فهرست مطالب mehdi eshaghzadeh

Pleural effusion (PLEFF) is mainly caused by volume overload, heart failure, trauma, and pleuro-pulmonary infection, it is common in emergency and ICU patients. Although the function of ultrasonography in detecting PLEFF has long been noted, controversial results have been reported. This study aimed to review the literature on ultrasound and radiography in detecting PLEFF.

A search was done in Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. Two reviewers independently searched, screened, and included the data and a third author resolved any conflict.

The findings proved that as a screening tool, chest ultrasound has greater diagnostic accuracy in identifying multiple pleural effusions than radiography. Chest ultrasound enables clinicians visualize pleural effusions and also helps differentiate between various types. In addition, chest ultrasound is crucial for thoracentesis and thoracostomy drainage as it enhances safeness and reduces life-threatening complications. This is important not only when inserting a needle or tube drain, but also when monitoring the amount of her PLEFF deflated. In addition, chest ultrasound is often more specific and sensitive than chest radiography, helping to diagnose coexisting lung disease without X-ray exposure.

Thoracic Ultrasound (TUS) is a simple, non-invasive, bedside procedure for diagnosing PLEFF with greater sensitivity and specificity than a chest X-ray. This is crucial for visualizing exudate and helps differentiate various forms of her PLEFF. More recently, ultrasound has been used to guide thoracentesis and insert chest tubes to raise the safeness of this invasive method, especially if an ICU patient is on a ventilator or has a small localized pleural effusion. Additionally, TUS can monitor the PLEFF drainage and determine when to extract the drainage.

In this paper, the effect of various parameters on the shear strength parameters of soil reinforced with ceramic fibers coated with nano-silica and kaolin particles has been investigated using the results of direct shear tests. The effect of the ceramic fiber content, fiber length, the nano-silica and kaolin contents and the content of fibers coated with nano-silica and kaolin on the shear strength parameters of reinforced silty sand has been investigated. The microscopic structure of the samples and the interaction of nano-silica, kaolin and fibers have also been examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show that the shear strength parameters of the samples increase by adding ceramic fiber, nano-silica or kaolin particles to the natural soil. The length of ceramic fibers does not have a significant effect on the shear strength parameters of fiber-reinforced specimens, and 0.5% fiber content was recognized as the optimal fiber content. The samples containing kaolin particles have a higher shear strength than those containing nano-silica particles for a constant content of additive. The coating of fibers with kaolin has a greater effect on increasing the shear strength parameters of the samples.