masoud sinaki

In order to investigate the effect of planting densities and different amounts of nitrogen on leaf greenness index and leaf area index, seed yield and oil yield, irrigation water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in sunflower, an experiment was conducted as a split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the research farm of Agriculture Institute in Semnan province in the spring of 2019. Plant density in four levels (4, 6, 8 and 10 plants per m2) as a main plot and the amount of nitrogen levels (0. 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg urea ha-1) as sub plot was considered. Leaf greenness index, plant height, 100-seed weight, seed nitrogen content and seed oil content were significantly affected by the simple effect of planting density, which decreased with increasing density of the above traits. Also, the nitrogen levels significantly affected the studied traits, so that with increasing the amount of nitrogen consumption, from control (0 kg urea ha-1) to 200 kg urea ha-1, the leaf greenness index increased by 15.3%. The highest amount of plant height, 100-seed weight and grain nitrogen were obtained in the treatment of 150 kg urea ha-1 and 14.13, 9.07 and 24.3% more than no application, respectively. Mean comparing the results of water use efficiency showed that at a density of four plants per m2 and an increase in nitrogen levels, along with increasing height and leaf area index, water use efficiency also increased, but higher levels of density led to smaller plant yield, less plant biomass and water efficiency were reduced. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in the density of 8 plants per m2 and no application of nitrogen fertilizer. Finally, maximum grain yield (4016 kg.ha-1) and oil yield (1827 kg.ha-1) were obtained by consuming 150 kg urea per ha-1 and density of 8 plants per m2.

In order to study the grain yield attributes of sesame in the presence of nutritional treatments and different irrigation regimes, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Shahed University of Tehran, Iran during 2015-2016. The treatments included irrigation regimes (full irrigation and irrigation up to 65 and 75 BBCH scales), three types of nitrogen fertilizers (nitroxin, urea, and the combination of nitroxin and 50% urea) and four levels of potassium fertilizer (non-fertilized as control, spraying and soil application of potassium nano-chelate and potassium dioxide). The triple interaction effect of irrigation × nitrogen × potassium was significant on plant height, the number of lateral branches, capsules, seeds per capsule, and grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from plants irrigated up to 50% of seed ripening (75 BBCH) in the absence of application of potassium and use of nitroxin with an average of 1340.5 kg ha-1 leading to 35% increase, compared to the control treatment. In addition, the grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with stem diameter, plant dry weight, number of capsules and seeds per capsule, and 1000-seed weight. A weak correlation was observed among the morphological traits. Further, there was no significant correlation between morphological and yield attributes. Based on the results of stepwise regression, the maximum grain yield difference was related to the total number of capsules, 1000-seed weight, and number of seeds per capsule, together explaining 98.8% of the grain yield changes.

A field experiment laid out in the factorial spli-plot arrangement using the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted to study the effects of date of planting, time of spraying fertilizer (multi-micronutrient EDT chelate), and cultivars on yield and yield components of cowpea. The treatments included three levels of planting date (6 May, 16 May, and 26 May) as the major factor , three fertilizer spray levels (60, 70, and 80 days after planting) and two cultivars ( Bastami and Ghadim) as the minor factors. Results of the table of ANOVA indicated the traits of number of pods per plant and seed yield were influenced by the treatments of planting date, cultivar, and sprays at the 1% probability level. The Bastami cultivar yielded more pods per plant and higher seed yield compared to the Ghadim cultivar. Fertilizer spray on the 80th day after planting had the maximum effect on seed yield (3.17 t / ha). Under the individual effect of planting date, the largest number of pods per plant and the maximum 1000-seed weight were observed in the treatment of planting on 6 May. The mutual effects of planting date and fertilizer spray on the number of pods per plant were significant at the 1% probability level, and the combination treatment of 6 May planting date fertilizer spray on the 80th day after planting had the largest number of pods per plant.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation cut tension and applying of compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of Cowpea, the present split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design was conducted in research station of agricultural faculty, Islamic Azad University-Damghan Branch, during 2012-13 cropping year. The irrigation cut tension treatment (no tension, irrigation cut at the flowering and podding stages) as the main factor and two cultivars (Bastami and Damghani) and compost fertilizer (no fertilizer consumption and 10 tons fertilizer consumption) as the subplot factor were considered. The result showed that there was no significant difference between different cultivars of Cowpea in respect of all studied traits. The results also showed that Cowpea is sensitive to irrigation cut tension. All studied traits with the irrigation cut during the flowering and podding stages showed a significant decrease compared to the control treatment. Average grain yield (45 percentage), number of pods per secondary branch (33 percentage) and main branch (26 percentage), number of secondary branches (25 percentage) and the number of seeds per pod in the main branch (25 percentage) had the highest decrease compared to irrigation cut tension .The results also showed that Cowpea have shown a positive reaction to use of compost fertilizer. Also, the results revealed that Cowpea showed a positive reaction to the using of compost fertilizer. The results also indicated that the adverse effect of water shortage on yield and yield components of Cowpea can be reduced by using compost fertilizer. Results of correlation coefficients showed that seed yield of Cowpea had the highest significant and positive correlation with traits the number of seed per pod in the pod main branch (0.91**) and the number of pods per main branch (0.90**).On the other hand, the results of the analysis of correlation coefficients (path analysis) showed that the number of secondary branches traits, the number of seeds per pod in the main branch and plant height were the most effective traits in improving seed yield.

In order to study the effects of mycorrhizae fungi application under drought stress condition onseed yield and some morpho physio logical traits in sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.), a split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted withthree replications during growing season 2011-2012in Kalpush Region-Mayamey. irrigation at tree levels (full irrigation, cut off irrigation after emergence and cut off irrigation before flowering) was assigned to main plots and factorial of sunflower cultivars (Progress, Farrokh. and Lakumka) and mycorrhizae application (Without application and 20 g in each planting hole) to subplots. The results indicated that drought stress had significant effect on seed number per head,1000 seeds weight, and seed yield. Maximum seed number per head, seed yield and 1000 seed weight, 702.67, 3438.28 kgha-1 and 61.62 g, respectively obtained from full irrigation. Among the three cultivars, Lakumka had highest yield (3397/45 kgha-1) and highest grain weight (64/02 g). The mycorrhizae application was significantly increased seed yield. The interaction effects indicated that the highest seed yield was obtained fromLakumka cultivar in full irrigation condition.

In order to determine the effects of nitroxin fertilizer under limited irrigation a split-plot factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design was conducted at Damghan in cropping year 2012-2013. The treatments included three irrigation levels {control (full irrigation), irrigation cessation at start of flowering and completion of flowering} in main plots, and application of Nitroxin fertilizer, with () and without (-). and the three forage millet cultivars (Bastan, Pishahang, and Isfahan( in sub plots. Results indicated that the highest forage protein contents belonged to the cultivars Isfahan (24.31%) and Pishahang (24.19%) cultivars, the largest ash content (8.22%) to Bastan, and the highest chlorophyll a contents (1.34 mg/g fresh weight) (Party leaf) to the treatment of interactions between three factors. Moreover, the highest chlorophyll b contents (1.10 mg/g fresh weight) was observed in control treatment (full irrigation) of the Bastan cultivar without fertilizer application, and the highest total chlorophyll contents (2,44 mg/g fresh weight) in control treatment of cultivar Bastan without fertilizer application, and also the highest wet forage (88.43 t/h) is obtained in control treatment and bastan cultivar. The millet plant tolerated high levels of irrigation cessation, and Nitroxin was effective in increasing yield. Considering the very rapid growth of millet, and because of the great demand as a forage, we recommend Bastan cultivar plantation in the damghan region.

This study was conducted to assess the variability of physiological traits of wild types of Berberis vulgaris in different growing areas and altitudes in Shahrood. The experiment was carried out as factorial in the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications during 2011-2012 cropping season. The first factor consisted of three growing areas Tange Heidar Valley, Glierd and Valley of Ghatar Zereshk, and the second factor was three altiludes 1400-1650, 1650-1900 and 1900-2150 meter from sea level. Five physiological traits were assessed in randomized samples of the shrubs taken at different growth stages and different parts of the plants. The results showed significant differences in physiological traits in different growing areas and different altitudes. Anthocyanin content (46.44 mg/100mg), Berberin content (15.66%), pH of fruit (3.08) and total soluable solids (20.22 %) decreased with increase of height from sea level, while acidity of fruit increased with height. Significant negative and positive correlations were observed between different traits in different growing areas and different altiludes.

In order to investigate the effect of different planting dates and application of different sprayed humic acid compounds on physiological and chemical characteristics in different cultivars of grasses Castor (Ricinus communis L.)، an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Agricultural Research Station located in Shiraz Islamic Azad University، Shiraz، Fars، Iran (located at 29°37′N52°32′E and 1486 m altitude elevated from sea level) during spring 2013. The experiment design was laid out entirely in a split–factorial arranged in a randomized completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the present study، two different varieties of Ricinus communis L. named Impala and Local Dameghan cultivars were considered as the main factor، two levels of sprayed humic acid (1500 and 3000kg/ha-1) as the second factor and planting date as the third factor. During these treatments at harvest time stage، the quantitative and qualitative properties، including (seed yield، oil seed، protein content، total chlorophyll content، carotenoid content) were measured and compared with control. Result showed that total chlorophyll content and oil seed percent at 17 June planting date was significant at P <0. 01. The results indicated that the highest seed oil (50. 08%)، chlorophyll a (5. 17 mg/g)، chlorophyll b (5. 35 mg/g) and carotenoid content (59. 17mg/g) were related to the application of 3000kg/ha-1 humic acid treatment. In addition، the results showed that the highest protein content (22. 3%) was related to Local Dameghan cultivar. On the other hand، the highest seed oil (47. 4%) and chlorophyll a (5. 1mg/g) and chlorophyll b (5. 2 mg/g) were recorded for improvement cultivar.

A factorial experiment was conducted in the region of Majan in Shahrood using the complete randomized blocks design in three replications in the cropping year 2012-2013 to study the effects of applying manure، and of spraying humic acid، on some morphological and physiological characters of the two wheat cultivars of Alvand and Sayonez. There were two levels of manure application: D1 (35 tons per hectare) and D2 (no manure applied)، and two levels of humic acid spray: H1 (0. 001 liter) and H2 (no humic acid sprayed). Analysis of variance showed that the largest average wet and dry weights of the aerial parts of wheat plants in the humic acid treatments were 0. 96 and 0. 59 grams، respectively، and that the interaction effects of the cultivar Alvand، humic acid spray، and manure application resulted in plants having the maximum height of 98. 16 centimeters. Humic acid spray increased chlorophyll a concentration the most (2. 04 milligrams per gram of wet plant weight)، while the largest chlorophyll b concentration (0. 97 milligram per gram of wet plant weight) belonged to the treatment of the cultivar Alvand sprayed with humic acid. The highest total chlorophyll concentration observed in the treatment of spraying humic acid was 2. 91 milligrams per gram of wet plant weight. The treatment of cultivar Alvand and humic acid spray and the treatment of the cultivar Sayonez without humic acid spray، but with manure application، had the largest carotenoid concentration (0. 96 milligram per gram of wet plant weight). The results showed that using humic acid and applying manure can have positive effects on wheat seed yield and on some of the cultural characters related to seed yield، and that these effects may result from the physiological effects of spraying humic acid and applying manure. Finally، it is concluded that spraying humic acid and applying manure، besides increasing wheat yield، can play a considerable role in achieving the goals of sustainable agriculture.

In order to investigate the effect of drought on morphological characteristics of Anisum، a split plot experiment was conducted in 2011 at Research Station located in the Alborz mountains in Karaj by using a randomized complete block design in four replications. The main factors included 3 populations (Sabzevar، Kerman and Jiroft) and the operating subsidiary of 4 Stress levels (10، 30، 50 and 70 Percent moisture depletion). Results showed that the main effect (population) the number of umbrellas، leaf dry weight، seed weight and seed weight of the sub-agent (drought) on plant height، canopy diameter، small diameter، large canopy، umbrella number، root dry weight، stem dry weight، leaf dry weight، dry matter yield and seed weight showed a significant difference. The main operating subsidiary of interaction in small canopy diameter and number of umbrella in 1% And the dry weight and stem dry matter yield in 5% was significant. Comparison of the main factor (population) showed that the greatest number of umbrella with an average population of Jiroft 66. 62 n/p، leaf dry weight with an average population of Sabzevar 198. 543 Kg/ha of grain per hectare and an average population of Kerman 2. 95 g/p were obtained. Comparison of the effects of sub-factor (drought) showed that the highest plant (48. 91 Cm)، the number of umbrella (81. 83 n/p)، root dry weight (91. 778 Kg/ha)، stem dry weight (577. 725 Kg/ha)، leaf dry weight (272. 724 Kg/ha)، dry matter (942. 227 Kg/ha) and seed weight (3. 20 g/p) obtained from 10 percent moisture depletion. 10% moisture depletion level was the best water level to produce the highest dry matter production.