فهرست مطالب masoumeh faghani

 Nowadays, a large number of antifungal drugs are produced in the world. But the main problem is the resistance to these drugs and for this reason, finding new drugs and substances that have an antifungal effect has always been of interest to researchers in different fields. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effects of extracts of Calendula officinalis on the growth of fungal agents isolated from patients with oral candidiasis in in vitro conditions.

 In this experimental study, watery and alcoholic extracts of Calendula officinalis were prepared by maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of watery and alcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis was evaluated against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3 (CLSI M27-A3) by microdilution protocol.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this paper, the originality of the text, honesty and truswortiness are observed.

 The MIC and MFC of the watery extract of Calendula officinalis for Candida albicans were 512 µg/mL and for Candida glabrata were 1024 µg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the alcoholic extract for Candida krusei and Candida glabrata were 16 µg/mL. Also, no sensitivity was observed for Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis to watery and alcoholic extracts. In addition, Candida krusei isolates were resistant to watery extract and Candida albicans isolates were resistant to alcoholic extract.

 The results showed that the alcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis in comparison with the watery extract has a more inhibitory effect on Candida glabrata isolates.

The emergency ward is one of the most important parts of the hospital, where people's activities can have many effects on the performance of other wards of the hospital and the satisfaction of patients. Changing lifestyle and transformation of cyberspace into one of the pillars of modern life has had a great impact on learning and teaching methods. To compare the level of theoretical emergency learning in medical students with two virtual and traditional methods.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 88 medical students who started their emergency rotation in two hospitals of Guilan University of Medical sciences in 2021. Both groups participated in the same exam before and after the basics of electrocardiogram (ECG), normal ECG, types of blocks, diagnosis of MI and arrhythmias education. After collecting the information from the questionnaires, the data analysis was performed via SPSS software with a significant P<0.05.

Out of 88 students, 56.8% were female, and 43.2% were male. The mean and median knowledge score before and after education was statistically significant in two groups (P<0.001). The virtual group represented a higher average score of knowledge than the traditional group. The student’ grade point average affected the result of the score after education (P=0.019, β =0.234).

The use of virtual education methods in combination with traditional methods might help to improve the learning process and knowledge of medical students in emergency department.

Kyphosis is the spinal curve that causes the top of the back to seem abnormally rounded. Carrying angle can be measured with the upper limb being fully extended. The study aim was determining the mean and correlation between kyphosis and carrying angle with demographic factors in medical students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.

In this observational study, we assessed asymptomatic young adults in their first three years of enrollment in medical school. The participants had neither current nor a history of spinal or upper arm injuries. Kyphosis and carrying angle were measured by using the Debrunner kyphometer and goniometer, respectively. We also measured anthropometric features such as weight and height.

We studied 217 medical students (M/F= 1.17/1), with a mean age of 21.43±2.06. Kyphosis has a statistically significant negative correlation with height, weight, and carrying angle of both dominant and non-dominant upper limbs. We found kyphosis to be greater in female than in male participants. Carrying angle was greater in the dominant upper limb than the non-dominant upper limb. Dominant upper limb carrying angle was also positively correlated with height and weight.

In asymptomatic young adults with no history of spinal diseases, anthropometric features such as height and weight impact kyphosis angle. It seems that kyphosis is greater in females. Severe changes in kyphosis angle may cause loss of sagittal orientation. We suggest that people at risk of kyphosis be screened in early adulthood to prevent the increase of kyphosis and its subsequent complications.

Covid 19 is an emerging and acute respiratory diseasewith high prevalence that has spread across whole world. The disease can lead to death by progressive respiratory failure, involvement of other organs, and systemic problems. The present study aim was the survey of the histopathological changes in lung, liver and heart tissues of patients with Covid-19.

In this study, acupuncture biopsy of three organs of lung, liver and heart of 6 patients with Covid-19 disease was performed in Razi Hospital, Rasht, Iran. The samples were collected after death and obtaining the consent inform from the patient’s family. All samples were stained with hematoxylin andeosin. Imaging, serological and paraclinical findings of patients were evaluated.

Tissue biopsy in this study showed advanced alveolar injury and vascular congestion in the lungs of most patients. Small vascular thrombosis was suspected in patients with advanced clinical history. Examination of liver tissue pathology showed periportal inflammation in the liver, spread of steatosis in liver cells.Signs of mild myocarditis were seen in the heart tissue.

Based on the results of this study, changes in liver, heart and lung tissues in patients may be due to secondary side effects of Covid-19, different drug therapies at the onset of Covid-19 disease or the effect of patients' clinical history.

This study aimed to report histopathological features and serological outputs of the lung, heart and liver in a patient suffered from Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). A woman was admitted to the Razi Hospital, Rasht city, Iran with the symptoms of cough, dyspnea, fever and myalgia. She had also Parkinson’s disease (PD); she had no history of respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal diseases and alcohol consumption. COVID-19 infection was proved by the Real time-PCR (RT–qPCR) test. The required specimen was obtained from nasopharyngeal swab; however, lung radiologic findings revealed atypical signs of COVID-19. The patient expired after 8 days of admission. After death, needle biopsy was performed for histopathologic evaluation of the heart, lung and liver tissues. The RT–qPCR was performed to evaluate the presence of Coronavirus in the tissues. The pathological biopsies showed advanced alveolar damages in the lung, periportal inflammation in the liver, spread steatosis in the hepatocytes and moderate myocarditis in the heart. However, the RT-qPCR test was negative for these tissues, but alterations in the above-mentioned areas may be due to the secondary side effects of COVID-19 infection or pharmacological treatments.

Tamsulosin is an inhibitory factor of alpha-adrenergic receptors that is used for relieving of the clinical symptoms and management of acute urinary retention.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tamsulosin on the endocrine axis and testicular tissue in adult male rats.

In this experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats (weighing 250-300 gr) were divided into three groups: 1) control (received distilled water), 2) experimental 1 (received 0.2 mg/kg/day tamsulosin) and 3) experimental 2 (received 0.4 mg/kg/day tamsulosin) through oral gavage for 28 days. Serum hormones level and testicular histopathology were evaluated at the end of the experiment.

In this study, the testicular weight decreased significantly in the experimental groups compared to the control group. A significant decrease was seen in testicular weight (p = 0.004) and the number of Leydig cells in tamsulosin-treated groups (p = 0.012). Tamsulosin improved the hormone profile in experimental groups. Also, higher dose of tamsulosin significantly changed the number of Leydig, spermatogonia cells, the thickness of germinal layer, and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules.

Results showed that using tamsulosin, possibly reduces the testosterone concentration through adrenergic axis system and in turn has destructive effects on proliferative activity of germ cells.

Ischemia reperfusion (IR) is the main pathology of torsion of testis and it is a common urologic emergency. There is some evidence that shows oxytocin (OT) plays role in ischemia reperfusion.

To evaluate this hypothesis that OT can decrease germ cell apoptotic index in testis under acute ischemia reperfusion in a rat model.

20 adult rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, IR, OT and IR+ OT (OTA). Testicular ischemia was achieved by 720° torsion of the left testis for 2 hr. Then, torsion was removed and reperfusion was performed. Immediately after induction of reperfusion 0.03 µg/kg OT were administered intraperitoneally to the IR+ OT. Three hours after surgery left testis was removed and evaluations were made by Johnson’s score, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry for study of maturity of spermatogenesis, endocrine profiles, apoptosis and quantitative studies, respectively.

The results showed in addition tissue edema and congestion, a significant reduced in Johnson’s score were detected in IR group in comparison with controls (p=0.01), and apoptotic index increased significantly (p=0.001). Administration of OT in OT+IR group, increased Johnson’s score but it was not statistically significant. Germinal epithelium thickness was increased significantly (p=0.03), although apoptotic index decreased significantly in comparison with the IR group (p=0.04). However there was not significant difference in serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH in none of groups (p=0.07).

These results suggested that OT can decrease apoptotic index and improves complication of acute ischemic reperfusion in testis in a rat model.

Brain ischemia is one of the most important problems in the world and causes severe brain damages, especially in CA1 region of hippocampus. Calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil, have neuroprotective effects. This study was done to investigate neuroprotective effects of verapamil on the CA1 region of hippocampus in the male rat. This experimental study was conducted on 24 male adult Wistar male rats (250-300 g) that were divided into four groups: control, ischemia, vehicle and treatment. For induction of ischemia, both common carotid arteries were blocked for 20 minute followed by reperfusion. Verapamil (10 mg/kg) was administrated 1 hour before and after ischemia intraperitoneally in treatment group. The brains were dissected and processed for Nissl staining. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s tests. Data showed no significant difference between the number of viable pyramidal cells in CA1 region of hippocampus in control and 10 mg/kg verapamil treated groups, but number of pyramidal cells reduced in ischemia and vehicle groups and there was significant difference between these groups with control (P<0.05). This study showed that the injection 10mg/kg of verapamil can reduce damaged cells in CA1 region of hippocampus in rats that were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia. It seems that administration of verapamil (10mg/kg) decreases severity of neuronal damage in CA1 cells of hippocampus in rat following transient ischemia reperfusion.

Formaldehyde (F) is a chemical component that has an extensive usage on fixation of tissues and produces different types of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in our body. Studies have shown that long exposure to F damages the eyes, nose and throat; in addition it has adverse effects on body organs such as the urinary system. Vitamins can reduce free ROS.. The aim of this study was evaluating the protective effect of vitamin E on the kidney damaged by formaldehyde.. Male adult wistar rats were divided into three groups. Group A (control): rats received vehicle (normal saline) for two weeks. Group E1 (formaldehyde): rats received formaldehyde (10 mg/kg) for two weeks. Group E2 (formaldehyde + vitamin E): rats received formaldehyde (10 mg/kg) and vitamin E (30 mg/kg) for two weeks. After two weeks, all rats were killed, and the kidneys were dissected and processed for routine histological staining.. Comparison of the control and formaldehyde groups with the vitamin E group revealed that there were significant differences in lumen size and nuclear color of proximal tubules in rats treated by vitamin E (P < 0.05). Cell degeneration, lumen size, number and size of nucleus of distal tubules were statistically different among the three groups. In the vitamin E treated group observed histological changes were improved compared to the formaldehyde group.. According to the results of this study, vitamin E probably improves the harmful effects of formaldehyde on rat kidney tissue.

Colorectal cancer is the second cause of mortality in developed countries. The p53gene and some of it's polymorphisms are among the causes for cancer development.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the p53 codon 72 polymorphism in colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens compared with controls. We performed a case-control study among 112 patients with colorectal carcinoma and 112 controls in Rasht, Iran. Different genotypes of codon 72 were determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequency of the Arg/Arg genotype of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism was 35.7%, for Arg/Pro it was 50.9%, and for Pro/Pro it was 13.4% in colorectal cancer patients. Among controls, the Arg/Arg genotype was seen in 37.5%, Arg/Pro was noted in 50%, and Pro/Pro was seen in 12.5% (p = 0.95). When tumor location was taken into consideration, 68.8% of the Arg/Arg carrier genotypes were associated with an increased incidence of left colon cancer. There was a significant statistical relationship between expression of the Arg allele in colorectal cancer samples and metastases (p = 0.003). The majority of colorectal cancer patients with p53 Arg homozygosity had left-sided colon cancer. There was also a relation between p53 Arg homozygosity, lymph node involvement, and metastases. Thus, we have suggested that the correlation between this polymorphism, tumor risk, and metastasis should be studied to determine its effectiveness as a diagnostic factor.

Antineoplastic chemotherapy is usually accompanied by fertility impairment and the aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of melatonin, a pineal gland hormone with potent antioxidant activity, on busulfan-treated adult male mice. This study was performed on 32, eight-week old adult male mice. The animals were divided into four groups consisting of a control and three experimental groups. The animals in the control group received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a solvent, the second group a single dose of intraperitoneal busulfan (20 mg/kg), the third group a single dose of intraperitoneal melatonin (10 mg/kg) for five days and the fourth group melatonin (10 mg/kg) for five days upon an initial dose of busulfan (20 mg/kg). Thirty-five days after the treatments, all the animals were sacrificed and dissected. Johnson's score were determined by examining the morphometric characteristics of seminiferous tubules and estimating Leydig cell volumes and germ cell counts. Busulfan-treated mice showed reductions in Johnson's score and quality of spermatogenesis (p < 0.001) in comparison to the controls. The quantitative values of seminiferous tubules (p < 0.05) and the nuclear volume of Leydig cells (p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the busulfan-treated mice relative to the controls. In the fourth group, melatonin not only caused a remarkable normalization in seminiferous tubule indices (p < 0.05), but also increased the nuclear volume of Leydig cells (p < 0.001), the relevant Johnson's score (p < 0.001) and all germ cells in comparison to the second group (p < 0.05). Melatonin might have a possible protective effect against busulfan-induced testicular damage. Although the protective mechanism of melatonin has not been fully revealed, the protection seems to be through a decrease in oxidative stress.

The polymorphic variants at codon 72 of the p53 gene، encoding either proline or arginine at residue 72، produce marked change in the structure of p53. From the evidence that the DNAmismatch repair system and p53 interact to maintain genomic integrity، we hypothesized that the codon 72 variation may influence the prevalence of microsatellite instability; a feature of malignancies associated with mismatch repair deficiency in breast invasive ductal carcinoma. TP53 codon 72 genotypes were detected by PCR using specific primer pairs for amplifying the Proline or the Arginine Alleles. Then، the frequencies of microsatellite instability (MSI) were analyzed in three genotypes of P53 codon 72 using genomic DNAs from 120 specimens of breast ductal carcinomas by testing the BAT-26 marker. From 120 specimens، 73 (60. 8%) was Arg/Arg، 31 (25. 8%) Arg/Pro and 16 (13. 3%) Pro/Pro. MSI analysis revealed that 24. 2% of the tumors (29 patients) was microsatellite instability-positive and 75. 8% (91 patients) was microsatellite instability -negative. The frequency of microsatellite instability in the Arginine/Arginine، Arginine/ Proline and Proline/Proline genotypes were 14 (19. 2%)، 12 (38. 7%) and 3 (18. 8%) respectively. A significant difference in distribution of MSI was found for the Arginine/ Proline genotype compared with (grouped) Arginine/Arginine and Proline/ Proline genotypes (P=0. 028). Our findings suggested that breast invasive ductal carcinomas arisingin individuals with p53 codon 72 heterozygosity (Arginine/Proline) may be preferentially prone to microsatellite instability more than other genotypes.

The p53 tumor suppressor gene plays an important role in genomic stability. A common G-to-C polymorphism at codon 72 in the p53 gene has been accompanied with high risk of lung, nasopharyngeal, oral, prostate, and colorectal cancers, and may result in genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. We studied the effect of this p53 polymorphism on breast invasive ductal carcinoma development This case–control study was conducted among 51 patients with breast invasive ductal carcinoma and 51 matched controls in Isfahan. P53 codon 72 genotypes were identified using allele-specific polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). In control samples, the genotype distribution of p53 polymorphism showed 43.2%, 52.9% and 3.9% for the Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro genotypes, respectively. In cancer group the distribution was 86.2% for Arg/Arg, 11.8% for Arg/Pro and 2% for Pro/Pro. Distribution differences in p53 codon 72 polymorphism between the cases and controls were statistically significant (P)