فهرست مطالب masoud majidi

Debt management, as one of the important aspects of fiscal policy in countries around the world, is constantly considered by policymakers. As public debt can have a positive impact on economic growth and can pose a threat to the financial and debt crisis, it must be managed properly and through appropriate rules. In this study, while examining the methods of debt sensitivity and stability analysis, Iran's experience in debt management in the first to sixth development programs after the Islamic Revolution (1979) has been studied and with attention to Iran's debt conditions on the eve of the seventh development plan, this paper proposes appropriate policies for effective debt management and control.
We find that Iran, in the Seventh Development Plan, can amend and extend the debt-based rule in paragraph "t" of Article 8 of the Sixth Development Plan, which is presented in this article. It is also necessary for the government to submit a table of indicators related to government debt (share of short-term debt, changes in short-term debt, net government debt) to the Parliament as it has been added as a new note to this article.

Our main goal in this study was to evaluate impulsivity and risky decision making in adolescents’ intermediate-expert chess players and compare them with non-players. We also looked at the relationship between impulsivity and risky decision making in the two groups.
The present study employed a comparative-correlational method which was performed in 2019 in Tehran. Based on the previous research, 55 chess players (14-17 years old) and 79 non-players (13-17 years old) participated in the study. Impulsivity was measured by the Go/no-go task; and risky decision making was assessed via the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Independent t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used for statistical analysis.
There were no significant differences between groups regarding age or education. In the go/no go tasks, there were significant differences between the groups in commission error, omission error and inhibition subscales. In the IGT, we observed significant differences between the groups in the net score, raw score and ratio of advantageous/disadvantageous choices in different subscales. In both groups, net scores, raw scores and ratio of advantageous/disadvantageous choices were negatively correlated with the commission error. Additionally, omission error was positively correlated with the inhibition subscale. We found that the relationship between impulsivity and risky decision making was stronger in non-chess players than chess players.
The results of this study might put chess in the spotlight as an option to improve impulsivity and risky decision making in clinical settings.

Analysis of optimum and threshold rates of government debt in Iran and the effect of public debt on economic growth are the major purposes of this paper. As government debt is both economic and political phenomena, there are a lot of political economic literature that focus on some dimensions including and intergerneration redistribution, re-election of governments, , political budget cycles, , fiscal illusion, bargaining in legislation. Government debt effects on economic growth through six channels including government expenditure, interest rate, future tax, possibility of vicious triangle crises (debt, bank, and currency crises), and counter cycle policies. There are three points about the effect of government debt on economic growth. Some focuses on positive effect, some focuses on negative effect, and the last focuses on threshold effect. Using yearly data from 1974-2016 and with OLS approach, we show that the relationship between government debt and economic growth in Iran is inverse U, and the optimum rate of debt index (portion of government debt to GDP) in Iran is about 54.16 percent and the threshold level is about 108.32 percent. Moreover, it has been shown that from 1974 to the half of 1990’s, public debt to central bank was more than public debt to banking system, but after the middle of 1990’s this trend has been reversed.Comparison of the composition and the quality of public debts of Iran with other countries shows that major part of Iran’s public debt is short-run, while in developed countries, long-run debts are the major part, and as the portion of short-run debts goes up, the risk of dishonor increases; so it is necessary that some parts of Iran’s debt changes from short-run to long-run.

Palladium doped silica membranes were synthesized by the sol-gel method using two different procedures. The first palladium-doped silica membrane (M1) was synthesized with a coating of four layers of silica-palladium sol. The second membrane (M2) was synthesized with a coating of two silica layers followed by a coating of two silica-palladium layers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved the formation of uniform γ-alumina interlayers on the supports. SEM results for M1 showed that  synthesis of a membrane with this procedure leads to the formation of crack on the membrane selective layer. Single gas permeation measurements of H2 and N2 were carried out at room temperature, 100 °C and 550 °C. Gas permeation results revealed that Knudsen diffusion was dominant in permeation of these gases through membrane M1 while the dominant mechanism in permeation of gases through  membrane M2 was activated transport which has exhibited different behavior in comparison with M1. This result is due to the activated sublayers of membrane M2. In this case, H2 permeance increases and N2 permeance decreases with increasing temperature, leading to better separation perforamce of membrane M2 over M1 in separation of H2. Therefore, using the activated silica sublayer in the synthesis of M2 can be used as a high potential method to synthesize a selective palladium-doped silica membrane.

Objective(s)Studies have shown that morphine, in addition to its analgesic properties, has several effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis. There is also evidence that opioid receptors are present on chondrocytes. Our main objective in the present study was to investigate the effects of morphine on rat femur growth cartilage.Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out on 18 4-week-old male rats. Animals were divided into four groups: groups 1 (n= 3) and 2 (n= 4) were non morphine-dependent and groups 3 (n= 6) and 4 (n= 5) were morphine-dependent. Groups 1 and 3 were followed up for 4 weeks and the others for 7 weeks. We prepared femur bone biopsies, fixed the samples in 10% formalin and 10% nitric acid and stained the samples with haematoxylin and eosin. The thickness of the growth cartilage and its proliferative zone (PZ) cell number were studied. In addition, the existence of necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and hyalinisation were evaluated.ResultsThere were no signs of inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis or hyalinisation in the growth cartilages of all rats. The morphine-dependent groups had a statistically significant difference (P< 0.001) in the number of cells in the proliferative zone and thickness of the growth cartilage compared to other groups using ANOVA analysis.ConclusionIt seems that morphine reduces the number of cell in the proliferative zone and decreases the thickness of the growth cartilage which may alter longitudinal growth of long bones.