فهرست مطالب masoud hashemi

One of the environmentally friendly methods of weed control in cropping syastems is using of cover crops. Cover crops can reduce or control weeds through different mevhanisms such as physical suppression (suffocation of weeds), ecological suppression (competition for limited resources of nutrients, water, and light), and chemical suppression (emission of allelochemicals).

To investigate the effect of monoculture and intercropping of cover crops on weed control and grain yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L. cv. Kousha), a randomized complete block design with four replications was used in the research farm of faculty of agriculture and natural resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in ardabil, Iran, in 2018-9 and 2019-20. The experimental treatments included: triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) and daikon radish (Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus) as monocultures, intercropping of triticale + daikon radish with a control treatment (without cover crops).

The results showed positive effect of triticale monoculture on reducing the density of lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) weeds by 36.7%, 50% and 53.8%, respectively. The highest grain yield (3782.5 kg.ha-1) and number of grain.ear-1 (444.8) of maize were obtained in triticale monoculture. The results showed that triticale monoculture had the most desirable weed control efficiency index (44.1), Simpson index (0.61), Shannon-Wiener index (1.33) and Margalef’s species richness index (1.21).

Based on the results of this experiment, the success of the intercropping of triticale and daikon radish on controlling weeds density and improving maize grain yield was related to suitable density of the plant species used in this experiment. Triticale monoculture, grown in winter, can be considered as an effective cover crop for weed control and improving maize grain yield in Ardabil and similar environmental conditions.

Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) belongs to Chenopodiaceae and is one of the most important leafy vegetables in the world. Spinach is a valuable human food source because its leaves are rich in minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. Weeds are one of the significant challenges for spinach production. They can lead to a decrease in commercial biomass and spinach quality. The incidence of herbicide resistance in spinach fields has led to the use of environmentally friendly methods such as cover crops. These plants can cause physical suppression of the weeds by creating adequate biomass and developing a canopy. The aim of this study was to provide a quantitative study of the interactions of the cover crops (such as oat and daikon radish) and hand-weeding treatments on the suppression of the weeds and their effect on the vegetative growth and yield of spinach.

The experiment was conducted in the crop years of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili with 1350 meters above sea level and geographical coordinates 38˚ 19´ East and 48˚ 20´ North with cold and semi-arid climates. The experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Experimental treatments included the first factor of oat (Avena sativa L.), daikon radish (Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus), their intercropping (with 50 % seed ratio), and control treatment (without cover crops). The second factor consisted of hand-weeding and non- weeding. The seed rate of oat and daikon radish was 100 and 20 kg per ha, respectively, and were planted manually at a 3×4 meter plots. In this experiment, the seeds of Spinach Viroflay were used. Seeds were sowed manually among the residues of cover crops at 1.5 cm depth. Due to the amount of precipitation in two years, irrigation was performed if needed. The inter and intra-row spacing was 20 and 10 cm. Hand-weeding was done from the planting date to the final harvest of spinach. The investigated traits included dried biomass of cover crops, the density of dominant weeds, and Simpson, Shannon-Weaner, and Margalef indices.

The biomass of cover crops was significantly affected by planting systems, seed density, and year (P ≤1 %). The results showed that the highest biomass of cover crops (538.83 gm-2) was obtained from oats. Also, the lowest biomass (325.83 g.m2) belonged to daikon radish. The dominant weeds were consisted of three species such as lamb's quarters (Chenopodium Album), italian bugloss (Anchusa Italica Retz), and common fumitory (Fumaria officinalis). The results showed that oat in two years had the lowest weed biomass (10.64 g.m2) and density of lamb's quarters, italian bugloss, and common fumitory (4.33, 5.00, and 4.25 number/m2). The maximum weed control efficiency index (57.67 %) was obtained from the oat monoculture. Also, the highest weed control efficiency index (51.47 %) was obtained from the hand-weeding. Margalef's index decreased in the first and second sampling times compared to 5.55 % and 9.85 % relative to the first year. The highest index of Shannon-Weaner's diversity belonged to control and daikon radish (0.47 and 0.47). The highest baby spinach yield and final yield in the first and second phases of sampling in two years were obtained from oats treatment (with 567.05 and 944 g.m2, respectively) and then from their intercropping (390.04 and 786.33 g.m2).

The results showed that oat and its combination with daikon radish had the highest biomass compared to daikon monoculture. The effect of oat biomass on the decrease in density and biomass of the total weeds was significant, which was due to the amount of oat seeds consumed compared to daikon radish. In addition, hand-weeding reduced the density and biomass of the weeds more than non-weeding. Hand-weeding led to the lack of opportunity for weeds' growth. As such, the improvement of the baby spinach and the final yield was due to the hand-weeding of the weeds and the presence of the cover crops biomass in the experiment. The results of are inferred that oat monoculture is suitable both in terms of reducing physical competition of horticultural plants with weeds and improving spinach yield.

The purpose of this article was to study the emotional feelings of Iranian novice and experienced EFL teachers. A group of 63 experienced and novice language teachers (33 men and 19 women) were selected by a purposeful sampling from the statistical population (77 people). The Persian version of the TES questionnaire was used to measure the emotional feelings of the participants toward their professional lives. About 80% of the novice teachers reported having the first stage of emotional feeling: fantasy. They described various fantasies about their students, the parents, and the school staff and the pleasant or unpleasant environments they think they will have in their future classrooms. This stage (unrealistic positivism) seemed quite pleasing to them since students and their parents respected them for their hard work, and no one wanted to misbehave. Moreover, 79% of novice teachers reported experiencing the "survival" stage, in which they fought for their professional identity and a sense of worth among students and colleagues, and 92 % reported a sense of failure when their students failed their classes.

This study aimed to investigate the impacts of nonverbal working memory on the writing skills of Iranian (EFL) deaf learners. To attain the purpose of the study, 15 secondary school deaf learners were selected to participate in this study. They were 8th-grade female students of Golestan Exceptional School aged 13-15. The researcher used a non-verbal memory test and a writing test to collect the required data. The participants were asked to participate in the selected tests. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between learners' non-verbal working memory and writing tests. The findings, also, demonstrated that there was not any significant difference between the writing skill performance of learners with higher capacities of non-verbal working memory and learners with lower capacities of non-verbal working memory. Therefore, the level of non-verbal working memory did not influence the writing skill. The findings have implications for pedagogy as well as further research.

 Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a common issue among older adults. Radicular pain syndromes are often managed with caudal epidural injections. Our study aimed to compare the effects of triamcinolone and magnesium sulfate, used as adjuvants to local anesthetics in caudal blocks, on pain levels and quality of life in patients with LBP.

 A total of 40 patients undergoing caudal block were randomized to two groups,received 10 mL caudal epidural injection of either injection 9 mL of ropivacaine 0.1% and 1 mL of triamcinolone; 40 mg (Group T, n = 20) or magnesium sulfate; 200 mg (group M, n = 20). Improvements in the pain score measured with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and functional ability measured with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were the primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively. Before, one month and three months after the caudl block, the VAS and ODI scores were evaluated.

 The VAS and ODI scores did not exhibit a significant difference between the 2 groups at all post-injection time points, except for the VAS score at 3 months, which showed a statistically lower value in group M compared to group T (P = 0.046). However, when comparing within the same group, both groups showed significantly improved VAS and ODI scores at all post-injection time points compared to the pre-injection scores (P < 0.0001).

 The addition of magnesium or triamcinolone to a local anesthetic in caudal epidural injections does not result in any discernible difference. However, this combination may lead to improvements in pain levels and quality of life, and these improvements can be sustained for up to 3 months.

Drought is known as the most important factor limiting corn production in the world. Depending on the growth stage and severity of drought stress, it can decrease corn yield by 76%. In addition, the increase in drought stress can decrease the efficiency of elements such as nitrogen in this crop. Therefore, many ways have been studied to decrease the effects of drought stress on crops. The results show that the use of cover crops can be an important approach for agriculture to protect crops against climate changes. These crops improve crop yields and soil nutrients by reducing runoff and soil erosion. The use of legumes as cover crops can decrease the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizer by biological N fixation in these crops.

In 2019, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. The experimental treatments were faba bean cultivation (cultivated, non-cultivated), the different rates of nitrogen based on urea (0, 50, 100% of the recommended amount) and water deficit stress (40, 60, 80, 100% FC). In this experiment, 72 pots of 10 kg were used. First, the field capacity of the soil was determined, then the pots were filled with the air-dried soil. Ten grains of faba bean were planted in each pot, 5 of which were removed after germination. Shoots of faba bean were cut at the 50% flowering stage and mixed with the soil to the depth of 10 cm. Four corn grains were planted in each pot, two of which were removed after germination. In this experiment, the variety Shadan of faba bean and the corn hybrid 201 (single cross) were used. Different levels of nitrogen were applied at the V5 stage of corn, drought stress was applied ten days later and continued until the harvest stage of corn. Pots were weighed regularly for the application of drought stress. Corn was harvested at the pasty stage. Experimental characteristics included grain and shoot fresh and dry weights, grain and shoot protein content, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen productivity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, and shoot and grain partial factor productivity. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS software (version 26), and significant differences between treatment means were tested using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P < 0.05.

Our results showed that all traits were influenced by interactions between faba bean cultivation × N fertilizer × water deficit stress. The highest grain yield was obtained of treatment the faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+no application of water deficit stress, while no grains were observed in the treatment of non-cultivation of faba bean+100% of the recommended rate of nitrogen+application of severe water deficit stress, non-cultivation of faba bean+no nitrogen application+application of moderate water deficit stress and non-cultivation of faba bean+no nitrogen application+application of severe water deficit stress. The higher rate of nitrogen in the soil under severe water deficit stress can be considered as the limiting factor for crop growth, and therefore we observed lower yields in these treatments. Addition, our results showed that faba bean cultivation as cover crop increased some traits such as fresh and dry weight of shoot, agronomic efficiency and nitrogen recovery of nitrogen compared to non-cultivation of faba bean. The highest fresh dry shoot weight was obtained from the treatments of faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+no application of water deficit stress and non-cultivation of faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+no application of water deficit stress. Also, the highest shoot and grain agronomic efficiency was observed from the faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+ no nitrogen application+application of moderate water deficit stress.

Overall, our results showed that the use of faba bean as cover crop can decrease the effects of water deficit stress and improve the growth status of corn, although the increase at higher water deficit stress level is lower than the other levels. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of faba bean as cover crop and and 50% of the recommended rate of nitrogen can be recommended under the same conditions (under water deficit stress).

The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) compared to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on the patients' quality of life with chronic back pain.
 

The statistical population consisted of all patients with chronic back pain referred to the pain clinic of Akhtar Hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2021. Thirty patients were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of CBT and ACT. Due to the drop in the sample, finally, ten patients remained in each group. The Personal Well-being Index-Adults (PWI-A) to assess the quality of life was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U non-parametric tests.
 

The findings showed that both interventions increased quality of life, while the difference between the two interventions was not significant (Z= -1.32, P> 0.05). Although according to Z-scores (-1.84 versus -1.17), ACT was more effective than CBT.
 

Based on the findings, both acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy improve well-being and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain.

Post-lumbar surgery syndrome (PLSS) refers to persistent or recurrent pain following spinal surgery with an unknown cause. It is commonly associated with epidural fibrosis (EF). Some studies suggest that epidural steroid injection (ESI) can effectively alleviate pain in PLSS, particularly when targeting the S1 nerve root using S1 transforaminal epidural steroid injection (S1-TFESI). A key factor in a successful block is accurately visualizing the first dorsal sacral foramen, and the needle’s destination is the dorsal S1 foramen. Although S1-TFESI is often performed under fluoroscopy through the transforaminal route, an alternative to reduce radiation exposure is ultrasound guidance. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ultrasound-guided caudal epidural steroid injection (CESI) and S1-TFESI in PLSS patients.

Arandomized double-blinded clinical trial was conducted involving 52 PLSS patientswhowere randomly assigned to either the CESI group or the S1-TFESI group. The patients were positioned prone. A linear transducer with a curve at a low frequency (2 - 5 MHz) was used to visualize the area. An aseptically prepared puncture site was used to insert a 2- to 5-MHz curved ultrasound probe with an ultrasound gel to identify the articular processes of the lower lumbar vertebrae and the posterior sacral surface. The probe was then positioned longitudinally to the para-sacral area, about 2 cm lateral to the midline. The articular process represented the L5/S1 level at the farthest caudal side, and the S1 posterior sacral foramen was represented by the concavity at the posterior sacral surface that was somewhat caudal. The probe was angled caudally to provide enough room for the needle to enter the S1 foramen. The injection site for the needle tip was the S1 foramen. A combination of triamcinolone (40 mg, 1 mL), normal saline (2 mL), and ropivacaine (0.2%) was administered. For TFS1 ESI, 5 mL of the combination was used. For CESI, the sacral hiatus was palpated in the prone position, and a linear high-frequency transducer was placed transversely to obtain a transverse view of the sacral hiatus. A combination of triamcinolone 40 mg and ropivacaine (0.2%) totaling 10 mL was employed. The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were used to assess patients’ preoperative and postoperative conditions, and adverse events were recorded. Follow-up was conducted one week and one month after the procedures.

In both groups, NRS and ODI scores decreased at different time points after treatment, compared to baseline (P< 0.001). The CESI group had lower median ODI scores after one week and one month, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.334). Despite similar baseline NRS ratings, the CESI group had statistically significantly lower mean NRS scores at one week and one month (P< 0.001).

The current study demonstrated that both CESI and TFESI treatments for PLSS following lumbar discectomy are effective and safe. These procedures can alleviate pain and reduce disability. Although the success rates of the two procedures are comparable, CESI appears to be more successful in reducing pain at the one-week and one-month follow-up.

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) is an allelopathic cover crop used for the physical control of weeds. In order to investigate the effect of Sunn hemp formulated extract with chitosan nanoparticles on the germination of some weeds, an experiment was carried out in 2021 at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University with three replications. The experimental treatments included weed species wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and extract concentration as zero (distilled water), 150 and 200 g/L. The results showed that Sunn hemp formulated extract with chitosan nanoparticles affected the germination percentage and related components in weed seeds. Also, the results indicated that with the increase in concentration (150 and 200 g/L respectively) the germination percentage of wild mustard seeds (20 and 44%, respectively) and pigweed seeds (6 and 12%, respectively) decreased compared to zero concentration. The results demonstrated that the wild mustard weed seed was more affected compared to the pigweed. Pearson's analysis showed a negative and significant effect of germination on time up to 25, 50 and 75%, mean germination time, and germination index. It also showed the positive and significant effect of germination on the coefficient of the velocity of germination, peak value, and germination value. The results emphasize the effect of Sunn hemp extract formulated with chitosan at a concentration of 200 g/L on the reduction of germination and its related components in wild mustard seeds.

Allelopathy is one of the biocompatible methods to reduce the germination and establishment of weeds.In order to investigate the effect of sunn hemp extract (Crotalaria juncea) extract and oats (Avena sativa L.) on the germination of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), an experiment was conducted in 2022 at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments included the type of extract and their concentrations of zero (distilled water), 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The results showed that the percentage of wild mustard seed germination and its growth components of wild mustard seeds were significantly affected by the interaction of extract type and their concentrations. The lowest percentage of germination and growth components such as plumule length, radicle length, germination speed, mean germination time, and seed germination were obtained from the concentrations of 15 and 20% of the extracts. Also, the results showed that sunn hemp extract had more inhibition on germination percentage and growth components of wild mustard seeds than oat extract. It can be concluded that with the increase in the concentration of the extracts, the inhibition of germination and the establishment power of wild mustard decreased in laboratory conditions.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment based therapy on the emotional distress and Commitment to Treatment in diabetic patients with depression. The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and three-month follow-up period design. The statistical population included type-2 diabetic people with depression who referred to therapy centers of Isfahan in spring and summer of 2022. 33 diabetic patients with depression were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received acceptance and commitment based therapy sessions (Ten sessions) during Ten weeks. The applied questionnaires included Depression Questionnaire (DQ) (Beck, Epstein, Brown, Steer, 1996) Emotional Distress Questionnaire (EDQ)(Kessler, et.al, 2002) and Commitment to Treatment Questionnaire (TCQ) (Morisky, Ang, Krousel-Wood, Ward, 2008). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni follow-up test using SPSS 23 statistical software. The results showed that acceptance and commitment based therapy has significant effect on the depression, emotional distress and Commitment to Treatment in diabetic patients with depression (p<0001) and leads to the decrease of depression and emotional distress and improvement of Commitment to Treatment in these patients. According to the findings of the present study, ACT can be used as an efficient method to decrease emotional distress and improve Commitment to Treatment in the diabetic patients with depression through employing six main processes of acceptance, fusion, observer self, relationship with the present time, value and committed action.

Various psychological factors, including mood and anxiety symptoms, can affect pain outcomes and quality of life. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to design a conceptual model of mood and anxiety symptoms with quality of life and pain outcomes in patients with chronic back pain and the mediating role of emotional schemas and self-compassion.

The research method of the present study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consisted of women and men aged 30-50 with chronic back pain and referred to pain clinics in Akhtar, Labbafinezhad and Imam Hossein (AS) hospitals in Tehran in 2019-2020. 400 people were selected by purposeful and convenience sampling method considering the entry and exit criteria. Data collection instruments are demographic questionnaire, "Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire", "World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF)", " Consequences of Pain Questionnaire” and “Self-Compassion Scale- Short Form”. The construct validity of the instruments was checked and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in SPSS. 21 and LISREL 8.8.

The model showed a favorable fit, mood and anxiety symptoms have a direct, positive and significant correlation with the increase in emotional schemas (P<0.05). Emotional schemas have a direct, negative and significant correlation with the reduction of self-compassion (P<0.05). Also, mood and anxiety symptoms have an indirect, positive and significant correlation with the increase in pain outcomes and a negative and significant indirect correlation with the decrease in quality of life (P<0.05).

Results supported the mediation of self-compassion between emotional symptoms and emotional schemas with pain outcomes and quality of life. Therefore, it is suggested to use the findings of the present study in treatment programs.

The neural plexus exists in different parts of the body. The sacral plexus is the lowest neural network in the body that is responsible for sensory and motor innervation to a large part of the body. The sacral plexus or sacral nerve roots may be damaged by diseases, such as disc herniation, spinal canal stenosis, and cancer or iatrogenic injuries during surgery or interventional pain procedures (open spinal surgeries, hip surgeries, percutaneous endoscopic disc decompression, trans-sacral epiduroscopic laser decompression, …). Patients with sacral nerve damage may experience a variety of symptoms, including low back pain radiating to the legs, sensory disturbance in the buttocks or legs, motor weakness in the legs, bladder or bowel dysfunction (urinary retention/ incontinence, defecation’s problems), or sexual dysfunction. Therefore, complete familiarity with the anatomy of the sacral plexus is very important. In this article, we tried to review the anatomy of the sacral plexus and sensory or motor innervations of each terminal branch of the sacral plexus. Also, the clinical importance of these nerves in the development of pain syndromes and diagnostic and therapeutic methods for damage to the terminal branches of the sacral plexus were investigated. 

One of the common problems in type 2 diabetes patients with depression symptoms is emotional distress, which causes many negative consequences for these people, so present study was conducted to comparison of the effectiveness of Autobiographical Memory Specificity training and acceptance and commitment therapy to the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a follow-up period of three months. The statistical population of the study included people with type 2 diabetes and depression who were referred to medical centers in Isfahan city in the first six months of 1400. The final sample of the study included 50 Patients with type 2 diabetes and depression, who were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, the experimental groups received training on personalization of historical memory (8 sessions of 90 minutes) and therapy based on acceptance and commitment (7 sessions of 90 minutes) separately during two months. This is even though the control group did not receive the interventions and was waiting to receive these interventions. The tools used included an emotional distress questionnaire. Data analysis was done by software (SPSS-23) and mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The results showed that Autobiographical Memory Specificity training and acceptance and commitment therapy have a significant effect on the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression (p<0.001). Also, the follow-up test results indicated no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatments on emotional distress (p≤0.05).

The research findings indicated that therapists could use the Autobiographical Memory Specificity and acceptance and commitment therapy to reducing the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression.

Paying attention to citizens' rights is essential in planning sustainable neighborhoods. So, sustainable planning in the neighborhood centered on citizens' rights can bring their satisfaction and a sustainable city by supporting and meeting the needs of the citizens.  From the point of view of citizenship, the stable neighborhood has various citizenship rights in different functional, spatial and physical, social and cultural dimensions. An issue that has been neglected in the residential contexts of Iran, and the rights of citizens of neighborhoods have been ignored. This research aims to identify the dimensions and criteria of citizenship rights in the neighborhood from the perspective of urban planning, which was carried out with the text content analysis research method with an interdisciplinary strategy.

The current research is based on descriptive-analytical methods in which data is collected through documentaries, library reviews, and field observations. First, the research components have been clarified according to the topic, and then the indicators of each component have been compiled in a diagram format. Case samples, including Maqsodieh and Manzarieh neighborhoods, have been introduced and the research framework in the samples has been tested and evaluated through the distribution of questionnaires. Based on this, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through an interview with ten urban planning experts, and the adequacy of the number, or the distribution to the extent of the result, or the number of 384 questionnaires was obtained through Cochran's formula and distributed among 500 families of residents in each neighborhood. In order to make a comparative comparison of these two case samples, the questioning process is such that 384 questionnaires have been distributed in each neighborhood (Maqsodieh and Manzarieh). Moreover, in this questionnaire, 14 indicators have been asked. The respondents who are families and residents in the mentioned neighborhoods should rate these indicators between 1 and 5. In the end, a question has been asked about the quality of life in the neighborhood, the evaluation score of which is 100.

The results obtained from the questionnaire have been prepared in the form of a diagram, and the percentage of each index has been shown separately in each neighborhood. Manzarieh neighborhood in terms of indicators of livability and climatic comfort, health and cleanliness of the environment, health and sports of the family, stability and natural vitality, comfort and peace of the family, compatibility - stability and responsiveness, safety and security, fun and entertainment of the family, satisfaction, the sense of place and the quality of life of the neighborhood is ranked higher than that of Maqsoodiyeh. Maqsoodiyeh neighborhood is also ranked higher than the neighborhood in terms of walkability, economic prosperity, quality of life, family participation and neighborhood, attendance, and children's education. Due to its proximity to the Tabriz Bazaar as the city's economic heart, Maqsoodiye neighborhood has a relatively favorable economic prosperity and quality of life compared to Manzarieh. Manzarieh neighborhood has good permeability because it is one of the newly built neighborhoods of Tabriz city, and there are more green spaces and sports per capita in this neighborhood than Maqsoodiyeh neighborhood. According to the theoretical and field studies of the current research, the rights of citizens in the sustainable planning of a neighborhood are in different dimensions and have various indicators. According to the Iranian-Islamic culture, each neighborhood can create patterns and have various manifestations. In this regard, we can mention the Iranian garden, and it can also be said that the climate of each neighborhood plays a special role concerning the different patterns presented in each neighborhood. Therefore, cultural, religious, climatic, and other factors should be considered in the designs.

In this research, neighborhood planning components based on citizenship rights include environmental and health, functional, social, economic, and cultural. Related indicators also include livability and climatic comfort, health and cleanliness of the environment, sustainability and natural vitality, family health and sports, walkability, family comfort and tranquility, adaptability, efficiency and responsiveness, safety and security, family fun and entertainment, economic prosperity, and quality of life, sense of place and satisfaction, presence and education of children, social participation and neighborhood of families, and neighborhood quality of life. The case study includes two neighborhoods of Maqsoodiyeh and Manzariyeh, in Tabriz, which Maqsoodiyeh neighborhood is located in the District 8 of Tabriz, and Manzariyeh in the District 3 of Tabriz. The final result of the field survey on the quality of neighborhood life shows that Manzarieh neighborhood has a significant superiority in terms of sustainable neighborhood planning indicators, with a score of 73.6% over Maqsodieh, with a score of 38.5%.

Low back pain could related to disc herniation and managed by surgery. Also, less invasive options, including epidural corticosteroid injection, are available; however, it is associated with side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) in treating unilateral lumbar radicular pain.

In this randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial study, a total of 68 patients received the transforaminal epidural injection, 28 patients received ACS, and 30 patients received 40 mg triamcinolone. Under fluoroscopic guidance in anterior-posterior and lateral views, a single injection of ACS or triamcinolone was done via the transforaminal epidural technique. Pain intensity was assessed with a visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) at three weeks, three months, and six months.

A significant reduction in pain intensity was observed in patients of two groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups during the three months of the study. At the final evaluation at six months, the ACS group showed superiority over the triamcinolone based on the VAS score (P<0.05) and ODI (P=0.007).

ACS therapy is a new effective option in treating lumbar radicular pain due to herniated disc. Since no specific complication has been reported, it can be used as a substitute for corticosteroids in such cases.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the emotional role that language teachers in Iran experience in dealing with their language learners, educational colleagues and institutions. For this purpose, 52 language teachers of educational institutions (33 men and 19 women) were selected by random cluster sampling using Cochran's formula from the statistical population (77 people). In analyzing the data obtained from this research, the thematic analysis method of Seidman's three-stage social-constructivist approach was used and to guarantee the validity of the research results, the exploratory analysis method with a qualitative approach was used. Findings from this study showed that 78% of teachers participating in the study have warm and sincere emotional relationships with their students because in addition to teaching them, they also had a moral guidance role. Regarding the relationship of language teachers with other colleagues, about 86% were satisfied with the intimate relationship between colleagues and only 14% expressed dissatisfaction due to lack of respect and carelessness. About 79% of teachers expressed dissatisfaction with the cold and instrumental attitude of the directors of institutions and sometimes ignoring the issues and problems of teachers in the environment of institutions. Also, about 85% of language teachers are discouraged by administrative and political rules and regulations. Of course, in addition to the negative emotions, many teachers were satisfied with their warm and intimate relationships with language learners, parents and their position as language teachers.

Some studies have reported that application of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen, is one of the most appropriate methods to increase crop production and maintain food security in the world. However, it should also be noted that the improper use of nitrogen fertilizers can disrupt natural ecosystems. Alternative methods can be used to prevent this, such as the use of plants with biological nitrogen fixation (e.g., legumes). Faba bean is one of the most important varieties of this family (Fabaceae) and contains 24-30% protein and 51-68% carbohydrates. This plant is one of the most important spices of the genus (Vicia) and has a high yield compared to other legumes. Due to its environmental, economic and agroecological performance, faba bean can improve the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important annual cereals. However, maize cultivation is not economical because it requires nitrogen fertilizer, and improper use of nitrogen also increases ecosystem instability. Incorporating legumes into cropping systems is critical for sustainable management of agricultural systems and reducing nitrogen fertilizer requirements for corn production.
 
A two-year experiment was conducted in 2018-2019 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. The experimental treatments were different plant densities of faba bean (25, 35, 40 and 80 plants m-2) and different nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) of forage corn. In this experiment, the faba bean variety Shadan was planted and manually harvested at the physiological maturity stage. The corn variety was a single cross hybrid 201, which was planted at a density of 80000 plants ha-1 in the rows with faba bean residues. At the V5 stage of corn, N fertilizer (as urea) was applied in 3 stages. Three corn plants were harvested at the milk stage and then oven dried at 70°C for 72 h and weighed. Traits studied in this experiment included chlorophyll index, plant height, root nodule dry weight, root dry weight, number of root nodules, and grain yield in faba bean, and chlorophyll index, protein harvest index, plant height, number of leaves per plant, physiological nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and dry matter yield in forage corn. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS 9.4 software, and significant differences between treatment means were tested using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P< 0.05.
 
Faba bean
The highest grain yield (g m-2), plant height (cm) and chlorophyll index of faba bean were obtained at the density of 80 plant m-2. At the densities of 25 and 35 plants m-2, the number of root nodules and the dry weight of root nodules (g) were the highest. As plant density increased, root dry weight (g m-2) also increased, so that the density of 80 plants m-2 had the highest root dry weight per m2. The highest fertility rate was observed at the densities of 80 and 40 plants m-2.
Corn
Our results showed that the interaction between faba bean density and N fertilizer had effects on plant height, chlorophyll index, protein harvest index, physiological nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and dry forage yield. The results of the mean comparisons showed that the highest dry forage yield was obtained at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 an increase of 155% over the control treatment. The highest number of leaves was observed in the treatments at the density of 40 faba bean plants+100 kg N ha-1, at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 and at the density of 35 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1. The density of 40 plant of faba bean+100 kg N ha-1 and the density of 40 plant of faba bean+200 kg N ha-1 had the highest plant height. The highest chlorophyll index was obtained at the the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1. Finally, the results showed that employment of faba bean in rotation and non-application of nitrogen fertilizer increased nitrogen uptake efficiency of forage corn.
 
Comparison of the different treatments showed that the density of 40 plants of faba bean and 200 kg N ha-1 was superior in most of the evaluated traits. Overall, the results suggest that the use of faba bean in crop rotation is an appropriate approach to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural systems, according to the results, the use of the density of 40 plants of faba bean and 200 kg N ha-1 were recommended under the same weather conditions.

Nitrogen fertilizers are commonly used to increase economic performance in corn production. However, it should be noted that nitrogen added to the soil in crop ecosystems is not fully available to the plant and may be leached. In this context, many studies have investigated various crop production methods to improve soil health and reduce soil nitrogen losses. Crop rotation and no-till may be an appropriate method to improve soil health and increase soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. In this experiment, it was assumed that growing faba beans in rotation with forage corn and applying sustainable agriculture can greatly reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer in corn and increase nitrogen use efficiency compared to monoculture corn. The objective of this experiment was to determine the appropriate plant density of faba bean and its effect on crop rotation with forage corn, and to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization efficiency of corn.
 
A two-year experiment was conducted in 2018-2019 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. The experimental treatments were different plant densities of faba bean (25, 35, 40 and 80 plants m-2) and different nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) in forage corn. Shadan cultivar of faba bean was planted in this experiment and it was harvested manually at the physiological maturity stage. The corn variety was the single cross hybrid 201, which was planted at the density of 80000 plants ha-1 in the residue rows of faba bean. Nitrogen fertilizer (as urea) was applied three times at the V5 stage of corn. Three corn plants were harvested at the milk stage and then oven dried at 70 °C for 72 h and weighed. Traits studied in this experiment were include grain yield, 100-grain weight, harvest index, biological yield and weed control efficiency in faba bean and fresh and dry forage yield, protein yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen productivity in forage corn. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS 9.4 software, and significant differences between treatment means were tested using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P < 0.05.
 
Faba bean
The highest grain yield was obtained at plant density of 80 plants.m-2, 100-grain weight, and HI were observed at plant densities 40 plant.m-2 and the densities of 80 and 40 plants had the highest Reduction percentage in dry weight of weeds and biological yield. It seems that an increase in plant density, especially at the beginning of the growing season, results in complete coverage of the soil with plants and reduces the competitive ability of weeds. In addition, with higher plant density, solar radiation on the plant canopy increases, so less light is available for weeds and the germination rate of weed seeds decreases. The result of cultivation shows higher competitive power and the results were obtained.
Corn
Our results showed that using faba bean in rotation with forage corn can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer. The results of the mean comparisons showed that the highest dry forage yield of corn was obtained at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1, representing an increase of 155% compared to the control treatment. Corn yield is very sensitive to nitrogen deficiency. On the other hand, using of legumes in crop rotations can improve crop access to nitrogen. Addition, the highest protein yield was observed at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 and 35 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1. Density of 40 faba bean plants+no application of N fertilizer had the highest nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency. Thus, it can be concluded that the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and the use of faba bean in the crop rotation increases the availability and uptake of nitrogen and also increases the efficiency of this element at a stage of plant growth when nitrogen uptake is high. Therefore, the corn yield was higher in these treatments
 
In this experiment, the effects of plant density of faba bean on the yield of this crop and the effects of crop rotation on nitrogen yield and efficiency of forage corn were studied. The results showed that the highest grain yield, 100-grain weight, biological yield, and bean harvest index were obtained at plant densities 40 and 80 plant. The results also showed that the density of 40 bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 had the highest increase in dry forage yield of corn compared to the control. It can be concluded that the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 in forage corn under similar climatic conditions may be a suitable method to reduce the use of chemical N fertilizer.

Various psychological factors, such as mood and anxiety symptoms, can affect pain outcomes.

The present research was conducted to identify these factors aiming at providing a conceptual model of pain outcomes based on emotional schemas and symptoms mediated by experiential avoidance, pain acceptance, and self-compassion of patients with chronic pain.

In this descriptive correlational research, the statistical population consisted of men and women (aged 30-50) with chronic low back pain referring to pain clinics in Akhtar, Labafinejad, and Imam Hossein hospitals, Tehran, Iran, in 2019-2020. We selected 400 people using a convenience sampling method considering the inclusion criteria. The tools included the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ), Emotional Schemas-Short Form, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Data were analyzed with SPSS-21 and LISREL-8.8 using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

The fitted model showed that the direct effect of mood and anxiety symptoms on increasing emotional schemas (p<0.05) was equal to 5, and the direct effect of emotional schemas was significant on increasing experiential avoidance, reducing pain acceptance and self-compassion (p<0.05). Also, the indirect effect of mood and anxiety symptoms through increasing emotional schemas, increasing experiential avoidance, decreasing pain acceptance, and self-compassion on increasing pain outcomes was significant (p<0.05).

Experiential avoidance, pain acceptance, and self-compassion could mediate the relationship between emotional symptoms and emotional schemas to pain outcomes. Therefore, developing therapeutic interventions based on emotional schemas to reduce emotional schemas and experiential avoidance and increase pain acceptance and self-compassion could help reduce pain outcomes in patients with chronic pain.

The Islamic Republic of Iran considers the West Asian region as the main geography of activity in its periphery. The orientation of the upstream documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran is focused on the development of all-round interactions with the mentioned region. One of the challenges facing Iran's economic, political and security goals in the West Asian region is the tension and hostility between Iran and the United States, which has cast a shadow on the development of Iran's relations with this region. The focus of American foreign and security policy is on building a securitized image of Iran and representing it as a threat against the territorial integrity, ideas, beliefs and political sovereignty of the countries of the West Asian region. The American Iran phobia project in West Asia has led to the formation of a kind of threat perception from Iran among the countries of this region. The question of this article is that, in what framework can be understood the encountering of United States toward Islamic Republic of Iran in the West Asian region. The research hypothesis is designed in such a way that the efforts of the United States in the West Asian region are based on the representation and reconstruction of Iran as a securitized actor. The result of this has been the allocation of a larger share of the gross domestic product of the countries of the West Asian region to military expenditures and the reduction of the Peace Dividend in the region.

The process of national development in the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite the passage of decades of policy-making and development planning, still faces various bottlenecks in the field of economy, politics and culture. The formation of a problematic development situation and the mutual influence of the mentioned challenges on each other has made the issue of development intervention and policy-making in the Islamic Republic of Iran risky. Continuation and deepening of problems such as high unemployment, low economic growth, inadequate per capita income, double-digit inflation, and the widening of the class gap in the I.R.I indicate that achieving balanced national progress in the light of the adoption of approaches, programs and various developmental measures that have taken place in recent decades are still lagging behind. The question of the present article is why the process of national development in the Islamic Republic of Iran has become more complicated, despite the formulation and implementation of various developmental programs? The research hypothesis is that the formation of a difficult developmental situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran is the result of the dominance of the political over politics in the process of formulating and implementing developmental plans. In the present study, a descriptive analytical method based on the theoretical foundations of Carl Schmidt has been used to conceptualize the variables affecting the rupture of developmental programs in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Endogenizing windows of opportunity in an industry can be analyzed and evaluated through using the Technological Innovation System (TIS) approach. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the functions and mechanisms needed to endogenize blockchain windows of opportunity in Iran’s banking industry. To this end, this paper employed a quantitative approach, survey research strategy, a questionnaire tool for data collection, and confirmatory factor analysis for data analysis. The sample is selected from experts who are proficient in the banking industry and blockchain technology. Findings of this study indicate that mechanisms such as internal project research by banks (knowledge creation function), increasing the diversity of actors and their interactions (knowledge diffusion function), using international platforms instead of local platforms (market orientation function), internal operational and research projects (technological entrepreneurship function), the need to determine the orientation of blockchain development by obtaining the views and needs of leading users by the Central Bank as a key player (search orientation function), removing business barriers (shaping market function), the entry of fintech companies into business development (legitimation function) are important for endogenizing blockchain windows of opportunity in Iran's banking industry.

Cover crops have a high ability to help sustainable agriculture. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of using white radish and oat cover crops as monoculture or mixed on improvement of some soil properties and potato yield. 

A field experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2017 and 2018. Experimental treatments included of oat (Avena sativa L.) and white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) monoculture or their intercropping with 50% seed from each other and control (no cover crop) in 2017 and subsequently potato planting in 2018. 

The results showed that the highest biomass of cover crops was obtained from monoculture of white radish treatment (466.1 g. m-2). The highest biomass of weeds was obtained from control treatment (353.6 g. m-2). Monoculture and intercropping of oats and white radish did not have a statistically significant difference in terms of weed biomass reduction. Most of the measured soil properties, except for soil organic carbon, were affected by cover crops. Potato yield in monoculture and intercropping of cover crops did not have a statistically significant difference, but compared to the control treatment without cultivation of cover crops, monoculture of oats, white radish and their intercropping 31.45, 24.55% and 20.56% respectively, increased potato yield. 

The results of this experiment showed the positive effect of winter cover crops as monoculture and intercropping on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil as well as potato yield.