فهرست مطالب mehdi dastourani

Numerous studies have shown that climate change will have a severe impact on water resources around the world. In the present research, we have tried to investigate the occurrence of drought in Shiraz region under the conditions of climate change.

In this research, using 4 models of the Sixth Climate Change Report and two scenarios, rainfall data was generated for the next two periods, and after microscaling, the severity of drought was determined using the SPI index with different time scales. The length of the base period of the analyzed data in the current research was 20 years and related to the time period of 1985-2005.

Microscale results using the BCSD method indicate an increase in temperature in both future periods. According to the results, it can be seen that the difference of the MIROC6 model in both emission scenarios with the observed values was greater than the other GCM models used. According to the results of the current research, in all the models used and in both scenarios, the 20-year average values ​​of the six-month SPI index show the most negative values. In addition, the comparison of models and scenarios in the present study shows that the CanESM5 model shows a higher intensity of drought with a small difference than other models. Also, the results of the average values ​​of the SPI index show that this index shows the severity of the drought with a time scale of 48 months.

Climate change has a significant impact on water resources and the environment, which is reflected in agriculture, society, and economy. The use of General Circulation Models (GCMs) with downscaling models is a method for assessing climate change. Considering the placement of South Khorasan Province and the city of Birjand in the arid region of Iran, population growth, industrial and mining development, and the pursuit of sustainable agriculture, it is essential to assess the effects of climate change on essential meteorological parameters. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of historical models NCEP and ECMWF in downscaling temperature parameters for the Birjand County and investigate the changes in this parameter until 2030 using the top model and the SSP245 scenario with the CanESM5 model.

In this research, to compare the performance of two GCMs, NCEP and ECMWF, in downscaling temperature parameters, daily temperature data from the Birjand synoptic station for the period from 1990 to 2021 were used as the baseline period. Additionally, to evaluate the performance of these two GCMs, the statistical downscaling model SDSM was utilized. To assess the performance of these two models, evaluation criteria such as NS, KGE, RMSE, and BR2 were employed.

To investigate and compare the performance of two GCMs, NCEP and ECMWF, daily average temperature data from the Birjand synoptic station were used from the January 1990 to the September 2021. The data from 1990 to the January 2008 were considered for calibration, and data from the January 2008 to the September 2015 were used for validation. Both NCEP and ECMWF models had 26 parameters, and for downscaling, the parameters with the highest correlation with observed temperature were selected among these 26 parameters using the R software and the HydroGof package. Additionally, evaluation criteria such as NS, RMSE, KGE, and BR2 were used to assess the models' performance in calibration and validation sections. The closeness of variance and mean values of time series generated by the NCEP and ECMWF models to the variance and mean values of observed time series in the entire simulation period was examined using F and T tests. The results of the calibration section showed that the two models, NCEP and ECMWF, exhibited similar performance since the values of evaluation criteria NS, RMSE, KGE, and BR2 for the ECMWF model were calculated as 0.69, 4.86, 0.85, and 0.7, respectively, and for the NCEP model, they were 0.70, 4.79, 0.85, and 0.7, respectively. Since box plots, mean values, and standard deviations have a high capability in deciding the degree of dispersion and similarity between two time series, box plots, mean values, and standard deviations of the generated time series and observed time series in the calibration and validation periods were used to assess the similarity and closeness of the time series. The results of the evaluation criteria in the validation section showed that the ECMWF model outperformed the NCEP model, with values of evaluation criteria NS, RMSE, KGE, and BR2 for the ECMWF model being calculated as 0.69, 4.9, 0.85, and 0.73, respectively, and for the NCEP model, 0.67, 5.3, 0.83, and 0.7, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that the ECMWF model had a better performance and was selected as the superior model. Therefore, to simulate and predict the average temperature parameter, the parameters mslp, P500, P5-f, P5-u, P850, and P8-u from the ECMWF model were used. Consequently, it is predicted that the average temperature will increase by approximately 3 degrees Celsius compared to the statistical baseline period in the next 8 years.

The results indicate that based on the evaluation criteria, the ECMWF model performs relatively better in estimating the average temperature of Birjand County compared to the NCEP model. Moreover, the analysis of box plots, mean values, and standard deviations of the generated time series in the calibration and validation sections showed that both models produced similar patterns of dispersion, minimum, maximum, and mean values compared to the observed time series. However, the ECMWF model exhibited relatively better performance in terms of mean and variance values of the generated data on a monthly basis in the calibration and validation periods. As a result, the ECMWF model was selected as the superior model for simulating and predicting the average temperature of Birjand County for the years 2022 to 2030 under the SSP245 emission scenario using the CanESM5 model. The predicted results indicate that the average temperature of Birjand County is expected to increase by approximately 3 degrees Celsius compared to the statistical baseline period.

The overflow structure is used to organize and control the water level in open canals and relaxation ponds. Composite sharp edge overflows are designed in different ways and are made up of several openings in such a way that when there is a shortage of water, The flow only passes through the main section of the spillway and more discharge is created on it, and during the flood, with the increase of the discharge, the upper section also starts working, and as a result, it prevents the return of water and the increase of the water level upstream of the spillway. In this situation, the measurement is done with more accuracy (Boss, 1988). Due to the ability to control the water level and the ease of construction and measurement of flow intensity, sharp edge spillways and sliding gates have been widely investigated. On the other hand, most of the overflows in their upstream cause the formation of a region with relatively still water, which creates favorable conditions for sediments and waste materials to settle in the water, which is considered one of the defects of this structure. With the combination of overflow and gate, the difficulties and disadvantages of using each one alone can be reduced so that materials with sedimentation properties are easily emptied from the gate part and mineral and floating materials are emptied from the overflow (Negm et al, 2002).

The experiments of this research were carried out in the hydraulic laboratory channel of the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University. The channel used in this experiment has a rectangular cross section with a width of 0.3 meters, a length of 10 meters, a height of 0.5 meters and a maximum flow rate of 30 liters per second. The current research was carried out in the form of establishing flow with constant opening of the gate and different flow rates, as well as establishing flow with opening of different gates and constant flow rate in two slopes of 0.004 and 0.002 to determine the flow coefficient. In order to carry out the present experiment, a semi-circular-rectangular overflow structure and a sliding gate is made of galvanized sheet and installed in the test section.By including all effective parameters and dimensional analysis by Buckingham’s method and considering ρ, v and y as repeated variables, the general equation of dimensionless parameters is obtained as follows after simplification.  In the present study, dimensionless parameters Hg/D, y/D and  were investigated.

According to the collected data and the hydraulic and geometrical parameters of the structure, the discharge coefficient of the structure was investigated. The flow coefficient of the combined structure was calculated in two states of constant gate and different flow rates, and constant flow rate and different gates. Also, in order to control some of the experiments, the discharge coefficient of the combined structure was investigated in two slopes of 0.004 and 0.002. In all these researches, the discharge coefficient of the combined structure was between 0.6 and 0.8.

The test results show that the discharge coefficient depends on whether the gate is submerged or not and the height of the upstream water. Also, the flow coefficient in the conditions of water passing through the gate decreases with the increase of Y/D parameter, and the flow coefficient increases with the increase of Y/D when water passes through the gateand semi-circular-rectangular overflow. By changing the slope of the floor, the discharge coefficient has not changed significantly and with the decrease of Hg/D, the discharge coefficient is almost fixed and tends to a constant number of 0.74.

The transfer of solid particles in fluid flow has been a common phenomenon in nature. The threshold of movement of sediments from the physical dimension is mixed with both deterministic and random characteristics. Certainty in the movement threshold is caused by the average flow rate, while its randomness is caused by the turbulence of the flow. The initial movement of sediment is the beginning of scouring process in natural streams. The sedimentation threshold is the condition where the destabilizing forces equal the stabilizing forces and the sediment particle is on the verge of experiencing primary motion. Two common sedimentation threshold parameters, Shields parameter and moving number, have been studied by different researchers. The initial movement of bed sediments is an important component for various researches such as sustainable waterway design, river management, sediment transport and sedimentation prevention. The beginning of the movement of sedimentary particles is called the threshold of movement and the conditions in which the particles are on the threshold of movement are called threshold or critical conditions. In low-speed flows, the substrate particles do not have any movement and are fixed in their place, but with the increase in the flow speed, the substrate particles start to move. This movement is initially in the form of up and down of the particle without transfer, but gradually the movement The particles start downstream.

In the current research, the criterion of the threshold of particle movement is the beginning of non-stop movement of particles that are set in motion in the model and move along the flume to the downstream side of the flume as the threshold of particle movement. During the test, the flow rate of the model and the upstream water level are controlled several times so that there may be no change. From dividing the flow rate, leading to the movement threshold by the flow section, the critical speed or the movement threshold speed is determined. To find the threshold speed of movement of a sediment sample in a specific slope of the channel, each experiment is repeated several times and the results are averaged. After finishing the test, the remaining sediment on the metal plate is removed. Some of the sediments have also entered the tank, and after collecting the sediments, they are dried and prepared for the next stage of tests. After the completion of each test, the slope of the channel is changed so that the main section is placed in another slope. Then all the steps mentioned above are repeated again. It seems that the Shields diagram is the reference point for all the research done in the field of sediment transport. Due to the fact that no research has been done on the effect of temperature on the Shields diagram, the present study aims to investigate the sediment movement threshold using the effect of temperature on the Shields parameter and shear stress in a laboratory model with three slopes of 0.005, 00.1 and 0.05 at four temperatures of 8, 12, 20, and 40 degrees Celsius and three flow rates. In the current research, the criterion of the threshold of particle movement is the beginning of non-stop movement of particles that are set in motion in the model and move along the flume to the downstream side of the flume as the threshold of particle movement.

In this research, using the physical model and dimensional analysis, the condition of movement threshold in open channels with rectangular section was investigated. The results showed that with the increase of relative roughness (ds/y) regardless of the temperature variable, the stability number of the particle at the movement threshold (SN) decreases and the influence of the slope on these two parameters is not noticeable. Also, in the condition of constant slope and relative roughness (ds/y), with increasing temperature, the value of particle stability at the movement threshold (SN) decreases. Changes in particle stability number at the threshold of movement (SN) have an upward trend with respect to temperature, and with increasing temperature, the number of particle stability at the threshold of movement (SN) increases. In addition, the changes of the relative roughness parameter (ds/y) with respect to temperature are associated with a downward trend, and with the increase in temperature, the relative roughness parameter (ds/y) decreases. In addition, as the slope increases, the particle stability parameter decreases. This result can be extended to different seasons of the year so that the threshold of sediment movement and sedimentation in seasonal and permanent rivers is lower than in cold seasons in hot seasons. Comparing the results of the current research with the results of other researches, there is a very small difference between the results of this research and the results of other researchers. The main reasons for these differences are the different definitions of movement threshold among researchers, the different flow conditions and test conditions.

Drought is one of the most complex natural hazards that affect natural and human systems (Wilhite et al., 2005, Wilhite et al., 2007). Greenhouse gas emission has contributed to climate change in the last century (Van Pelt and Swart, 2011). Climate change has a significant impact on the hydrological cycle and consequently on water resources, and the frequency and severity of droughts and floods. The most reliable tool available for future climate simulation is the output of coupled atmosphere-ocean patterns of atmospheric general circulation (Shakarami and Massahbavani, 2007). The reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change show that if the current trend of greenhouse gas production due to the consumption of fossil fuels continues, the concentration of these gases can reach more than 600 ppm before the end of the 21st century (IPCC, 2007). The downscale model, which is a downscale statistical method, uses semi-empirical distributions for simulation and downscale and can generate future climate parameters at the station level. A major application of these data is to monitor and evaluate future droughts (Hosseinabadi et al, 2020). In the occurrence of drought, there are many factors such as changing the course of rivers and draining reservoirs, climate change and warming of the earth. Nowadays, the increasing occurrence of drought has caused the attention of many meteorologists and climatologists around the world. Drought indicators are used to diagnose and classify drought conditions. These indicators include the possibility of evaluating the standardized precipitation evaporation and transpiration index SPEI, the Palmer drought intensity index PDSI, the standard runoff index SRI and the identification drought index RDI. SPI and SPEI are the most common drought indicators.

Currently, South Khorasan province is facing a crisis of water resources and consumption. So that many of the plains of the province have been banned after continuous decline, and as a result, consequences such as the subsidence of the plains and the reduction of the useful volume of aquifers have occurred. To implement the process of artificial recharge, estimating the benefit-cost of the plans are very important and must be done with sufficient accuracy. In this research, the measurement of benefit-cost, and the discount rate were compiled in a systematic way, and the value of each artificial recharge option was determined using the basis of measurement, and after comparing with other options, the option with the lowest price has been selected. Among the three scenarios: 1) artificial recharge with the aim of increasing the groundwater level; 2) Harvesting water from recharge and using it in the agricultural sector and 3) Using a part of recharged water in different consumption sectors and increasing the level of groundwater. The results of the investigations showed that according to the Shapley value, the third scenario (with a value of 567.92) has a higher priority than the other scenarios, therefore, the implementation of artificial recharge plans with the sole aim of increasing the groundwater level will not be suitable. It should be noted that not paying attention to the economic aspect of such plans will cause them to be ineffective in the long run due to the lack of compensation for implementation and operation costs.

With the advancement of science, human societies use transmission pipes to transport water and other fluids from the bed of seas, rivers, streams and natural drains. If pipelines pass through rivers and seabeds on their way, great care must be taken in their design. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the insertion depth of the shield on the pipeline scour at different distances of the pipe from the bed. This study was carried out in a flume with the length of 10 m and the width of 30 cm. Experiments were conducted under clear water condition (u/uc=0.95). Uniform sediment with a median diameter of one millimeter (D50=1 mm) was considered. In this research, a PVC pipe with an external diameter of 2.5 cm was used. The distance of the pipe from the bed (G) was considered based on a coefficient of the pipe diameter (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1). Also, the insertion depth of the shield (Dw) was selected according to a coefficient of the pipe diameter (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2). The results of the experiments showed that in the case that the shield was not used, with the increase in the distance between the pipe and the bed, the maximum scour depth under the pipeline decreases.

Estimation of flood hydrographs in the ungauged watersheds is a challenging issue in flood planning and management. Various models have been developed in this filed and it is necessary to evaluate the performance of models developed in different regions of the world with different climatic, hydrological and physiographic features in order to comment on their performance in different regions. The Gamma synthetic unit hydrograph model is a developed model for estimating flood hydrographs in the ungauged watersheds with limited studies in the world. In this study, the Gamma synthetic unit hydrograph model for estimating flood hydrograph characteristics in Qareh-Sou watershed located in Kermanshah province in Iran has been investigated. Criteria for percentage error in peak discharge, percentage error in volume, mean absolute error, mean bias error, coefficient of determination and Kling-Gupta were estimated to evaluate the accuracy of simulation results. Based on the results, the mean values of the criteria expressed are 6.28, 17.4, 0.89, 0.54, 0.74 and 0.75, respectively, indicating that the Gamma synthetic unit hydrograph model is quite accurate in estimating the characteristics of the flood hydrograph in this study. In addition, the visual comparison of computational and observational hydrographs illustrates the remarkable accuracy of the Gamma synthetic unit hydrograph model in estimating the shape of flood hydrographs in the studied events.

The present study was conducted to simultaneously investigate the effect of rectangular free jet and semi-cylindrical roughness on hydraulic jump characteristics. This study was performed inside a flume in the form of a rectangular channel 10 meters long and 30 centimeters wide. Then the jet with flows of 3/2, 2, 2/5 Liters per second with the maximum displacement effect of the beginning of the jump and the angle without changing the beginning of the jump to the end of the hydraulic jump. Take this angle as The angle was named ineffective and with the increase of the jet angle, the jump moves upwards and from one angle onwards, the jump does not move upwards. This angle was named as the maximum displacement angle. Decrease or increase, jump length, The secondary depth of the relative energy drop and shear stress force of the bed is used. The secondary was smoothed to a jetless state. Deployment The jet with an angle of 127 (inertial angle) degree, maximum landing number (9.64) flow and semi-cylindrical roughness reduces to 0.12% compared to the state without jet and smooth bed. The highest reduction in jump length (34.7%) occurs when the maximum flow angle from the jet and the flow rate is 3.2 liters per second and in the conditions of the lowest landing number (6.64) and the maximum increase in the 70 degree angle mode, the maximum jet flow And the maximum landing number in a flat bed is 8.16%.

The formation of jumps in relaxation ponds plays an effective role in the depletion of flow energy at the bottom of aquatic structures. Hydraulic jump is a type of fast variable currents that changes from supercritical to subcritical mode if the channel conditions downstream are suitable. In this research, a new method has been proposed to reduce the conjugate depths and jump lengths, in which the characteristics of a fast free rectangular jet and floor roughness have been used to influence the jump characteristics. The fast jet hits the jump and the amount of motion transferred to it affects the jump characteristics and position.

In this study, a laboratory study was performed with a set of experiments in a channel with glass walls 10 meters long, 0.3 meters wide and 0.5 meters high. In order to investigate the effect of flow rate, jet angle, inverted slope and floor roughness at 2, 2.5 and 3.2 liters per second on the hydraulic jump profile of three flow rates, the angle with a maximum displacement of 90 degrees, 60 degrees per second for Jet and four angles were used for the horizontal direction of the jet, including the displacement of the beginning of the jump and the angle without changing the beginning of the jump and three types of roughness.

The experimental results showed that for a given jet angle, at different discharges, the hydraulic jump has no displacement, which was named as the inert angle. With the increase of the jet angle, the jump moved upwards and from one angle onwards, the jump did not move upwards, which was also named as the maximum displacement angle of the jump. Changing the angle and flow rate of the jet reduced or increased the secondary depth, jump length, relative energy loss and shear force of the bed. The reverse slope and roughness reduced the hydraulic jump characteristics. At a slope of 2.25 and a distance of d and a jet angle of 3.2, the most changes were observed in the hydraulic jump characteristics.

Experimental results showed that by increasing the shear stress, it intensifies the effect of reverse slope and increases the roughness of the channel floor due to increasing shear stress, intensifies the effect of reverse slope on the length of the jump. In these changes, the effect of the downward component of the weight force on the reverse slope and the increase in shear stress on the rough bed can be considered as the main cause of the changes. Inserting the jet into the jump at an angle greater than the inert angle reduces the ratio of conjugate depths, jump lengths, and increases energy loss and floor shear forces.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of jet and reverse slope on the characteristics of hydraulic jump. This study was performed inside a flume in the form of a rectangular channel 10 meters long and 30 cm wide. Free jet with flows of 2, 2.5 and 3.2 liters per second with the maximum displacement angle of the beginning of the jump and the angle without changing the beginning of the jump to the end of the hydraulic jump. The results showed that changes in the angle and flow rate of the jet reduce or increase the secondary depth, jump length, relative energy loss and shear stress force of the bed. Using a jet with a maximum angle and flow rate of 3.2 liters per second with the lowest landing number Reverse flow and slope reduced the secondary depth ratio by about 56.2% compared to the no-jet mode and smooth bed. Using a jet with a minimum angle and flow rate of 3.2 liters per second and the maximum flow rate increased the secondary depth ratio relative to Jetless mode was smoothed. The results of this study show that at a certain angle from the jet to the hydraulic jump, there is no displacement in the jump, which was named as the inert angle, and by increasing the angle of the jet jump upwards, the hand jumps to It moves upstream and from one angle onwards the jump does not move upwards. This angle was named as the maximum displacement angle. Changes in the angle and flow rate of the jet reduce or increase the secondary depth, jump length, relative energy drop and stress force. The use of a jet with a maximum angle (138 degrees) and a flow rate of 3.2 liters per second, the minimum number of landings (6.64) and reverse slope reduces the ratio of the secondary depth to about 56.2% relative to the state without jet and bed was smoothed. Using the jet with the minimum angle (78 degrees) and the flow rate of 3.2 liters per second and the maximum number of landings (9.62) flow increased the ratio of secondary depth by 15.3 percent compared to the state without jet and smooth bed.

Saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil is an important physical property of soil that affects water movement in soil, Since the measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity by direct methods in the field or in the laboratory is hard, time-consuming and costly, the indirect methods are being used.The aim of this study is to estimate the saturated hydraulic conductivity from other soil properties by using the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) method and some well-known pedotransfer functions and the Rosetta model, and then to compare their performances. A dataset including 151 soil samples obtained from a site in Bojnord province was used in this study. The soil properties used were sand, silt and clay percentage, organic carbon percentage, TNV, EC, saturated moisture, pH, bulk density and particle density. Modeling process using the GEP was done by using all of these properties as input parameters. The GEP model used only four properties, sand and silt percentages, bulk density and particle density, in its developed function to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity. This model with RMSE=2.84 (cm/d) and R2=0.91 showed the best performance in comparison to the other pedotransfer functions. After the GEP, the Jabro (1992) pedotransfer function with RMSE = 4.74 (cm/d) and R2 = 0.82 was the best model in comparison to the rest of the pedotransfer functions and the Rosetta model. Saxton et al (1986), had the least accurate ks estimation among all methods. Since different data sets had been used to develop each of the pedotransfer functions and also because of high spatial variability of ks, there was a large difference between RMSE, MAE and MBE errors of the used methods. For the dataset of this study, the GEP model showed the best performance in estimating ks among other methods and its advantages were choosing model structure and important parameters to estimate ks.

Rivers play an important role in the economy and agriculture, but climate change and improper management have affected these resources. In order to better manage rivers, it is necessary to know their discharge trend and the factors that create the trend. The severe decrease in rainfall and the resulting dry periods have many negative effects on water resources. The continuation of droughts is a consequence of climate change. This study investigates rainfall and discharge changes in the Aras catchment located in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, after data validation, 9 hydrometric stations and 5 rain gauging stations were selected with the statistical period of 1987-2016. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trend of time series variations of precipitation and discharge variables using Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator tests. The results of the trend analysis showed that precipitation at two stations increased, however other stations did not experience any trends. Furthermore, there has been a downward trend in the discharge trend analysis at the six stations and no trends in the other three stations.

In order to investigate the effect of soil amendments, zeolite and superabsorbent polymer, on the quantity and quality of sesame yield under drought stress, a factorial experiment was performed in randomized complete block design with three replications, at Research Field of College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, in 2017-2018. Treatments included irrigation at two levels of 50% and 100% water requirement and amendment materials at 6 levels of Z0, Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5. (Z0= Control, Z1=adsorbent polymer (125 kg / ha), Z2 = 11.2 ton/ hect of zeolite and Z3 =6.2 ton/hect of zeolite, Z4= zeolite 11.2 ton / hect of zeolite + 125 kg / hect of adsorbent polymer, Z5 =6.2 ton/ hect of zeolite + 125 kg /hect/ of adsorbent polymer) In this study, 1000-grain weight, percentage of crude grain oil, crude protein of grain, plant height, grain yield, harvest index, and water use efficiency were investigated. The results showed that 1000-grain weight, oil percentage, grain protein, plant height, and sesame grain yield were affected by different levels of irrigation and amendments at 1% probability level. Also, harvest index and water use efficiency were affected by different levels of amendments at 1% probability level. Oil percentage, grain yield and harvest index were affected by interaction effects of irrigation levels and amendments at 1% probability level. The highest grain weight, percentage of crude grain oil, crude protein of grain, plant height, grain yield, harvest index, and water use efficiency were observed in Z4 treatment. The results showed that the change in irrigation level from 100% to 50% significantly reduced yield. The highest amount of 1000-grain weight in different levels of amendments was 4.12 g in Z4 and the lowest was 2.89 g. in Z0 treatments Also, the highest amount of crude grain oil in irrigation and different levels of amendments was 56.8% and 40.5%, respectively. The highest and the lowest amount of crude protein in response to different levels of amendments were 15.7% and 13.1%, respectively. The results showed that drought stress had a negative effect on plant growth, but the use of zeolite and superabsorbent polymer partially offset this effect.

Iran is in a warm and dry area and optimal use of water in a way that does not damage the plant is very important. Chicory is located in the dark of vascular plants, its height is 120 cm and has a thick root. One of the ways to optimize water use is to use bentonite and superabsorbent polymer. In this study, the effect of these two substances on chicory growth has been investigated.

The experiment was conducted in a research farm of Agricultural faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University located 5 km from Birjand-Kerman road with latitude 32 degrees and 56 minutes north and longitude 59 degrees and 13 minutes east. Drought stress was applied in a completely randomized design with two irrigation treatments (100 and 50%) in three replications with 6 bedding. In general, drought stress has a significant effect on yield and yield of chicory plants.

In general, drought stress has a significant effect on yield and plant characteristics of chicory. Also, the highest average leaf dry weight was observed in interactions between irrigation levels of 100 and 50% and different levels of cultivation respectively 3686.66 and 2453.33 kg / ha. The highest intermediate interaction between irrigation levels of 100% and 50% and different levels of culture on root fresh weight was 3626.66 and 2526.66 kg / ha, respectively. The highest mean root dry weight was observed in interactions between irrigation levels of 100 and 50% and levels Different cultivars are 1276.6 and 903.3 kg ha-1 respectively. According to the data obtained from this study, the lowest amount in the control treatment and the highest amount of the obtained values are related to the combination of 4.5 kg bentonite and super absorbent polymer, and can be affected The combination of these two treatments was observed on the plant.

Therefore, the results show that the application of bentonite and superabsorbent polymer will have a positive effect on plant growth and can increase the plant's resistance to water stress and the highest yield of chicory plants in Birjand region was observed. absorbent polymer, and can be affected The combination of these two treatments was observed on the plant.

Abstract Background and objectives As a crucial issue in aqua sciences, optimizing dam reservoirs exploitation has been studied with a variety of optimization techniques. In recent years, a large number of multi-objective Meta-Heuristic algorithms have been introduced. One of these algorithms is the second version of the multi-objective genetic algorithm with nun-dominated sorting, which was introduced in 2002 by Deb and et.al. In this research, the innovation and aim are to use the particle swarm algorithm with nun-dominated sorting approach and evaluate the efficiency of this algorithm in the optimization of operation of the reservoir performance. Finally, the results are compared with the NSGA-II algorithm, which ultimately leads to a sustainable management policy for water resource systems, and in particular the exploitation of the reservoir. Materials and methods In this research, the multi-objective version of the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization were investigated using concepts such as Non-dominated sorting and crowding distance and used to solve the optimization problem of the Mulla-Sadra reservoir in Fars province. The problem of optimization defined with two goals. One of them was minimizing difference between agriculture demand end releases. The second of objective function was maximizing flood storage volume. The two algorithms compared with criteria such as the run time, the number of solutions placed on the Pareto front, standard deviation and performance criteria (dispersion criteria). Results The results of the research indicated that both algorithms have the ability to solve this optimization problem. Also the results indicated that the algorithms has somewhat more performance than some other criteria. The results of the investigation of the runtime of each of the algorithms showed that the performance of the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm (NSPSO-II) is far more than the NSGA-II algorithm, so that the average runtime of the NSGA-II algorithm in the population of 50 The value of 21.3879 seconds is approximately three times the average runtime in the NSPSO-II algorithm with a value of 6.3169 seconds. Regarding the performance criterion, the NSPSO-II algorithm has a better performance than the NSGA-II algorithm. On the other hand, according to the number of solutions on the Pareto front, the NSGA-II algorithm found a lot more solutions on the Pareto front, which is why standard deviation in the NSGA-II algorithm was less than NSPSO-II. Conclusion The NSGA-II algorithm found a lot more solutions on the Pareto optimal front, and the solutions on the Pareto optimal fronted properly covered the Pareto front, unlike the NSPSO algorithm. Also, comparing the solutions in the Pareto optimal front showed that the NSPSO-II algorithm was stepped up to maximize the second target function, while the NSGA-II algorithm moved in the direction of minimizing the objective function. Keyword: Crowding Distance, Dominate, Flood, Malla-Sadra Dam, Performance Criteria.

Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important physical characteristics of soils which affects water movement in soil. Knowledge of this parameter can help to understand and solve environmental problems. But measurement of this parameter by direct laboratory and field methods is hard, time consuming and expensive. Thus there is need to use alternative methods based on conveniently available soil properties to estimate it with less effort, time and cost. Nonparametric methods are new indirect methods to estimate hydraulic properties of soil, including soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks). The aim of this study was to use two methods such as M5P decision tree and an IBk instance-based learning method, which is a classifier with k nearest neighbors to estimate ks from conveniently available properties of soil. In this study a dataset of 151 soil samples which was collected from a site in Bojnord province was used. Conveniently available soil properties included sand, silt and clay percentage, bulk density, particle density, EC, OC, TNV, saturated moisture and pH. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured with the Guelph permeameter. The Gamma test was used to determine important parameters for predicting and the modeling procedure of ks. Then various combinations of parameters of the data set were compared to each other based on their Gamma value, to determine the optimum combination of parameters for modeling ks. Using the optimum combination which had the least Gamma value, the M5P decision tree and the IBk instance-based learning methods were performed. To improve the IBk, two different distance weighting systems were used. Finally, evaluation statistics of each model including R2, RMSE, MAE, and MAPE were calculated. The optimum combination determined by the Gamma test which was then used for modeling, included sand, silt and clay percent, TNV percent, EC, and bulk density. The tree selected bulk density as the most important discriminative parameter, and constructed 3 linear equations for predicting ks, based on the bulk density value. Evaluation criteria calculated for this model with RMSE= 23.89 cm/d and MAPE= 20.50% it didn’t predict ks accurately. Different weighting systems didn’t improve IBk performance. Also the IBk model with RMSE= 31.23 cm/d and MAPE= 23.24% didn't estimate ks accurately. The decision tree model performed better than the instance-based learning model to estimate ks. Also the tree showed some information about the structure of the studied soil.

A jump formation in stilling basins has effective roles in reduction of flow energy in downstream of hydro structures. Hydraulic jump is kind of rapidly varied flow and converts from supercritical state to subcritical state of flow in downstream by significant dissipation. In this paper, therehave been suggested a new method for decreasing both values of the conjugate depths and the hydraulic jump's length that was based on using the specifications of a rectangular free-jet for affecting to the jump features. In fact, fast impact of the jet into the jump and shifting the momentum value to it, affected the jump's specifications and situation.
Material and This research was an experimental study. The experimental setup was including the flume with the walls of the glass materials in the dimensions of the 1200*30*50 cube centimeter. The depth of the flow measured by two methods of direct and indirect named. Indirect method included installing the piezometers in the flume bed and reading the height of the water column in the piezometers by a camera with a high resolution. Then it measured by a plotter of the flow’s depth software. In order to the investigation of the effect of the discharge, jet angle and bed roughness on the jump’s specifications, the tests performed in various conditions by three different jet’s discharges of 2, 2.5 and 3.2 liter per second, the jet’s angles of 60 and 90 degree versus the horizontal direction and two specific angles that their direction considered toward the maximum displacement from the beginning point of the jump direction and without any displacement and change at the beginning point of the jump direction. Also, have been used three kind of roughness.
Findings: Results have been showed, at a special jet angle, in the various dischargethe hydraulic jump had not any displacement and this angle was named as the neutral angle. As the jet’s angle increased, the jump moved toward the upstream until the angel reached to the extent with no movement of the jet to the upstream, this angle called as the maximum angle of the jump displacement. Change in the angle and discharge of the jet has beencaused changes in the secondary depth, jet length, relative energy loss and bed shear stress. Canal bed roughness was reduced hydraulic jump characteristics. Using jet withthe maximum angle, the discharge equal to the 3.2 liter per second, minimum Froude number and sinusoidal roughness, the conjugate depths ratio have been decreased of 45.9 percent. Using a jet with the angle of the 60 degrees,the discharge of the 3.2 liter per second,the maximum Froude number of the flow in the flat bed,the conjugate depths ratio had increased by 8.7 percent. The maximum reduction in the jet length (61.3 percent) occurred at the maximum jet angle, 3.2 liter per second of discharge in the minimum Froude number and the sinusoidal roughness. The maximum increasing in the jet length (15.7 percent)was happened in the angle of the 60 degrees, discharge about 3.2 liter per second with the maximum Froude numberand flat bed. Using the maximum angle of the jet, discharge about 3.2 liter per second and minimum Froude number in flat bed, shear forces were increased about 17.8 times versus without jet and flat bed. Using a jet with a 60-degree angle, was reduced shear stress to 6.6 times versus without jet and bed roughness.
Applying the jet to the jump with an angle greater than ineffective angle causes decreasing in the conjugate depths ratio and jump lengthand causes increasing in the energy loss and bed shear forces.

Considering the environmental regulations on exhausting sewage from treatment plants and its application in agriculture, this research investigates the use of activated sewage efficiency in the generative sewage treatment of Kermanshah city and its application on agriculture irrigation through 2007 to 2008 using the cross-sectional method. During the course of this study, sampling was carried out from the inlet and outlet of the sewage treatment plant on a daily and weekly basis. Treatment plant efficiency was calculated through the measurements of TSS, COD, BOD5, MLVSS, SVI, and MLSS from the entrance sewage and exhausting effluent based on the latest standard methods presented in 1999. Also, indices relevant to the agricultural usability were calculated and compared with the national standards. Results showed that physical, chemical, and biological traits of sewage pollution intensity were at an average level and the treatment plant pollution efficiency was relatively acceptable. The average concentration of dissolved oxygen (mg/l), SVI, MLSS, and MLVSS in the aerated pool was compared with the environment protection standards of Iran showed that the exhausting effluent can be used in drip irrigation. Despite the appropriate control of the active-sludge process in all parts of a sewage treatment plant, results showed a lack of adequate management on its sustainable consumption such as its application in the production of agricultural fertilizers.

Hydraulic jump is one of the common methods of dissipation of energy of the super-critical flows in open channels. This phenomenon is a kind of rapid, varied flow that exists when the super - critical state of of flow converts to the sub-critical state. It causes to considerable dissipation in value of the energy. In this research a new method introduced for decreasing both values of the conjugate depths and the hydraulic jump's length. This method was based on using the specifications of a rectangular free-jet for affecting to the jump features. In fact, fast impact of the jet into the jump and shifting the momentum value to it, affected the jump's specifications and situation.
Material and This research was an experimental study.The experimental setup was including the flume with the walls of the glass materials in the dimensions of the 1200*30*50 cube centimeter. A contorl gate used to fixing the situation of the jump, in the downstream of the flow. The depth of the flow measured by two methods of direct and indirect named. Indirect method included installing the piezometers in the flume bed and reading the heigth of the water column in the piezometers by a camera with a high resolution.Then it measured by a plotter of the flow’s depth software.In order to the investigation of the effect of the discharge and jet angle on the jump’s specifications, the tests performed in various conditions. These conditions include of the three different jet’s discharges of 2, 2.5 and 3.2 litre per second, the jet’s angles of 60 and 90 degree versus the horizontal direction and two specific angles that their direction considered toward the maximum displacement from the beginning point of the jump direction and without any displacement and change at the beginning point of the jump direction.
Findings : The hydraulic jump at a special jet angle had not any displacement that this angle was named as the neutral angle. As the jet’s angle increased, the jump moved toward the upstream until the angel reached to the extent with no movement of the jet to the upstream, this angle called as the maximum angle of the jump displacement. Change in the angle and discharge of the jet resulted in changes in the secondary depth, jet length, relative energy loss and bed shear stress. At the maximum angle of the 60 degrees, and the discharge equal to the 3.2 liter per second in the minimum Froude number, the secondary depth ratio increased by 25.4 percent. Using a jet with the angle of the 60 degrees and the discharge of the 3.2 liter per second in the maximum Froud number of the flow caused the increasing in the secondary depth ratio by 8.7 percent. The maximum reduction in the jet length (e.g.48.3 percent) occurred at the maximum jet angle and discharge equal to the 3.2 liter per second in the minimum Froude number. The maximum increasing in the jet length (e.g.15.7 percent) happened in the angle of the 60 degrees, discharge about 3.2 liter/s and the maximum Froude number. In the maximum angle of the jet, discharge about 3.2 liter/s and minimum Froude number, the relative energy loss, increased about 13.9 percent and finally using the jet’s angel equal to the 60 and 90 degrees caused decreasing and increasing of the bed shear stresses , respectively.
Applying the jet to the jump with an angle greater than ineffective angle caused decreases in the secondary depths ratio and jump length while increasing in the energy loss and bed shear forces