masoumeh bahri

Background and

Psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease with major skin involvement. Calcipotriol as a vitamin-D analogue is one of the common drugs for topical treatment of psoriasis. Local drug delivery, due to higher concentration of drug at the sites of inflammation, is more effective and causes fewer systemic side effects. Limited skin penetration and durability of common topical formulations reduce the efficacy of treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with calcipotriol on local drug delivery.

In the present study, which is an interventional in vivo study, Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) was prepared by melting method and mixed with semi-solid base (cream). Then the effectiveness of the final formulation was investigated on the psoriasis model induced by imiquimod 5% in BALB/c mice. Three groups were included in this investigation: negative control (no treatment), positive control (conventional calcipotriol cream), and SLN (SLN cream with calcipotriol).

The results of the present study showed that, the SLN cream significantly reduced inflammatory scores compared to the other two groups on day five (P<0.0001). In addition, drug loading into SLN significantly increased the rate of healing and reduced inflammation.

This study showed that calcipotriol loading with SLN can improve the quality and the rate of treatment of skin lesions caused by psoriasis.

IntroductionClimate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns which can last for an extended period of time. Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around longer term average conditions. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns under climate changes have serious impacts on the natural disaster, especially in arid regions. Flood is one of the most important disasters on which climate change has effect. The primary effects of flood include loss of life, damage to buildings and other structures including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Floods can also frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generations. Damage to roads and transport infrastructure may make it difficult to mobilize aid to those affected or to provide emergency health treatments. Flood waters typically inundate farm land, making the land unworkable and preventing crops from being planted or harvested, which can lead to shortages of food both for humans and farm animals. In addition to climate change, the land use changes, as an ancillary factor have impact on floods. Thus, evaluation of the impacts of climate change and land use change on flood situation in the coming decades will open a new way to deal with this phenomenon.
The first comprehensive review of climate change and its effects on flooding and runoff was reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Study AreaStudy area is Eskandari basin that is located in west of Isfahan province. Latitude and longitude are 33 °11´to 32° 42´ N and 50° 40´ to 50° 02´. This area is crucial because it is the water resource of Isfahan city.Zayandehroodriver flows in this catchment.It starts in Zard-Kuhsubrange of Zagros Mountains in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiariprovince. It flows 400 kilometres (249 mi) eastward before ending in the Gavkhouni swamp, a seasonal salt lake,southeast of Isfahan city.The water ofZayandehrood gives life to the people of central Iran mainly in Isfahan.
Material and MethodsThis research has three phases;the climatic phase, land use phase and hydrologic phase.In the first phase, to study the effects of climate change in the2020s in Eskandari basin, daily temperature (minimum and maximum) and sunshine along with daily precipitation (1965-2008) were downscaled with LARS-WG. LARS-WG is a model simulating time-series of daily weather at a single siteunder both current and future climate conditions. These data are in the form of daily time-series for a suite of climate variables, namely, precipitation (mm), maximum and minimum temperature (°C) and solar radiation (MJm-2day-1).It utilizes semi-empirical distributions for the lengths of wet and dry day series, daily precipitation and daily solar radiation. The semi-empirical distribution Emp= { a0, ai; hi, i=1,.…,10} is a histogram with ten intervals, [ai-1, ai), where ai-1

Studies of climate change and its impacts on the frequency and intensity of future droughts can help programming for the management of water resource and adaptation of the destructive effects of this phenomenon. The aim of this research is trying to assess the climate change in 2011-2030 period and its impact on drought in Eskandari Basin. To achieve this purpose, after validating Lars-WG to generate weather parameters, HadCM3 output downscaled under A2 and B1 scenarios. Next, minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation was predicted. Also, SPI index was calculated. Underlying these scenarios minimum temperature growth dramatically in March, June, July and September 0.3 to 1.6 °C. Additionally, highest and lowest increment in maximum temperature will occur about 0.02 and 1.6 in May and April, respectively. However, the results indicated an increase of 7.2 to 10.9 percent in the average of annual precipitation, but due to the fact that there is no any increase in the number of wet days, extreme rainfall intensity will soar remarkably. Substantial reduction in precipitation belongs to May and April. Regarding this issue, this shortage will affect with several months lag and the most severe agricultural drought will occur in August and hydrological drought will fall out in December based on six and 12 months SPI, respectively. Annual analysis showed that 75 percent of the years are in normal condition. Therefore, in Eskandari Basin, increasing drought frequency will not be expected in 2020s. But, precipitation oriented towards warm seasons.

Studies of climate change impacts on future droughts can help programming for the management of water resource and adaptation of the destructive effects of this phenomenon. In this study was tried to assess the climate change in 2011-2030 period and its impact on drought in Plasjan basin. To achieve this purpose, after validating Lars-WG to generate weather parameters, HadCM3 output under A2 scenario downscaled. Next, minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation was predicted. Then SPI index was calculated. The results indicate increase of 7.2 percent in the average of annual precipitation. The most severe agricultural drought will occur in August and hydrological drought will fall out in December based on 6 and 12 months SPI respectively. The annual analysis showed that 75% of the years are in normal condition. Therefore, in Plasjan basin, increasing in droughts frequency will not be expected in 2020s.