments should be applied promptly. Community-acquired Staphylococcus epidermis and Tuberculosis must be included in differential diagnosis of the disease. Antibiotics need to be individualized in managing the obese patients. A special focus on the epidemiology of virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniae is needed as it is common, severe, and lethal.

One of the most important techniques for improving the quality and quantity of seedlings is the use of seed treatment with PGPR, which can increase the plant's resistance to adverse conditions. For this purpose, the effect of seed inoculation of Cerasus mahaleb in 10 forest provenances of Fereydunshahr city, Isfahan province with the most important rhizosphere bacteria that stimulate plant growth, on the components of seed germination in a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design It was done with three replications in the greenhouse, seed inoculation with five levels including no bacterial inoculation (as a control), inoculation with (Bacillus sp.), (Azotobacter sp.), (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and a combination treatment of three growth stimulating (MIX) and calculation of different components of Cerasus mahaleb seed germination was done. The results showed that mixed inoculation treatment (MIX) had the greatest effect on the indicators of germination speed (0.039 per day), seed germination (39.20), germination strength (20.38 percent) and The root length was (8.66 mm) compared to other treatments. P. fluorescens bacteria treatment also showed the best performance in germination percentage index (17.55%) and stem length (8.76 mm). On the other hand, the weakest performance among the bacterial treatments was related to the growth promoting bacteria (Bacillus sp.). Among the 10 areas of Cerasus mahaleb seed collection, Chal Khalil 1 and 2 forest reserve areas as well as Peshtkoh Som Durak 2 showed better seed germination indicators than other areas. In general, seed inoculation with PGPR can be a suitable solution for producing healthy and strong seedlings, better establishment, and also increasing the success of planting seedlings in disturbed and degraded habitats of Cerasus mahaleb in Zagros forests.

In order to compare the effect of sowing date on plant growth, development stages and forage yield of three Astragalus cyclophyllon G. Beek ecotypes, a study was conducted in 2010-2011 cropping years in Hanna station, Semirom county, Iran. Three Astragalus ecotypes were originated from Hanna, Golpayegan and Chadegan in Isfahan province, Iran. Seeds were sown in spring and autumn sowing dates using split plot design based on completely randomized blocks in three replications. The results showed that the effect of year was not significant, but the ecotype by sowing date interaction effect was significant on yield and yield components (P<0.01). The required temperature units such as Growth Degree Days (GDD) for spring and autumn sowing dates were 2848°C and 2793°C, respectively. The effect of sowing date on emergence percent and forage yield was significant (p<0.05). Regardless of the ecotype type, the percentage of seed germination and forage yield in autumn sowing were 51 and 60% higher than spring sowing date, respectively. The dry weight of Hanna ecotype in autumn cultivation was 1280 kg ha-1, which was 55.8% and 58% higher than Golpayegan and Chadegan ecotypes, respectively. The reason for the increased yield in Hanna ecotype was of a higher ratio of its leaves. It was concluded that cultivation of Hanna ecotypes due to its higher forage production was recommended for cultivation in dryland farming and also to prevent its extinction in the study region.

In order to investigate the effect of inoculation of Cerasus mahaleb provenances in Fereydunshahr city of Isfahan with the most important rhizosphere bacteria stimulating plant growth on morphological indices of Cerasus mahaleb, a factorial experiment was planned in a completely randomized block design with three replications in a greenhouse. Inoculation of seedling with five levels including non-bacterial inoculation (as a control), inoculation with bacteria (Bacillus sp.), (Azotobacter sp.), (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and combination treatment of three growth-promoting bacteria (MIX) and calculation of characteristics morphological analysis of Cerasus mahaleb was performed. In the study of morphological traits of seedlings, combined treatment (MIX) of bacteria showed the best performance in stem length (27.66 cm), root length (70.61 cm), basal diameter (9.07 mm), shoot (21.62 g) and root (28.45 g) dry weight, and number of leaves (22). Only in leaf area (23.82 cm), bacterial treatment (Pseudomonas fluorescens) had better performance than MIX. The results showed that the weakest performance among bacterial growth stimulant treatments was related to bacteria (Bacillus sp.). Among the 10 study areas, Chal Khalil 1 and 2 forest reserve areas as well as Poshtkuh Durak 2 showed the best morphological traits compared with other areas in bacterial inoculation. In fact, inoculation of seedlings with growth-promoting bacteria can be a good way to produce healthy and strong seedlings as well as better establishment and increase the success of seedlings in disturbed and degraded habitats of this important species of Zagros forests.

Drought stress is the most important factor in the growth of plants in arid and semi-arid regions and plays an important role in the establishment of plants in these ecosystems. Russian olive seedlings were planted in environmental plan in the form of Complete Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and treat mental plan in the form of factorial with 2 factors in the greenhouse. The test factors were Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum (Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae and control without inoculation) and four drought stress intensity (25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity (FC)). Seedlings growth rate include height, collar diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, weight of aerial and underground organs was calculated by comparison of the growth rate at the beginning and end of the experimental period. With increasing drought stress intensity, vegetative traits such as height, collar diameter, number of branches and leaves, root dry weight and shoot dry weight of Russian olive seedlings were decreased significantly. With increasing drought stress to 50% of FC, the main root length of seedlings showed an increasing trend, indicating an increase in root length under dehydration. The highest and lowest dry weights of seedlings shoot were observed in treatments of F. mosseae and control, 36 g and 18 g, respectively. Fungal species of F. mosseae in all morphological traits except root dry weight provided more favorable conditions for the seedlings, as well as the F. mosseae, showed more abundance and better coexistence with Russian olive seedlings.

Rainfall reduction and dehydration are important features of the Zagros forests. One of the most sustainable, and suitable ways to restore, and enrich these forests is the use of native, and multipurpose species such as Cerasus mahaleb L.. This study was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design at Isfahan Agricultural, and Natural Resources Research Center from winter to spring of 2018. The first factor included four levels of drought stress (100, 75, 50, and 25% of field capacity), and the second factor was three levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi without mycorrhizal fungi (control), Rhizophagus irregularis, and Funneliformis mosseae in four replications on fungal colonization, and traits of the morphological characteristics of one-year-old seedlings of C. mahale L. in greenhouse conditions. The results showed that with increasing drought stress; height, collar diameter, number of branches, and leaves, root, and shoot dry weight, fungal colonization percentage, and leaf area of C. mahaleb seedlings were significantly reduced (p≤1%), however, both fungi were able to improve most of the studied traits. At 100% field capacity, fungal colonization increased from 32.1% in control to 47.27% in inoculation with F. mosseae, and 43.2% in inoculation with R. irregularis (p≤5%). Due to inoculation with F. mosseae fungi, the seedlings main root length in different drought stress treatments, compared to the control, showed an increasing trend, and the maximum root length (42 cm) in the conditions FC50% stress was obtained. The largest size of the surface, and the number of leaves, the height, and diameter of the seedlings were observed in conditions without drought stress (FC100%). According to the results of this study, in the seedling period, C. mahaleb can be considered as a relatively drought tolerant species.

In this experiment, one year old Cerasus mahaleb seedlings were inoculated with six treatments of mycorrhizal fungus (Diversispora versiformis, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae, and a combination of these species) and control, then were planted in five soil treatments (control or No contamination, normal contaminated, contaminated with lead, zinc contaminated and contaminated with lead and zinc) were cultivated. The highest amount of colonization in combination treatment was 51% and lowest in control treatment was 24%. Diagonal growth, Seedling height and leaf area index in inoculation with combination strain were 1.42, 11.9 and 19.01, respectively. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoot in the treatment of strain Recipes were 42.04 and 21.36 grams and the lowest in the control were 22.34 and 11.33 grams, respectively. Combination strains and non-contaminated soil treatment caused maximum growth in Mahleb, in plants grown with mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated, mean of all measured variables was significantly higher than that of control plants. Combined strain treatment had the highest effect on dry matter accumulation.

Phytoremediation was introduced as an effective, inexpensive and environmentally friendly to remove, displace or disable pollutants from polluted soils. There are numerous physical and chemical methods for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils, which in addition to high costs, lead to the destruction of the physical and chemical structure and vital activities of the soil. This study was applied in order to investigate the effects of inoculated Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of resilience to lead and zinc on some morphological traits (colonization, diameter growth, shoot dry and fresh weight, root dry and fresh weight, height and leaf area) of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. One-year-old seedlings of E. angustifolia species with an average height of 70-50 cm, minimum diameter of 1-1.5 cm and leaf number of at least 30 were provided from Jebel Amelian nursery affiliated to the Natural Resources Office of Isfahan Province. The seedlings were transferred to the greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Isfahan Province and were kept there for 20 days to adapt to the new conditions. In doing so, six treatments of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus versifome, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. mossea, composition and control treatments) and five treatments of soil (naturally polluted soil, soil polluted with lead, soil polluted with zinc, soil polluted with lead and zinc, control (without pollution) treatment) were considered. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the measured variables among the different treatment of mycorrhizal fungi. The highest and lowest colonization were observed for G. mossea (40.5%) and control treatment (25.6%), respectively. For G. mossea, the diameter growth (2.8mm), height (36.1cm) and leaf area index (28.8) increased in comparison to the control treatment. There was a significant difference between shoot dry and fresh weight and root dry and fresh weight in all of the treatment of mycorrhizal fungi. The highest dry and fresh weight of shoot was observed in G. mossea treatment (108.4 and 55 g) and the lowest was observed in control treatment (59.4 and 30.3 g). The highest and lowest of fresh weight were observed in control (95.3) and polluted soil with lead and zinc treatments (78g). Highest values of measured variables in all fungi and soil treatments were belonged to the inoculated treatment of G. mossea and the control treatment, respectively. Results of this study showed that inoculated treatment with G. mossea fungi and control treatment of soil caused the growth enhancement in E. angustifolia. However, there was no significant difference between mean fresh and dry weight of root and leaf area index in different soil treatments. Roots, as absorbent levels of water and food, have great effects on the absorption of water and various salts, and various environmental factors influence the growth of the plant through its effect on root growth. Heavy metal stress is one of the factors limiting root growth which affects plant growth activity. Also, in plants that were inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi, the mean of all measured variables was significantly higher than the control treatment. The highest shoot weight was observed in G. mosseae treatment, which suggests that G. mosseae contributed to the plant's absorption of water and food, especially phosphorus, and increased the accumulation of dry matter and has more efficiency in the biomass production of E. angustifolia.

In 2005, there were 54 extremely large fires in the forests of Neka, Mazandaran province. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of physiographic conditions and ecological factors on fire intensity of the above mentioned areas. For this purpose, 19 fire fires were selected from the above mentioned fires with a total area of 250 to 25000 square meters. Quantitative and qualitative data of all trees in each of the selected fire spots including tree diameter at breast height, trunk quality, crown health and the frequency of trees were investigated separately in different spots. The univariate analysis of variance showed that tree type has a significant effect on the extent of fire in the forest. The largest spots of fire were belonged to vegetative types of Hornbeam – Persian parrotia and hornbeam - oak. The CCA and DCA analysis groups hornbeam- hazel and hornbeam- oak forests in one group, beech - hornbeam in the second group and other forest types in the third group. In general, the types of oak-elm zelkova and beech-hornbeam have burned more frequently than other vegetation types during the period. In addition to the tree type, other environmental factors affecting the extent of the fire in these areas were included annual precipitation, annual average temperature and altitude.

The effect of forest roads on the extent and type of fire damage occurred in forests and rangelands of the Neka County in Mazandaran province was investigated. For this purpose, all fire spots, stand number, percentage and type of injury and damage to tree species, and average diameter at breast height (DBH) were noted with 100% inventory; area and geographic location of access roads were determined using GPS. The results showed that distance from the main access road had a significant correlation with the area of ​​fire spots, but no significant correlation existed between the distance from the strip roads, skid ways, town of Neka and the area of ​​fire spots. The factors influencing fire severity were analyzed using the stepwise regression model. Model also showed that just the distance from the main access road affected the area of ​​fire spots. For every one meter increase in the distance from the main access roads, the area of fire spot was increased by 1.545 m2. Further, the extent of fire can be controlled by reducing the distance from the main access roads.

Iranian mountain ash (Sorbuspersica Hedl.) is a valuable shrub species which also frequently occurs in the stands located in Isfahan province in central Zagros. Mountainash seedling typically begins to germinate after winter. We investigated its seed germination by means of a completely randomized design with 15 treatments including the pre-chill, warm stratification then pre-chill, gibberellin, gibberellin then pre-chill, and control treatments, each in four replications. The highest germination rate (97.50%) was observed for two-week warm stratification (25°C) and the 4-month cold stratification (1-4°C) treatments. The success of cold stratification treatment suggests that Iranian mountain ash is associated with physiological dormancy. Since the pre-chilled treatment for 120 days at 1-4°C completely broke the seed dormancy, the seed dormancy was concluded to be substantially deep. Reducing the initial seed moisture content (17.3%) to 7% did not affect its survival. Moreover, seed viability was maintained following a 600-day storage at -20°C, suggesting an orthodox behavior of the seeds. In conclusion, the use of appropriate treatment resulted in a very high germination rate.