mehdi khanbabayi gol

It is very helpful to identify the position of the fetus in high-risk pregnancies as well as in high-risk mothers who have had unsuccessful pregnancies in the past; In most cases, with improper fetal position, fetal as well as maternal mortality occurs. Designing and building a device that can correctly detect the position of the fetus can be used as a preventive method in pregnant mothers. This device is related to the field of medicine that without sending destructive waves to the fetus, which may lead to many complications for the fetus, the waves sent by the fetus can be detected and interpreted, and with its help, the general condition can be The fetus and its position were obtained with the necessary information. Convenient and easy use by the doctor and mother can lead to early diagnosis of possible disorders and subsequent vital measures will be taken as soon as possible.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of foot reflexology on the severity of pain and opioid dosage administered to patients undergoing a discectomy.

The present randomized clinical trial (concurrent parallel) was conducted including two experimental groups. In general, 60 patients were selected from Imam Reza and Shohada hospitals of Tabriz based on convenience sampling and then randomly assigned to the intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups based on randomly permuted blocks. Four hours after the surgery and the last dosage of pethidine, patients in the intervention group received massaging of both feet 20 minutes per day for 2 days while those in the control group received no intervention. The data were collected using a demographics and visual analogue scale (VAS) checklist and then were statistically analyzed using chi-square, Fisher exact test, and the independent t-test in SPSS-21 at the 0.05 level of significance.

After the intervention, the severity of pain significantly reduced in the intervention group (P<0.001) but it did not change in the control group (P>0.410). The results indicated no significant difference between the two groups in pre-intervention pethidine dosage (P>0.490). After the intervention, pethidine dosage significantly decreased in the intervention group on all days (P<0.001), but no significant change was observed in the control group (P>0.499).

Considering the positive effects of foot reflexology on the severity of pain and reduced dosage of the required opioids for pain control, this technique is recommended to be used as a perfect complementary therapy, along with other treatments to reduce postoperative pain in patients undergoing a discectomy.

Probiotics may have a role in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by inhibiting the natural flora from transforming into pathogenic flora. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics on the prevalence of VAP in multitrauma patients hospitalized in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU). This randomized clinical trial was performed between 2018 and 2019 with the participation of 150 patients hospitalized in theNeurosurgical ICU. After randomizing the participants (using the permutable blocking method) into the intervention (probiotic) and control (placebo) groups, the interventions were implemented. The participants received one capsule every 12 hours by gavage and their VAP symptoms were evaluated and recorded. Data were inputted into SPSS22 and then compared using the chi-square, independent t-test, Fisher's exact tests, and repeated measures ANOVA. The prevalence of VAP was significantly lower in the intervention group than the control group (p=0.001). A significant difference was observed between the two groups in pH (p=0.029) and WBC (p=0.042). The between-group difference was not significant in other variables. Probiotics are effective in reducing the prevalence of VAP in trauma patients hospitalized in ICU.

Menopause is one of the risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that may increase its likelihood after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Hence, it is essentially advised to prevent DVT. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of simple exercise with and without physiotherapy on DVT prevention in postmenopausal women requiring CABG.

This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 34 patients in Tabriz Shahid Madani hospital from 1 March to the end of July 2019. It is noteworthy that participants were selected based on a random sampling method. The experimental group, namely, the exercise group (n=17) did cardiovascular exercises for 40 minutes the day before the surgery. However, the other group received physiotherapy for each leg for 15 minutes in addition to cardiovascular exercise. Then, DVT diagnosis blood tests, clinical examinations, and Doppler sonography were performed and recorded in all participants’ portfolios. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software, and the SPSS tests included Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired t test, and independent t-test at the significance level of 0.05.

The results of intra-group DVT and blood tests before and after the intervention revealed a statistically significant difference in terms of complete blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit (P≤0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were reported considering the other variables (P≥0.11). Finally, in the case of inter-group variations, a comparison of the results of the two groups represented no statistically significant difference in any of the studied variables (P≥0.15).

In general, a light exercise session either with or without physiotherapy did not have any positive effects on DVT prevention in postmenopausal women in need of CABG.

Oxidative stress indices are one of the factors that cause and exacerbate cardiovascular diseases in postpartum women, which can be changed with interval training. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating the effect of interval training on oxidative stress indices among women in preterm labor undergoing the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 21 participants (the sample size was determined based on a similar study) from December 2018 to May 2019 at Shahid Madani hospital of Tabriz, Iran. After the random allocation of subjects to the training (n=11) and control (n=10) groups, demographic information was collected and their physical activity level was assessed using the Kaiser physical activity survey before and after the intervention. In addition, the levels of oxidative stress indices were measured 24 hours before and after the intervention using the blood sample. The participants completed an eight-week invention including 24 one-hour sessions according to the available protocol. Finally, data were analyzed by means of statistical tests such as the Shapiro-Wilk, Leven, and Student’s t-test at a significant level of <0.05.

The effect of the aerobic exercise program on body weight loss, as well as body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage changes was significant in the training group (P=0.011, P=0.004, and P=0.001, respectively). Based on the results, the serum and urine levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine reduced significantly after the completion of the intervention (P=0.002 and P=0.001, respectively) in the training group.

In general, aerobic exercise after CABG decreased the fat percentile, BMI, and oxidative stress indices in the subjects. Thus, these trainings could reduce oxidative stress indices by increasing tissue metabolism and oxygen consumption.

Psychological factors affect the tendency of individuals toward cosmetic surgeries although their contribution has not been clearly understood. Therefore, the current study aimed at comparing the emotional intelligence, body image, and quality of life between rhinoplasty candidates and the control group.

The current case–control study was conducted on 160 individuals referring to Rhinoplasty Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz, Iran, from 2018 to 2019. The tools used in this study including demographic information, Schering’s emotional intelligence questionnaire (α = 0.75–0.85), the 36‑item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (α = 0.75), and body image (α = 0.77–0.91) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov– Smirnov and t‑tests for the two independent groups. P < 0.05 was considered as the level of significance.

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the overall mean of emotional intelligence and its subcomponents (P > 0.05), except social skills, such as self‑awareness (P = 0.019). Appearance evaluation and appearance orientation variables were statistically significant between the two groups (P < 0.05), while the quality of life was not statistically significant (P = 0.051).

In the psychological parameters studied, we found that the appearance evaluation and social skills of the rhinoplasty applicants are low, and it is better to have interventions before the rhinoplasty in people who have difficulty with these variables.

Controlling acute pains requires proper diagnosis and prescription of appropriate drugs. Hence, it is quite necessary to develop a systematic checklist containing all factors affecting the acute postoperative pain or any acute pain associated with breast cancer in order to determine the type and dosage of analgesics administered to the patients. The aim of the present study was the design, and psychometric and pilot execution of a checklist for determining the severity of pain, as well as the type and dosage of analgesics administered to patients who underwent breast surgeries.

The present methodological study was conducted in Tabriz from 2018 to 2019. The participants consisted of 340 patients who were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was carried out in four stages including interviews with patients and the elicitation of experts’ views and opinions, checklist validity assessment, the finalization of the items, and finally, questionnaire reliability assessment. Eventually, the data were statistically analyzed using the inter-cluster correlation test and the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20) in SPSS-19.

In the first stage, a 100-item checklist was designed, which included 4 subscales (i.e., severe, relatively severe pain, moderate, and mild pain). Then, 66 items were eliminated due to the low content validity ratio and content validity index (CVI). The final checklist contained 34 items with an S-CVI/Ave of 0.941, as well as an inter-cluster correlation test (P=0.001) and internal consistency of 0.921.

The final checklist entitled “Pain Diagnosis and Drug Prescription for Breast Cancer Patients” was an appropriate tool for the precise determination of the severity of pain in addition to the type and dosage of postoperative analgesics.

There are conflicting reports on post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) training programs that could have the most favorable impact on the hemodynamic state of patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effects of interval training on hemodynamic indices of patients following CABG.

In this prospective quasi-experimental study (over the 4 months leading to July 2019), 24 patients were randomly selected based on a similar study. Among these patients, 12 cases (the training group) referring to Shahid Madani hospital of Tabriz received twelve 20-minute sessions of interval training over a month and their hemodynamic indices were measured before and after the intervention. The indices were then analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, correlated t-test, and independent t test and P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

The intergroup comparison of hemodynamic indices between training and control groups showed a significant difference (P≤0.019). In addition, the intragroup comparison of pre- and post-intervention results demonstrated significant improvements in all hemodynamic indices of the training group after the intervention (P≤0.010) while the changes were not significant in the control group (P≤0.118).

In general, the interval training program in the post-CABG period improved hemodynamic indices and patient rehabilitation.

An increase in the level of cortisol hormone caused by preoperative stress may have undesirable effects on the surgery. Thus, it is necessary to manage the level of this hormone. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ear acupressure on stress and serum cortisol hormone levels before rhinoplasty surgery.

The present randomized clinical trial study was carried out in six months and finished on August 21, 2019. In general, 66 participants were selected based on quadratic-block randomization at Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz. Ear acupressure group received the intervention in each ear twice a day for 10 minutes (the duration of each intervention) three days before the surgery. The data were recorded in the demographic form of Spielberger’s implicit and explicit stress just before and three hours after each intervention. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent samples t test, and chi-square statistical tests and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Before the intervention, both groups showed no significant differences (P>0.05) regarding the amount of implicit and explicit stress and serum cortisol levels (P<0.05). However, a significant difference was observed in the stress and cortisol levels of the participants of both groups after implementing the interventions. Regarding the inter-group differences, there were no statistically significant differences between the means of the control group both before and after the intervention (P>0.05). In contrast, the intervention group faced significant changes considering the level of stress and serum cortisol in the posttest.

Overall, performing ear acupressure before rhinoplasty can reduce stress (implicit and explicit) and serum cortisol levels.

Lymphedema due to breast cancer treatment has a wide range of complications, including carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). This syndrome causes disability for breast cancer survivors, so knowing its prevalence is essential for future action. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the frequency ratio of carpal tunnel syndrome in women with breast cancer treated with lymphedema.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 160 breast cancer survivors with lymphedema in Tabriz city health centers in 2018-2019. Demographic data and Boston CTS Questionnaire (CTS) were used for the purposes of the study. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and Regression and Spearman Correlation tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Thirty-three (20.62%) patients had carpal tunnel syndrome. The results of Chi-square test indicated that there was a significant association between carpal tunnel syndrome and age (p= 0.009), lymphedema (p= 0.001), history of radiotherapy (p= 0.001), history of surgery (0.019), history of lymph node removal (p= 0.03) and history of diabetes mellitus (p= 0.04).

The incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in the present study was 20.62% in women with breast cancer treated with lymphedema. Identifying the risk factors for this syndrome may be the basis for preventive and controlling measures in these patients.

Pain and shoulder dysfunction are among the adverse and prevalent conditions in post-mastectomy women. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine massage therapy with and without elastic bandaging on pain, edema, and shoulder dysfunction after modified radical mastectomy.

This was a clinical trial conducted at Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz, Iran, from December 22, 2018, to May 5, 2019. Ninety women participated in this study and were randomly divided into three groups of 30 (i.e., Manual lymph drainage, Manual lymph drainage plus reduced-compression bandaging, and control) based on a random number table. Patients and their companions were instructed on the intervention to be performed at home on a daily basis 24 hours after surgery with the help of a trained research assistant. Data were entered in the relevant forms before and after the intervention, including demographic information, shoulder pain and dysfunction index (SPDI), and edema checklist. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS 19. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The comparison of the main variables between the three groups before and after the intervention showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.0560). The intervention could significantly change pain intensity and shoulder movement limitation (P = 0.001). However, there was no difference in the edema variable before and after the intervention (P = 0.25).

In general, massage therapy with and without elastic bandaging had a positive effect on shoulder movement limitation and pain whereas it had no such effect on edema drainage.

Prediction of nausea and vomiting can positively contribute to the management of this post-anesthesia adverse effect. Therefore, the present study aimed to design and implement a checklist for predicting anesthesia-induced nausea and vomiting in candidate patients for mastectomy.

This methodological study was conducted on 300 candidate patients for mastectomy during 2018-2019 at Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz, Iran. The checklist items were designed and developed based on scientific articles, expert opinions, and patient interviews. The Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha, Spearman-Brown coefficient, factor analysis, the KaiserMeyer-Olsen measure of sampling adequacy, and VARIMAX rotation were used to analyze the data. Eventually, the distribution of data with a normal distribution was compared through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

In the first stage, 100 items were collected, which were reduced to 35 cases after modification by a team of experts. Twenty items were ultimately selected after observing the 80/20 response rate. The overall scale reliability was calculated as 0.953 based on Cronbach’s alpha. The correlation coefficient of the first and second implementations was 0.853. Finally, the four extracted factors accounted for 69.51 of the variance of the checklist based on factor analysis.

The prediction checklist for post-anesthesia nausea and vomiting in candidate patients for mastectomy comprised adequate psychometric indicators that could be used with high reliability according to the extracted indices.

Nausea and vomiting is one of the most common and undesirable side effects of cisplatin and due to the effects of ginger in the treatment and prevention of nausea and vomiting, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of ginger capsule on treatment of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving cisplatin undergoing mastectomy.

This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 cancer patients in the chemotherapy clinic of Tabriz Shahid Madani Hospital in 2018-2019. The intervention group received ginger tablet 500 mg twice daily from 10th days after chemotherapy and one week before mastectomy. The control group received placebo tablet. Rhodes nausea and vomiting assessment tool was used before the intervention and the day after mastectomy. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and Shapiro-Wilk and t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The intra-group comparison showed the control group had no significant difference in terms of nausea severity after the intervention (p=0.119), whereas a significant difference was observed in the intervention group after the intervention (p=0.001). There was no significant change in vomiting severity in the control group (p=0.229), while this score was significantly decreased in the intervention group (p=0.004).

Ginger capsule is effective in treatment nausea and vomiting in women who have used cisplatin and are going to undergo mastectomy.

Hypertension in obese patients is more affected by spinal anesthesia than normal people. Due to the lack of study and recommendation of articles about comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine in obese patients during cesarean section, this study was performed with aim to compare the effect of hypotension treatment due to spinal anesthesia with ephedrine and phenylephrine on the status of arterial blood gas and Apgar score during cesarean delivery in obese mothers.

This randomized clinical trial was performed in 2016 on 100 pregnant women with BMI≥30kg/m2 (according to the formula) who were candidates for elective cesarean section in Tabriz Alzahra Hospital. Demographic characteristics and maternal and fetal status as well as analysis of arterial blood gases of umbilical artery were included in the researcher-made checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and t-test, Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was statistically significant difference between two groups in terms of HCO3- (P=0.048), BE (P=0.035), heart rate (P=0.002), systolic (P=0.003) and diastolic (P=0.004) blood pressure during anesthesia and surgery; phenylephrine group had more stability. No significant difference was found between two groups in terms of other variables (blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation) (P>0.06) and neonatal Apgar score (first and fifth minutes) (P>0.05).

Phenylephrine leads to better and more effective treatment of hypertension than ephedrine in pregnant women with BMI≥30kg /m2 with spinal anesthesia; also neonatal complications such as metabolic acidosis have been less observed in obese patients treated with phenylephrine.

Cultural competence is the main component of cultural care; therefore, it is necessary to be aware of its levels. The lack of a suitable tool that can measure cultural competence levels among midwives led us to carry out the present study aiming to develop and validate a cultural competence questionnaire for health promotion of Iranian midwives.

This methodological study was performed on 302 midwives selected through three‑stage cluster sampling method in 2018 in East Azarbaijan Province. The initial tool was designed after qualitative study and searching similar studies. Then, the tool validity was assessed through evaluating the face and content validity in midwives and performing survey and psychometrics. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 19 through exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and Pearson correlation, at the significant level of <0.05.

The initial tool was constructed with 42 items in the five‑point Likert scale. By eliminating 9 items during face and content validation and 6 items during factor analysis, the final 25‑item questionnaire was developed in five areas of theoretical and practical learning, clinical application, cultural skill, cultural excellence, and cultural competence. According to Cronbach’s alpha, reliability of the tool was at a good level (0.889) with a confidence interval of 0.95 (P < 0.001).

The cultural competence questionnaire for Iranian midwives, with five‑factor verification and acceptable validity and reliability can be used in studies considering the components of Iranian culture.

Regarding to the lack of reports about the prevalence of pregnancy varicose in Iran and the adverse effects of this type of varicose on pregnancy and childbirth, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the prevalence of pregnancy varicose and its related factors.

This analytical-cross-sectional study was performed on 275 pregnant women in gynecology hospitals of Tabriz in 2018. The CEAP checklist was used to determine the severity of varicose symptoms. Data were collected by the researcher after completion. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and spearman correlation test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The prevalence of pregnancy varicose was 18.18% (n=50), and among women who had varicose, the majority (n=26, 9.4%) had mild varicose. Also, there was significant relationship between pregnancy varicose and age (P=0.005), BMI (P=0.02), gestational age (P=0.001), smoking (P=0.01) and history of deep vein thrombosis (P=0.03).

The prevalence of pregnancy varicose in the present study was about 18.2%. The factors such as age, body mass index, gestational age, smoking and history of deep vein thrombosis are among the main factors affecting the disease.

As an important factor in the quality of nursing care, cultural competence of nurses should be assessed to improve the quality of care provided. Nursing care is sensitive to culture; therefore, it is necessary to design a tool for evaluation of cultural competence. In this regard, the present study intended to develop a cultural competence questionnaire for Iranian nurses.

In this methodological study, 350 nurses working in all educational hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected through convenience sampling. Questions related to cultural care were selected by experts of this field, and a questionnaire was designed and its validity and reliability were examined.

A 20‑item questionnaire was developed which assessed the three areas of learning and education, awareness and knowledge, and skills. Cronbach’s alpha of the whole questionnaire was 0.912, and its validity based on the Kaiser–Mayer–Olkin Index was 0.891.

This study provides proper evidence regarding the strength of factor structure and the reliability of the developed questionnaire; therefore, it can be considered as a scientific tool for research, educational, and practical purposes in Iranian nurses.

Controlling the complications of anesthetics (e.g., succinylcholine) seems necessary since they are greater for nulliparous women who undergo elective cesarean section (C-section). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate on the complications of succinylcholine administration in nulliparous women undergoing elective C-section.

This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 60 nulliparous women during 2012-2013. The women were randomly assigned to A and B groups. Before inducing the rapid anesthesia with succinylcholine, patients in the intervention group received 30 mg/kg of magnesium sulfate within 10 minutes and then the hemodynamic status and the side effects of succinylcholine were recorded in a special form. Statistical tests were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA, chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA tests and the level of significance was determined to be P<0.05.

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic data (P>0.059). However, the results indicated that there was a significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the myoglobin level (P=0.010). Contrarily, the results showed that most patients in the intervention (n=23) and control (n=15) groups experienced no or mild and severe fasciculation, respectively (P<0.001).

In general, magnesium sulfate can greatly control and reduce the complications of succinylcholine administration, including fasciculation.

Chlamydia trachomatis, as the main cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD), can lead to serious complications such as spontaneous abortion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of C. trachomatis infection in spontaneous abortion of infertile women who referred to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences during the first pregnancy by means of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in 2015.

The present descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in the infertility clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences from March 21, 2015 to March 19, 2016. A total of 120 infertile women were selected by the convenience sampling method. The specimens were prepared by the Dacron swab after four rotations in the endocervix and discharged into the specific transport medium of C. trachomatis. The DNA extraction was then performed by AccuPrep genomic DNA kit and the DNA was extracted until performing the PCR at -20° C. Next, nested PCR was conducted in 2 rounds and the final product of PCR was agar -2% gel electrophoresis. After entering the data in SPSS, the chi-square test was used to examine the role of factors influencing C. trachomatis infection and a P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

The incidence of C. trachomatis infection in women with spontaneous abortion was 16.66%. In addition, there was a significant difference between the infected and non-infected groups regarding employment (P<0.04), birth control method (P<0.03), and the number of sexual intercourses per week (P<0.001).

The prevalence of C. trachomatis in women who became pregnant with infertility treatment and spontaneous abortion was high in this study. Thus, nested PCR is considered an appropriate method for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis and it is essential for pregnant women who experience pregnancy with infertility treatment.

There are contradictory results regarding the effects of foot reflexology on postoperative pain and hemodynamic status in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of foot reflexology on post-sternotomy pain and physiological parameters in patients undergoing CABG.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 women in Shahid Madani hospital of Tabriz in 2019. The sample size was determined based on previous studies using a formula and the participants were randomly assigned to treatment (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. In addition, all participants completed a three-part questionnaire (i.e., demographics, the visual analog scale, and hemodynamic symptoms forms) before and 40 minutes after the intervention. Then, the women in the test group received 20 minutes of left foot reflexology based on the existing method while those in the control group received no intervention. The data were statistically analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and chi-square tests, as well as the paired sample and independent t tests at the significance level less than 0.05.

The results indicated that the intervention significantly reduced systolic (P = 0.001) and diastolic (P = 0.005) blood pressures, along with heart (P = 0.003) and respiratory (P = 0.041) rates. Further, foot reflexology significantly decreased the severity of postoperative pain in the treatment group (P = 0.003).

Overall, the study findings revealed that foot reflexology had positive effects on the stability of hemodynamic status and thus relieved postoperative pain in patients undergoing CABG.

  Upper crossed syndrome (UCS) can exert adverse effects on rehabilitation after a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of stretching exercises on UCS in women undergoing CABG. The present quasi-experimental study was carried out on 30 women in Shahid Madani hospital of Tabriz, Iran. According to a similar study, the participants were selected through a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of A and B. Those in group A participated in an 8-week intervention of stretching exercises (3 sessions per week) in accordance with the existing protocol. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of covariance, the dependent t test, and the Wilcoxon test at the significance level of 0.05. The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups in terms of kyphosis angle (P=0.001) and forward head angle (P=0.019) after the intervention. The data analysis also showed that stretching exercises had no significant effect on the improvement of angles of left and right shoulders (P=0.109 and P=0.111) respectively. The study findings suggest that corrective and stretching exercises might improve head forward posture and kyphosis angle, but do not affect shoulder angle.

  Portal infection is one of the complications that can affect the results of chemotherapy and need to other treatments. Therefore, researchers recommend that caution should be exercised until the reasons for this request have been identified and no action has been taken to control and eliminate them. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of related infections and port-specific factors in women with common cancer under chemotherapy. This study was conducted on 85 patients with prevalent cancers among women and port candidates for chemotherapy in Tabriz hospitals in 2015. Clinical signs and laboratory tests (measuring white blood cell and erythrocyte sedimentation levels) confirming port-based infection were recorded in researcher-made checklists. Subsequently, the data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) using the descriptive statistics and independent t-test. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 13 patients suffered from port infection after the port was placed. There was a significant relationship between the number of chemotherapy sessions (P=0/002), the number of days of in-situ port (P=0/001), and the number of hospital stay days between the two groups with or without infection after the port placement (P=0/001). The high prevalence of infection in the port site (15%) in this study can affect the duration of chemotherapy and the trust of team members and patients. Therefore, it is suggested not to refer to the results of the present study in decision-making for port insertion in chemotherapy. On the other hand, being aware of the extent of port-related infection in the present study can change the policies of the hospitals and physicians to control the infection and lead to finding optimal ways of using it

  Following the increase in the prevalence of ventilator- associated pneumonia in the general sectors, the direct effects of nursing interventions on its reduction, as well as the contradictory results of nursing education in different study shifts, aiming at clinical examination of morning shift nurses in non-specialist nursing departments of Imam Reza Hospital Tabriz was done. In this clinical trial, control group with 60 nurses involved in trauma, neurological and brain surgery, internal lung and thoracic surgery at Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz during the morning shift in 1397, preventive methods for pneumonia The ventilator was trained to nurses and the nurses' performance was compared with a ventilator- associated pneumonia prevention checklist one month before and one month after the intervention, using t-test. Clinical audit process can not affect the overall performance of nurses for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia or any of the effective factors in preventing this infection. There are many factors involved in improving the quality of nursing care, including the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia, the most important of which is the clinical audit, but the lack of attention to the number of nurses in areas with high density Work is facing the cause of the ineffectiveness of educational interventions such as clinical audits and reducing the incidence of ventilator- associated pneumonia.

Nursing students' work can have irreparable effects. There are many factors that affect optimism. Optimism is one of the factors that the effects on the person who is ostracizing are unclear. Therefore, we decided to The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between optimism and negligence in nursing students . In this descriptive correlational study conducted in the northwest of the year 1395, 315 nursing students were entered into the study using available sampling method and the relationship between optimism and negligence using Tuckman's negligence questionnaire and optimism with the use of Inferential statistics of Pearson correlation and SPSS software version 19 were used. P <0.05 was considered significant. The mean and Standard deviation of students' negligence (25.47 ± 03.50) was high, while the mean and Standard deviation of optimism (32.69 ± 04.01) was moderate and had a statistically significant relationship (p=0.001). Meanwhile, the average of effective negligence and optimism increased with increasing term. The lowest grade of optimism and Procrastination was observed in semester 1 students and most in the last semester. Optimism and Procrastination in the students participating in this study had high levels that had a significant relationship with each other, On the other hand, it was observed that an increase in optimism led to the neglect of the students' study. Researchers are proposing fundamental studies, as well as factors influencing optimism and negligence.