فهرست مطالب masoumeh esmaeelzadeh

Participatory design is one of the practical approaches in many fields of design, including industrial design. This approach generally refers to activities in which all stakeholders find the authority and power to use their ideas to design new solutions simultaneously. But participation and cooperation with users have always been involved with many challenges. So researchers do a large number of studies to provide solutions in this field by introducing new methods. Introducing the method has become one of the most common ways to introduce this approach in academic activities. In other words, methods as a field constitute most of the current knowledge space about participatory design. The volume of these studies is so broad that it probably confuses the relevant researchers at the beginning of their work. But despite this wide range of researches, the authors did not find a comprehensive research with the aim of accessing an integrated set of methods or principles. For this reason, the main question of this research is related to identifying the basic principles in the implementation of the participatory design project and investigating the relationship between these principles. In this regard, this study aims to present a set of general principles for implementing the participatory design approach and to reach a new and integrated interpretation in this field, which is done through the synthesis of the results of previous studies. In this direction, a qualitative study using a meta-synthesis method has been chosen as the research method which is carried out through three stages of coding, namely, open, axial, and selective coding. The meta-synthesis method is a type of qualitative study that uses the findings of other qualitative research in a specific field as data. This method can help social science researchers in developing and creating theories by synthesizing the results of previous studies. In the first step, searching for documents, based on four criteria including appropriate keywords (participatory design, principles, method, model, and framework), historical range (from 2000 to 2022), databases (Scopus, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, ACM, DL) and the type of documents (books, articles, and treatises) was done, and 56 valid documents were obtained based on this. In the next step, among these documents, based on two criteria (the quality of the studies and the comprehensiveness of the proposed method, model, principles, or frameworks), 10 documents, including 9 articles and 1 book, were selected as the final input documents for conducting the study. Finally, as a result of the synthesis of the selected studies, eight categories were obtained as the implementation principles of participatory design, which are: clarifying participation, empowering participants, creating a platform for participation, matching the components of participation, stimulating participation, justice in participation, managing the results of participation and sustainable participation. In the end, the conceptual relationship between these categories was examined and eight specific types of relationships between the categories were identified. Also, by presenting examples of participatory projects, the application and fields of use of the eight proposed categories were explained.

Hermeneutic phenomenology is the establishment of existential relations. How these relations can be manifested in human being in the world is one of the most important concerns of philosophers, including Heidegger - the famous German philosopher. Hermeneutic phenomenology seeks to understand the experience of life and use it to improve conditions. To this end, the designer can provide a design in which the prior experiences and concepts are used to serve the basic needs of the product (the existing being). Certainty does not matter in the nature of hermeneutic phenomenology, but also its work is to describe and interpret the human experience in the world. So this research provides a description of phenomenology that can be linked to the world of products by applying it to the product design process. This paper intends to provide an interpretation of phenomenology that can be considered and implemented in the design process. In this regard, this notion is further clarified by elucidating certain steps from it that include 1.Temporality 2.Establishing a meaningful relationship with having-been, presence and futuristic 3.Establishing a network of existential relationship between human and product 4.Establishing a hermeneutical relationship 5. Disclosedness. The result of this paper makes it clear that not only can use the phenomenology approach in product design, but also the case studies show that the use of this method during the industrial design history has been able to influence the success of products in relation with users.

Due to the role of participation in service design, the importance of the concept participatory design approach is increasing in this area. In the literature in this area is mentioned many benefits of using participatory approach in the service design. some of these are: 1. development of different and new services with better values for users, 2. reducing the time of development services, 3. User education, 4. Long-term and better relationships between service providers and customers. But some questions still remained unanswered in the participatory design process in the service design and benefits of this approach ahead in this direction. So the aim of this study is to investigate the process of participatory design in service design projects based on tools and techniques (And possibly achieve a comprehensive process in this area), also to survey the benefits which are originated from the selected tools. The other purpose of this study is to show the importance of co-design in service design process. The research method in this paper is a qualitative analysis based on case study. For this, four projects have been selected in the field of service design from scientific articles as case studies that three of them are based on participatory design and one of them is based on a different approach. The important result of this research showed that we can probably identify a three-step process in all participatory service design projects to introduce it to designers in this area. The steps of this suggested process are: 1.preparation of operative groups 2.collective ideas 3.participatory review and extracting the ideas. The first phase of this three-step process also is diagnosed in three separate steps that are as follows: 1.Selected the type of group or groups participants 2.Recognition of diverse mental models of participants 3.informing participants with methods and objectives of the project. So the inputs in the first stage are different subjective assumptions and outputs are mindfulness participants to the matter. The last phase of this process also has three steps: 1.review 2.completion 3.selection. So at this stage (participatory review and extracting the ideas), Input are diverse ideas and output is a selective idea that is selected with the participation of all participants. Also with a comparative analysis of innovation areas in service design (which are known 7P and are included: Place, Product, price, promotion, Participants, Physical evidence and Process) with participatory design tools, it was found that the use of participatory design tools has positive effects in these areas. Finally, to assess the process proposed in this paper, the process of an execution project and the results of this were evaluated. The author’s suggestion for future research in the field of participatory design is to measure the result of the comparative analysis of innovation areas in service design with participatory design tools practically with executive projects to be aware of the positive impact of it and can be compared its influence with the implementation of other similar methods.