فهرست مطالب masoud shakarami

Today, hybrid models of artificial intelligence are considered as a suitable method for simulating hydrological phenomena, including quantitative estimation of river flow. For this purpose, there are various approaches in hydrology to estimate the flow rate of rivers, of which artificial intelligence models are the most important. Therefore, in this study, the performance of support vector-wavelet regression, backup vector-gray wolf regression and bat-support vector regression models to simulate the flow of Kashkan river located in Lorestan province during the statistical period of 2010-2011 in the daily time scale were analyzed. The criteria of correlation coefficient, root mean square error and mean absolute value of error and bias were selected for evaluation and performance of the models. The results showed that the hybrid models have acceptable results in simulating the river discharge. Comparison of models also showed that the support-wavelet vector regression model in the validation stage showed values ​​of R2 = 0.960, RMSE = 0.045, MAE = 0.024, NS = 0.968 and BIAS = 0.001 in predicting daily river flow. . Overall, the results showed that the use of hybrid support-wavelet regression model can be useful in predicting daily discharge.

The hydrographic specifications of the karstic spring and the recession coefficient can reflect the hydro-climatic fluctuations and physical and geological characteristics of the aquifer system recharging the spring. In this study, in order to identify the hydrological geological behavior of Khorramabad Motahhari karstic Springhead (Sarab) during hydro-climatic fluctuations, quantitative analysis of recession curve based on Maillet exponential equation and coefficient of recession curve during wet years in a 27-year period (from 1991-92 to 2017-18) was calculated. To investigate the effect of hydrological fluctuations on the recession coefficient of Motahhari spring hydrograph, the changes in the time series of discharge coefficient during the base flow was analyzed by SDI hydrological drought index. Then, the statistical correlation of this index with evapotranspiration deficit index (SEDI) was analyzed to investigate the hydrological relationship and affectivity of the spring recession coefficient from climate fluctuations and biological changes. The results showed that the recession coefficient of Motahhari spring during the statistical period has an upward linear trend and its value has changed from 0.0081 to 0.0574 during mild and severe droughts, respectively. Statistical comparison of the time series of the recession coefficient of the mentioned spring with the values of SDI index showed that there is a significant inverse correlation with a negative coefficient of 65%. This means that with increasing hydrological drought of Motahhari spring and decreasing SDI values, the discharge coefficient of the spring increases and drainage takes place faster. Part of these changes is due to climatic and biological fluctuations. These effects were confirmed by the correlation between SDI and SEDI indices at a time scale of 6 months based on spectral analysis and cross-correlation at 95% confidence intervals. In addition, the spring recession coefficient can be influenced by the characteristics of Sarvak carbonate formation with limestone lithology and to some extent its fine-grained material. So, during droughts, the baseflow is affected by the conduit-flow and water stored in the body of the karstic aquifer and or due to large karst conduit and faults of Sarvak Formation, cause quickflow. In wet years, in addition to the rapid conduction of water by karstic conduits and fractures, probably recharged water from the Sarvak anticline flows into grained material with smaller pores consisting of calcareous material with a combination of sand and marl. These can cause high dynamic storage and low baseflow changes with a low hydraulic slope in dry months. In general, the results of this study give a comprehensive approach to karst spring management by predicting droughts and analyzing their drought coefficient.

In recent years, due to limited water resources in Malayer plain, irrigation methods are changing from surface to under pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in soil quality due to changes in irrigation methods. For this purpose, 14 farms and 2 orchards equipped with sprinkler and drip irrigation system were selected and their soil quality changes compared with the corresponding values before implementation were evaluated by Mann-Whitney statistical test. Soil quality parameters included acidity (pH), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), organic matter (C), electrical conductivity of solutes (ECe) and potassium (K). The zoning map of the studied quality parameters was also prepared using ArcGIS software before and after the implementation of pressurized irrigation systems. The results showed that the difference between the values of the studied parameters before and after the implementation of pressurized irrigation systems including ECe, pH and C were non-significant at the level of 5% probability and the changes of P, K and N were significant. The results of measuring the qualitative parameters showed an increase in the mean values of pH, N, P and C from 7.72 to 7.80, 0.067 to 0.121 mg/kg, 11.01 to 17.95 mg/kg and 0.68 to 0.80%, respectively, compared with before the implementation of pressurized irrigation systems. However, ECe and K values of field soils decreased from 1.06 to 0.53 dS/m and 255.1 to 156 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that changing the irrigation method reduced potassium and increased soil phosphorus and nitrogen.

The aim of this study was to estimate the groundwater level of Aleshtar plain at times t + 1, t + 3 and t + 6 using the parameters of temperature, precipitation and groundwater level at times t, t-1 and t-2 using models: neural network (ANN) , a neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a neural-wavelet (WNN), and an integrated neural-fuzzy-wavelet (WNF) network. Two indices R2 and RMSE were used to evaluate the models. The results of predicting different models showed that ANFIS, WNN and WNF have higher accuracy in predicting groundwater level than ANN model. Also, the comparison of the results obtained from wavelet-based models and other models showed that these models (WNN and WMF) have higher accuracy than other models due to pre-processing and data analysis. The use of WNF model compared to ANN has increased the R2 index from 0.94 to 0.98 (in one-month forecast), 0.84 to 0.93 (in three-month forecast) 0.76 to 0.85 ( In the six-month forecast). Also, WNF compared to ANN model, has decreased RMSE index from 0.56 to 0.32 (in one-month forecast), 0.96 to 0.66 (in three-month forecast) and 1.18 to 0.97 (in the six-month forecast). The results of groundwater depth prediction with four models showed that these models have more accurate in predicting shorter time steps. Also, using of models in predictions with a time delay of more than three months, not only does not have much effect on the accuracy of the model, but in models with wavelet basis reduces the accuracy.

Due to its especial geographic condition, Iran, as a semi-arid country, suffers from water shortage for domestic, industrial and agricultural usages. As limited water supplies, the use of non-conventional water resources, such as industrial or municipal wastewater, is a common practice in many parts of the world including Iran. It is estimated that at least 20 million hectares in 50 countries are irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater. Also, it is estimated that the potential volume of wastewater in urban and rural areas of Iran will be 4369 and 823 million m3, respectively. On the other hand, the use of sewage sludge in agricultural soils has been widespread in many countries around the world, also in Iran. The use of sewage sludge in agricultural has been shown to improve the soil’s characteristics such as organic matter, nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, bulk density and plant productivity. Despite the growing interest in wastewater and sewage sludge usage, excessive use of them may have some harmful effects such as human health problems, runoff and leaching of nutrients to surface and groundwater, undesirable chemical constituents, pathogenesis, accumulations of heavy metals in plants and soils, negative environmental and health impacts. So, wastewater and sewage sludge use should be under controlled conditions to minimize the health risks of pollution to agricultural products, soil. Heavy metals are extremely persistent in the environment; as they are non-degradable and thus, readily accumulated at toxic levels. Metals can also accumulate in the soil at toxic levels due to long term use of wastewater. There is potential for inorganic nutrients and heavy metals present in wastewater and sewage sludge that transfer in the soil column and pollutant surface and groundwater. Today, medicinal plants are cultivated commercially in the polluted environments where soil, water and air contain rather high levels of pollutants. These plants appear to be a good choice for phytoremediation since these species are mainly grown for secondary products (essential oil) thus, the contamination of the food chain with heavy metals is eliminated. Aromatic and medicinal plants also have a demonstrated ability to accumulate heavy metals. The Mint (Mentha spicata) is a medicinal plant which has received considerable economic importance due to the large demand for its essential oil in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and hygiene industries. The purpose of this study was to determine the leach of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Niand Cd) from the wastewater and sewage sludge to the soil column under Mint cultivation. This study was conducted at the Bu-Ali Sina University greenhouse located in Hamedan, western Iran. The experiment was run in May 2015- February 2016), including 5 months for soil preparation (in lysimeters) and 5 months for crop cultivation and harvesting. To evaluate the use of wastewater and its sewage sludge on on transferring heavy metals in soil column under Mint cultivation, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized was designed with three replications in 27 lysimeters. The factors included three types of watering: tap water (W1), raw wastewater (W2) and treated wastewater (W3), and three sewage sludge levels: 0 (S1), 50 (S2) and 100 tha-1 (S3). Therefore, 9 treatments (W1S1 to W3S3) were considered for investigation. 27 volumetric lysimeters were applied as cultivation beds (26 × 30 × 30 cm). The soil had two layers: the upper layer (0 to 50 cm) with sandy loam texture, and the bottom layer (50 to 110 cm) with sandy clay loam texture. After beds preparation, Mint (Mentha spicata) was planted in them. The raw and treated wastewaters as well as sewage sludge were prepared from wastewater treatment plant of Hamedan. Overall, 13 irrigation programs with 10-day intervals were applied. Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd concentrations in leachate were measured after each watering. The results showed the effect of watering and sewage sludge on heavy metals concentration of drainage water was statistically significant. Also, the result showed that wastewater and sewage sludge increase all (except Cd) leached heavy metals comparing to the control. In all treatments, concentrated Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd in the soil profile ranged from 0 to 1.66, 0 to 0.05, 0 to 0.05 and 0.0 to 0.0 mg/l, respectively. The concentrations of all heavy metals in drained water, was very lower than the FAO standard. By performing continuous irrigations, the trends of heavy metals (zinc, lead and nickel) were irregular schema (especially the use of wastewater and sewage) at different times. The first five irrigations showed an upward and the others showed a downward path.

Due to its especial geographic condition, Iran, as a semi-arid country, suffers from water shortage for domestic, industrial and agricultural usages. As limited water supplies, the use of non-conventional water resources such as industrial or municipal wastewater, is common practice in many parts of the world including Iran. It is estimated that at least 20 million hectares in 50 countries are irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater. Also it is estimated that potential volume of wastewater in urban and rural areas in Iran will be 4369 and 823 million m3, respectively. On the other, the application of sewage sludge in agricultural soils has been widespread in many countries around the world and also in Iran. The application of sewage sludge in agricultural has been shown to improve soils such as organic matter, nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, bulk density and plant productivity. Despite the growing interest in wastewater and sewage sludge usage, excessive application of them may have some harmful effects such as human health problems, runoff and leaching of nutrients to surface and groundwater, undesirable chemical constituents, pathogens, accumulations of heavy metals in plants and soils, negative environmental and health impacts. So, wastewater and sewage sludge application should be under controlled conditions to minimize health risks of pollution to agricultural products, soil, ground and surface water. The use of medicinal plants and herbal medicines is increasing rapidly all over the world, which shows the importance of cultivation and production of these plants. One of the important needs of medicinal plants, in order to achieve high performance and quality, is plant nutritional needs. Therefore increasing in soil fertility, could be increased yield of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants today are cultivated commercially in polluted environments where soil, water and air contain rather high levels of pollutants. These plants appear to be a good choice for phytoremediation since these species are mainly grown for secondary products (essential oil) thus the contamination of the food chain with heavy metals is eliminated. Aromatic and medicinal plants also have a demonstrated ability to accumulate heavy metals. The mint (Mentha spicata) is a medicinal plants and it has received considerable economic importance due to the large demand for its essential oil in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and hygiene industries. The objective of this study was to determine the use of wastewater, sewage sludge on growth and nutrient concentrations of mint (Mentha spicata). This study was conducted at the greenhouse of Bu-Ali Sina University located in Hamedan, western Iran. The experiment was run in May 2015- February 2016), including 5 months for soil preparation (in lysimeters) and 5 months for crop cultivation and harvesting. To evaluate the use of wastewater and its sewage sludge on growth and nutrient concentration of mint (Mentha spicata), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized was designed with three replications in 27 lysimeters. The factors included three types of watering: tap water (W1), raw wastewater (W2) and treated wastewater (W3), three sewage sludge levels: 0 (S1), 50 (S2) and 100 tha-1 (S3) and three time of harvesting (T1, T2 and T3). Therefore, 9 treatments (W1S1 to W3S3) were considered for investigation. It is noted that the time of harvesting factor was not considered to be an independent factor. 27 volumetric lysimeters were applied as Cultivation beds (26 × 30 × 30 cm). The soil had two layers: the upper layer (0 to 50 cm) with sandy loam texture, and the bottom layer (50 to 110 cm) with sandy clay loam texture. After beds preparation, mint (Mentha spicata) was planted in them. The raw and treated wastewaters as well as sewage sludge were prepared from wastewater treatment plant of Hamedan. Also, municipal compost was prepared from Kermanshah Compost Company. Overall, 13 irrigation programs with 10-day intervals were applied. The plants shoot were harvested at the full flowering stage in 3 times. At the end of each harvesting stage, the fresh and dry weights, as well as the amount of N, P, K, Ni, Cd and Pb of mint were measured. Also after the last harvesting, soil samples were taken at two depth of lysimeter: D1: 10, D2: 40 and D3: 85 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for Ni, Pb, Cd, total N, total p and K. The ANOVA test for effects of water quality and compost levels on fresh and dry weight as well as nutrient in mint showed that the amount of N, K, P and Cd were influenced by interaction between water quality and sewage sludge levels. But amount of Ni and Pb in shoot of mint was not influenced by interaction between water quality and sewage sludge levels. The results showed that using of wastewater and sewage sludge heavy metals in soil, so, compared to control, W2S3 were increases Pb, Ni and Cd in soil 304, 375 and 208 percent respectively. The heavy metals accumulated in soil surface layers (at depths of 10) and heavy metal concentrations and their ranges decreased with deepening of soil layer. had low vertical movement. Preferential flow and metal complexation with soluble organic apparently allow leaching of heavy metals. Also, the result showed that application of wastewater and sewage sludge increased fresh and dry weights of mint. As, in compartion control, W3S3 incresed fresh weight and dry weight of plant to 257 and 239 %, respectively. Also, performance of plant were increased during next harvesting. Many of researchers reported that providing balance nutrients and gradual nutrient release from organic sources during period of growth can be positive role in enhancing the growth of mint. The reasons for increasing the yield of plants include: Having the organic matter, increasing soil water holding capacity, strengthening the plant hormone-like activities, increasing nutrient uptake by plants and to generally improve the chemical and physical soil structure, noted. The amount of nitrogen in plant was varied among the treatments. The maximum (4.65 %) and minimum (1.11 % dry weight) amounts of nitrogen were observed in W2S3 and W1S1, respectively. Total N concentration in W2S3 was 3.12 times greater than that in W1C1. Also the highest amount of P (0.67 % dry weight) and K (3.85 mg in dry weight) was observed in W2S3. Also, the results indicate that using the wastewater (raw wastewater andtreated wastewater) and sewage sludge (50 and 100 tha-1), compared to the control (fresh water and soil without any sewaage), increas heavy metals (Ni, Pb and Cd) of mint. As, maximum and minimum of heavy metals concentration in the shoot of mint were obtained in W2 and W3 as well as in C3 and C1, respectively.The concentrations of heavy metals (mg kg-1 dry wt.) in mint ranged from 0.01 to 0.57 for Pb, 0.02 to 0.71 for Ni and 0.01 to 0.3 for Cd. The results of this study showed that the amount of heavy metals (Ni, Pb and CD), were lower than the international Cd standard level of FAO. The reasons for the increase in the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant can be noted rich wastewater and sludge in elements. In thudy, the effects of wastewater sewage sludge on nutrient concentrations and growth of mint (Mentha spicata) were studied.The results showed that the use of wastewater (raw and treated) and sewage sludge different levels of sludge, increased performance and uptake N, P, K, zinc, Pb, Ni and Cd in plant significantly. Although the concentration levels of Pb, Ni and Cd is lower than the limit of FAO standard, but long-term use of these wastes should be done cautiously.

In this research in order to investigate the effect of municipal waste wastewater and compost on growth parameters and heavy metals concentration in basil a completely randomized factorial experiment (with three repeat) was desgned and illustrated in lysimeteric greenhouse condition. The first factor consists of three watering: treated wastewater (W1)، a composition of 50% raw wastewater and 50% fresh water (W2) and fresh water (W3). The second factor consisted of two levels of compost: 80 tons per hectare (C1) and without any compost (C2) and third factor concerned to the time of harvesting (T1، T2 and T3). After lysimeters design and construction، they were filled with three layer of soil based on natural soil profile of the region and and than basil was cultivated. The results showed that the effect watering quality on all growth paramiters and heavy metal (except Zn in the leaves) were significant. W1 identified as a watering with the highest heavy metal concentration. The effect of compost on plant growth parameters was only significant effect on stem height. It also showed significant effects on all heavy metal except cadmium. The maximum growth parameters and heavy metal concentration were observed in C1. Time of harvesting effect on dry weight and plant height were significant. This results show that the growth parameters and heavy metal concentration were increased during the next harvesting. Interaction effect of watering quality and compost was not significant، excepted to Pb and Mn in leaves. The interaction of watering quality and harvesting were significant only in wet and dry weights. The maximum crop wet (377. 78) and dry (42. 83 gm) weights were observed in W1T2 and W1T3، respectively. The highest concentration of Pb (0. 17) and Mn (53. 28 mg in dry weight) was observed in treated C1W2.