masoud kheradmandpour

Islamic Sufism has a variety of rituals that are intended to bring a person to true happiness.Therefore, ina general view, all these rituals have major spiritual and cognitivebenefits.In Mesbah Al-Hedayeh's book, Izz al-Din Kashani discusses a number of mystical rituals and their beneficial aspects, among which listening, solitude, and cloaking seem to be moreprominent.Accordingly, in thepresent study, citing library sources and descriptive-analytical method, the mentioned Sufi practices are examinedand explored from the perspective of theprinciple of utilitarianism.The reason for choosing the theory of utilitarianism is its capacity to achieve an innovative analysis of Kashani's viewsThe results of the research showthat Kashani, like utilitarians, emphasizes the result of performing an action and does not simply consider the action itself good or bad. Also, the benefits of hearing are: providing part of the spiritual needs of the seekerElimination of the mental and physical condition of the seeker; Polishing of human existence; Creating love in the heart of the seeker; Revealer of divine secrets; Communicating the seeker with the world of divinity; Strengthen the stability and spiritual focus of the seeker.The main benefits of solitude are:enjoying and knowing the divine and spiritual sciences; Preserving the religion of the seeker; Keep the seeker away from internaland external dangers; Restraining the ego and directing it; Seekercommunication with God; Disregard for the world and mafias;Fellowship with God and the Prophet.The benefits of the cloak also include:making desirable changes in the seeker's habits; Achieving a profound internal transformation through the lens of external and external changes

Bozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is the story of “general amnesty”. In this story, the author depicts the social realities and changes of that time. In this research, an attempt has been made to adapt the issues criticized in this story to Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment. Emile Durkheim thinks about punishment that punishment has the function of integrating society. In his view, when a crime occurs, the values ​​and morals of society are violated. As a result, society feels threatened and reacts. Punishment is the emotional and natural reaction of society to the defect of collective values. In this research, the author intends to study the short story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi based on Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The results show that although punishments change over time their origins will not change. From this point of view, the change of punishments is, in a way, the adaptation of the punishment to the collective conscience of the time. In fact, as society changes, so does punishment.

Archetype is one of the fundamental terms in Jung's psychology and is located in the individual and collective unconscious of mankind. One of the main places of the manifestation of human unconscious is art and literature. In the ancient Persian poetry, especially the epic poems Bahmannameh and Farammarznameh, archetypes such as Pir Dana (the old wise) have been reflected for the realization of specific purposes or goals, which have been investigated in the present research by referring to library sources and descriptive-analytical method. This study was done in the field of epic literature using Jung's psychology. For this purpose, the dreams mentioned in these two works were taken into consideration. The archetypal criticism of the mentioned works led to the discovery of the nature, characteristics and role of myths in the poetic worldview of the creators of the work. It can be said that Pir Dana appears in the world of dreams as a vague character (like a bird) to the kings and heroes of the epic poems Bahmannameh and Faramaraznameh and gives the road map to heroes such as Bahman, Rostam, Garshasp, Fereidoun, Key Khosrow and Siavash. Moreover, sometimes Jamasb and Zal in the role of wise old man, in the world of sleep and wakefulness (familiar and obvious character), interpret the dreams of these famous warriors and separate the head from the nose; Therefore, Pir Dana has a familiar and vague identity. Generally, Pir Dana has had merciful, favorable and direct impact on the biases of the action of kings and heroes and had changed the course of the epic.

Literary works of the Awakening and post-constitutional period have many social and political aspects and can be critiqued from a sociological point of view. One of the effective methods in criticizing literary texts, especially short stories, is sociological critique. In this method, the relationship between the structure and content of the story with the situation and changes in society is examined and how the artistic reflection and representation of society in the imaginary world of literary work is criticized and analyzed. The history of this kind of research and application of this method in Iranian short story criticism has proved the effectiveness of sociological criticism in short story criticism and study. Short story as a form of fiction was formed in Iran around 1300 AH by people like Jamalzadeh and continued its development along with literary currents. The first generation of short story writers, while getting acquainted with this emerging phenomenon, were able to create remarkable works and each of them followed a specific style that in the future, laid the foundation of Iranian short stories. In this research, the author has come to the conclusion through analytical-descriptive method and based on the theoretical framework of social criticism that the short story, like any other literary phenomenon, has continued to live in line with society and socio-political currents. Influenced and influenced by the community. Therefore, examining the content of this type of literature can be a new approach in the field of social studies.

 Masnavi Manavi in ​​its valuable teachings in the form of allegory, by telling moral anecdotes and points, always warns man against irrational, irrational and useless attitudes that are the cause of bad deeds, in order to choose the most appropriate solution when suffering and misfortunes occur. The famous psychologist Albert Ellis in his theory of rational-emotional behavior therapy refers to twelve irrational and irrational beliefs in the mind, the belief in which causes anxiety and emotional turmoil. One of these theories is about procrastination and seeks to explain why man delays his decisions. Procrastination is defined as the tendency to avoid activities and leave them to the future. In this article, while examining the issue of neglect from Rumi"s mystical point of view as one of the causes of human suffering and also procrastination, which is equivalent to the psychology of this issue, one of the examples of Ellis treatment in Masnavi, an anecdote has been studied and matched.

 This research is based on analytical-descriptive method and taking notes from various sources, especially Masnavi.

 Regarding the procrastination of Rumi and Ellis, they believe that delay in doing things and leaving them to tomorrow and the future will gradually become an unpleasant habit and it will be very difficult to leave it, causing the loss of life opportunities and not enjoying the blessings of life. will be.

 For centuries, Rumi and Ellis have each tried in their own way to appreciate time and opportunities before it is too late and to be able to change negative and vain beliefs in their minds to make cognitive and behavioral errors. Do not and reach spiritual balance and peace.

The purpose of this study is to "study and analyze the structures of humanism in the mythical characters of fantasy epic poems Bahmannameh and Faramarznameh in accordance with the theory of self-actualization of Abraham Maslow" with a descriptive-analytical method. Library resources and research articles have been used to collect data. Research tools have been taking notes and taking notes. The statistical population is the epic poem of Bahmannameh of Iranshah Ibn Abi al-Khair, which was published in 1994 by Rahim Afifi and published by scientific and cultural publications. It was published in 2015. In epic poems such as Bahmannameh and Faramarznameh, we encounter many successful people. The main characters of these two epic works are comparable to Maslow's "theory of self-actualization" in behavioral, verbal and intellectual dimensions. In this study, first, Abraham Maslow's theory of "self-actualization" is presented. Then, in the main discussion, the successful fantasy mythological characters in these two epic works are explored and analyzed. It can be said that the special and extraordinary features of the fictional characters of Bahmannameh and Faramarznameh are compatible with "Maslow's theory of self-actualization" and have reached self-actualization with God-given talents.