mehdi mirzaii

CoNS, as opportunists, are responsible for severe nosocomial and health-care related infections. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and to simultaneously address the SCCmec types in CoNS isolated from patients and healthcare workers.

A total of 130 isolates including 80 clinical isolates and 50 healthcare worker isolates (HCWs), were collected from two hospitals examined for their susceptibility to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin using disc diffusion. AME genes and SCCmec types were detected by the Multiplex PCR assay.

The resistance rate to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin was 67.5%, 56.3%, and 40% respectively. In addition, resistance to gentamicin was predominant among both patients and healthcare workers isolates. Also, aac(6`)-aph(2”)-Ia gene was the most prevalent, occurring in 56.3% of isolates, followed by ant(4`)-Ia gene at 18.8%. In contrast, 23.8% isolates lacked any AMEs genes. SCCmec types I, II, III, IV, and V were identified in 62.5%, 1.6%, 29.7%, 1.6%, and 6.3% of isolates, respectively. The combinations of types I + III and III + V were found in 18.8% and 4.7% of isolates, respectively, while 21.9% of isolates were non-typeable.

In this study, the emergence of aminoglycoside resistant strains was observed among clinical and health care workers isolates. Furthermore, SCCmecI was the most abundant type detected, demonstrating that there are different types among the isolates in different regions.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women worldwide. According to different studies, infectious agents or microbiota dysbiosis can play a role in CRC progression.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus plantarum in people with polyps or CRC compared to healthy individuals.

In this study, 60 biopsy samples were collected from three groups, including patients with CRC, polyps, and healthy people. The genomic DNA was extracted from the collected samples and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect E. faecalis, L. acidophilus, and L. plantarum. In the next step, quantitative Real-Time PCR was used to evaluate the copy number of the bacteria in the studied groups.

There was no statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding age and gender (P > 0.05). The mean number of E. faecalis was higher in patients with CRC than in patients with polyps and healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Also, the mean numbers of L. acidophilus and L. plantarum were higher in healthy individuals than in patients with polyps and CRC (P < 0.05).

Our findings indicate that L. acidophilus and L. plantarum in people with a family history of CRC and patients with polyps may effectively prevent or reduce CRC progression.

Candida species are normal vaginal flora in healthy women, which can cause vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). The formation of biofilm is a cause of drug resistance in Candida species of vaginal origin. We aimed to specify Candida species cause VVC, detect their biofilm-forming ability, and antifungal susceptibility pattern.

Overall 150 vaginal samples were collected from suspected cases of referring to Bahar Hospital of Shahroud, Iran between Jan 2018 and Jan 2019. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Chrome gar Candida and Corn meal agar (CMA). PCR-RFLP was performed to confirm the identification. Biofilm formation of the identified species was measured by the Crystal Violet method. The susceptibility to fluconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole was determined based on the CLSI document M27-A3.

Of 50 women (33.3%) were suffering from VVC. C.albicans was the predominant species isolated in this study (n=39, 78%) followed by C. glabratia (n=11, 22%). In addition, in 25 (50%) of positive samples, biofilm formation was determined. The mean MIC of fluconazole and clotrimazole for C. albicans was 5.02 μg /mL and 3.92 μg /mL, respectively. Furthermore, the mean MIC related to these drugs for C. glabrata was 12.45 μg / mL and 4.1μg / mL, respectively. The mean diameter of miconazole inhibition zone for C. albicans and C. glabra isolates was 25.13 mm and 24.5mm, respectively and all of them were susceptible to this drug.

C.albicans was the predominant Candida species isolated from patients with VVC and also was the predominant biofilm producer species.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of berberine and thioridazine, as well as their effect on the gene expression of the AdeABC efflux pump system in Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) isolates.

This study was carried out in five MDR clinical isolates of A. baumannii and a sample of standard strain (A. baumannii PTCC1797). The effect of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of berberine, thioridazine, and ciprofloxacin alone and their combination on A. baumannii was evaluated by broth microdilution method. Also, their effect on the expression of adeB efflux pump gene was evaluated using real time PCR method.

The MIC of thioridazine, berberine, ciprofloxacin+thioridazine, ciprofloxacin+ berberine, thioridazine+berberine, and ciprofloxacin+thioridazine+berberine on MDR A. baumannii isolates was 64, 256, 128, 256, 128, and 128 μg/ml, respectively. The results showed that treatment of strains with thioridazine alone and in combination with berberine and ciprofloxacin significantly (p<0.05) decreased the expression of adeB efflux pump gene.

Due to the inhibitory effects of thioridazine on bacterial isolates and adeB efflux pump gene, this compound can be used as a potential antimicrobial agent against MDR A. baumannii

Tissue engineering using scaffold, cells, and growth factor creates the appropriate environment to repair, replace, or regenerate of failure or damaged tissue. Scaffolds play the role of ECM of normal tissue and support cell growth and differentiation. Electrospinning is a fast and efficient method that makes it possible to make nanofiber scaffolds. Phase separation is also a fast and inexpensive method and requires fewer tools.

In the present study, after obtaining the optimal factors in electrospinning and phase separation process, from gelatin polymer for nanofiber synthesis and from poly-L-lactic acid polymer (PLLA) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes for making porous and nanofiber conduits containing berberine (Beri) was used and evaluated by various tests.

The results of in vitro characterization tests indicated the suitability of channels containing PLA/MWCNTs / nanofiber gelatin with berberine. Functional tests (including SFI, Hot plate test) and histological tests are made of a nerve and muscle (including H&E staining) as well as weighing of gastrocnemius muscle. The defect showed a significant improvement in berberine-receiving rats compared with the negative control group and the berberine-free groups.

synthesis of porous and nanofiber conduits from gelatin and poly-L-lactic acid polymer with electrospinning and phase separation process provide potential use in peripheral nerve tissue engineering.

After childbirth, sexual dysfunction refers to a chain of psychiatric, physiological, social changes and a couple’s experiences. The purpose of our Systematic Review (Syst.Rev.) is to evaluate available high‑quality evidence and construct a Bio Psycho Social (BPS) model of couple’s sexual function after childbirth.

A systematic search was done with MeSH terms in databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science direct. A total number of 9 Syst.Rev. were evaluated from 2009 to 2019 years. The quality of extracted articles was evaluated based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses (PRISMA) checklist of contents using two qualified reviewers. Data synthesis was performed using the thematic analysis.

Biopsychosocial Model of Postpartum Couple’s Sexual Function (BMPCSF) is proposed as a developmental process similar to Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Model. Studies showed a significant relationship among the type of childbirth, trauma of perineum, breastfeeding, mood swings, fears, changes in the self‑body image, spousal support, and Postpartum Sexual Dysfunction (PSD). Hence, the evidence about male sexuality in the postpartum period doesn’t seem sufficient.

The information from this study will help health policymakers develop the appropriate guidelines to inform couples and healthcare professionals about the BPS changes after childbirth and PSD. Besides, BMPCSF can be used in postpartum sexual counseling to improve sexual health and marital relationships. We propose comprehensive original study on couples’ postpartum sexuality, especially men’s conduct, emphasizing socio‑cultural factors.

With the growing rate of cesarean sections, rising morbidity and mortality thereafter is an important health issue. Predictive models can identify individuals with a higher probability of cesarean section, and help them make better decisions. This study aimed to investigate the biopsychosocial factors associated with the method of childbirth and designed a predictive model using the decision tree C4.5 algorithm. In this cohort study, the sample included 170 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy referring to Shahroud Health Care Centers (Semnan, Iran), from 2018 to 2019. Blood samples were taken from mothers to measure the estrogen hormone at baseline. Birth information was recorded at the follow-up time per 30-42 days postpartum. Chi square, independent samples t test, and Mann-Whitney were used for comparisons between the two groups. Modeling was performed with the help of MATLAB software and C4.5 decision tree algorithm using input variables and target variable (childbirth method). The data were divided into training and testing datasets using the 70-30% method. In both stages, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were evaluated by the decision tree algorithm. Previous method of childbirth, maternal body mass index at childbirth, maternal age, and estrogen were the most significant factors predicting the childbirth method. The decision tree model’s sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85.48%, 94.34%, and 89.57% in the training stage, and 82.35%, 83.87%, and 83.33% in the testing stage, respectively. The decision tree model was designed with high accuracy successfully predicted the method of childbirth. By recognizing the contributing factors, policymakers can take preventive action. It should be noted that this article was published in preprint form on the website of research square (https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-34770/v1).

Candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor are opportunistic fungal infections that are caused by Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. yeasts. Conventional drugs like azole and amino derivatives are known to treat fungal skin diseases. However, drawbacks like long-term side effects and drug resistance lead to investigate on antifungal properties of phytochemicals as an alternative to available synthetic drugs.

The herbal nano hydrogel was successfully synthesized from Quince Seed extract followed by ultrasonic treatment and it has been formulated using a mixture of essential oils. We evaluated the antifungal in vitro assay for a mixture of essential oils in combination with herbal nano hydrogel against Candida albicans and Malasezia furfur strains by micro dilution method.

The results indicated that essential oils possess antifungal activity with the MIC value of 12.5 and 6.24 mg/ml against C. albicans and M. furfur, respectively. No fungicidal effect was reported for the herbal hydrogel before nanofabrication while it shown some antifungal activity after ultrasonic treatment for 5 and 10 minutes. As anticipated; the antifungal property of essential oil mixture was appreciably improved when it combined with herbal nano hydrogel where the highest level of inhibition was observed at concentration of 3.125 mg/ml for both strains. The loss in biological activity observed when the ultrasonic treatment on herbal nano hydrogel performed for longer time.

The proposed plant-based nano formulation shown promising in vitro antifungal activities against C. albicans and M. furfur strains and its antifungal properties were comparable with commercially available agents like clotrimazole. The new formulation expected to be safe with minimum long-term side effects. Further investigations are underway to confirm the safety and the mechanism of the action of this new herbal formulation.

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by using Euphorbia Pseudocactus Berger (Euphorbiaceae) extract, which played the main role in the formation and stability of nanoparticles. The physic-chemical property of biosynthesized nanoparticles were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. UV-Vis results illustrated that maximum plasma resonance absorption of Ag NPs are about 426 nm. Size distribution and spherical morphology was determined by TEM method. The XRD was confirmed face centered cubic (FCC) structure for synthesized nanoparticles.The molecular dynamics (MD) and monte carlo (MC) simulations were used to evaluate the nanoparticles .The antibacterial properties of biosynthesized Ag NPs were studied on E.coli (ATCC 25922), S. aureus (ATCC 2592), P. aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and E. faecalis (ATCC51299) by using micro dilution broth method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results of synthesized Ag NPs on S. aureus and E. faecalis obtained 4 and 8 μg/mL and P. aeruginosa and E. coli obtained 16 and 4 μg/mL. So, synthesized nanoparticles can be utilized as an antibacterial agent in medical and industrial devices and tools.

The present study investigated the prevalence of genes encoding for exotoxins, adhesion and biofilm factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from samples in a referral burn hospital in Tehran, Iran.

S. aureus isolates obtained from patients, personnel and surfaces in the wards of a burn hospital were identified and confirmed by biochemical and molecular tests, respectively. The susceptibility of isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method. Virulence factors were detected by multiplex PCR.

The frequency of hla, hlb, hld, hlg, tst and pvl genes was 92.8%, 34.7%, 89.8%, 11.9%, 10.7%, and 0.5% respectively. The results revealed that the hla gene had the highest frequency among isolates (94.4% for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 89.8% for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA)). The most prevalent adhesion and biofilm-related gene was eno (85.6%). The prevalence of the remaining genes was as follows:  fib (71.8%), clfB (70%), cna (59.2 %), fnbB (17.9%), icaA (72.4%), and icaD (85.6%). The incidence of fib, hlb, hlg, and tst genes was significantly higher in MRSA isolates compare to the MSSA isolates. Moreover, the resistance rates for all antibiotics were higher is MRSA isolates except for nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol antibiotics.

Data indicate the high prevalence rates of virulence factors among S. aureus isolates, especially MRSA strains in the burn hospital. This should to be taken into account in the development of an effective infection control policy and continuous monitoring of drug resistance in hospitals.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections. The most common cause is Escherichia coli. This research is done with the aim at compare effect of ciprofloxacin with nalidixic acid in the infection of different parts of the urinary tract.

In this cross-sectional study, 130 patients with symptoms of the urinary tract infection referred to Imam Hossain Hospital of Shahrood were studied. For the all patients, urine samples were collected by standard method and urine analysis and culture was performed. Then, positive culture samples were tested by antibiogram and the resistance rate for the two antibiotics ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid and MBC and MIC was investigated.

Of the 130 patients with symptoms of UTI (fever, flank pain or tenderness and dysuria, urgency or frequency (84 patients had positive urine culture. Of all patients with positive urine, 31 cases had symptoms of pyelonephritis, 25 patients had symptoms of cystitis and 28 patients had symptoms of UTI. In antibiogram for positive urine samples, 21 pieces were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 46 pieces were resistant to nalidixic acid which significantly reduced resistance to ciprofloxacin (P=0.005). There was no significant difference between the two antibiotics in place of clinical symptoms and drug resistance. So there was no significant difference between the two MIC and MBC in place of clinical symptoms and drug resistance.

This study showed that ciprofloxacin is more effective in controlling infection of different parts of the urinary tract due to less drug resistance.

Drug abuse is a major problem in Iran with a huge social burden. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is offered as a harm reduction program to decrease the consequences of opioid drug dependence. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ABCB1 gene, encoding P-glycoprotein, have shown associations with drug uptake in the central nervous system (CNS). We aimed to identify the frequency of ABCB1 SNPs and haplotypes in Iranian opioid-dependent patients and the link between ABCB1 haplotypes and P-glycoprotein function. We randomly selected 400 patients undergoing methadone treatment from the MMT clinics in Shahroud, Iran. Of these, 320 people qualified for the study were sorted according to their dose requirement. Individuals with a dose of greater than 100 mg/day and less than 60 mg/day were selected and divided into two groups. Blood samples were taken from 83 high-dose dependent (HDD) and 86 low-dose dependent (LDD) individuals. DNA was extracted and ABCB1 SNPs at the C1236T, C3435T, A61G, G1199A, and G2677T loci were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The haplotypes were obtained by the use of SNP analyzer version 2.0 software. No significant differences were observed in allele and genotype frequencies of the SNPs between HDD and LDD groups. Eleven unique haplotypes were obtained, of which only the TTAGG haplotype showed a significant difference between the two populations (P = 0.030557, χ2 = 4.678). Linkage disequilibrium was observed at 1199, 1236, and 3435 loci. There were no significant differences in methadone dose requirement between different haplotypes or genotypes. Here, for the first time, we reported the frequency of ABCB1 SNPs in opioid-dependent people in Iran. Regarding the results, it seems that the use of these SNPs is not beneficial to predict and optimize the amount of drug requirement in Iranian society. However, further genotyping studies are required to decipher the impact of genetic variability on methadone dependence.

Staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing is a typing method based on the DNA sequence analysis of staphylococcal protein A gene. The purpose of this study was to do molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in Toohid and Besat hospitals, Sanandaj, Iran, in 2014. Clinical specimens were collected from hospitalized patients over a period of 1 year. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified using culture and biochemical standard methods based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. spa gene patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified using spa-typing techniques. In total, 20 different patterns of spa gene were obtained in staphylococcus aureus isolates in this study, which included type t030 (6 cases), types t230, t459, and t701 (3 cases of each one), types t11332 and t304
(2 cases of each one), and types t325, t012, t1149, t1810, t197, t325, t7789, t808, t871, t937, t14896, t14913, t14928, and t14929 (1 case of each one). The highest prevalence belonged to types t030 (30.0%), and then, types t230, t459, and t701 (15.0% for each one). New types of t14896, t14913, t14928, and t14929 were identified during this study. There were some well-known patterns of spa types, and also we identified new types that should be studied more to qualify. Analysis of these patterns can improve insight to design nosocomial infection control programs.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) remains one of the most prevalent drug-resistant bacteria causing health care infections. Limited data are available about how the frequency of MRSE changed in Iran over the past years. The current study aimed at determining the frequency of MRSE in different cities of Iran.
Databases including Web of Sciences, Scopus, Embase, Medline, and Iranian databases were searched to find studies addressing the frequency of MRSE in Iran published from Mar 2006 to Jan 2016. The data were analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis version 2.2 (Biostat). Of the 139 records identified in the databases, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria.
The analyses showed that the frequency of MRSE infections was 73.9% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 61.4 - 83.4] among culture-positive cases of S. epidermidis in different parts of Iran. The frequency of MRSE was higher in the studies conducted from 2011 to 2015, based on further stratified analyses.
The regular surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and formulation of definite antibiotic policy may control high rate of MRSE associated infections in Iran. Moreover, rapid and reliable diagnosis of MRSE isolates and regular screening of the personnel and surfaces of hospitals in terms of MRSE are indispensable.

The aim of the present study was to determine the aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) encoded genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and the coa based typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in the Southwest of Iran.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was carried out by agar disk diffusion methods. Two sets of multiplex PCR mixture were used for detection of AME genes and tet genes. All of the isolates were typed with the coagulase gene typing method. Of the 121 isolates, 29.75% and 47.93% were resistant to at least one aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, respectively.
The aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'') was the most frequent gene (97.22%), and aph (3')-IIIa and ant (4')-Ia genes were detected in 61.11% and 11.11% of aminoglycoside resistant isolates, respectively. The tetK and tetM genes were detected in 82.75% and 56.9% of tetracycline resistant isolates, respectively. Overall 31.4% of isolates were MRSA. Totally 17 distinct coa gene RFLP patterns, numbered C1 to C17, were observed. The C5 was the most frequent coa type with 31 isolates.
The aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'') and aph (3')-IIIa genes were the most important genes contributing to aminoglycosides resistance, while resistance to tetracyclines was mediated by tetK and tetM genes. Interestingly all S. aureus with C5 as the most prevalent coa-type were resistant to at least one of the aminoglycoside antibiotics and tetracycline simultaneously. Moreover, 30 out of 31 isolates with this coa type were MRSA, indicating the importance of the C5 coa-type in MRSA strains and also in isolates that were resistant to aminoglycosides and tetracycline.

Related Multidrug Resistance (MDR) to efflux pumps is a significant problem in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Plant compounds have been identified as Pump Inhibitors (EPIs). In the current study, the potential effect of Berberine and Palmatine as EPIs were investigated on efflux pump inhibition through focusing on different gene patterns in P. aeruginosa isolated from burn infections.
All isolates were collected and identified using the standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity was performed based on disk agar diffusion method for 12 antibiotics. MIC-MBC tests were also performed based on the broth microdilution method to detect synergistic relationship between ciprofloxacin, Berberine and Palmatine. Detection of mexA, mexB, mexC, mexD, mexE, mexF and mexX was conducted by PCR assay. Fisher's Exact test and Logistic Regression were used as statistical tools.
A total of 60 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected. The highest and lowest levels of resistance were found to be respectively against clindamycin and tigecycline. Comparing the MIC with MBC distribution, it was found that Berberine and Palmatine lower the MIC-MBC level of ciprofloxacin. The PCR results indicated that the highest frequency is about MexAB-OprM operon. The statistical analysis among different gene patterns of efflux pumps showed that there were no significant relationships between the effectiveness of Berberine and Palmatine (p>0.05).
It can be speculated that Berberine and Palmatine both act as EPIs and can be used as auxiliary treatments with the purpose of increasing the effect of available antibiotics as well as decreasing the emergence of MDR bacteria. The efficiency of these combinations should be studied further under in vivo conditions to have a more comprehensive conclusion regarding this issue.

The microbiological monitoring of the water used for haemodialysis is important especially for Legionella and non-fermentative bacteria since patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are suffering from deteriorated function of immune system.
A total 50 water and dialysate samples were weekly collected over a period of 10 weeks from 5 sites. Total and faecal coliforms were determined by utilizing the most probable number (MPN) method. For isolation of Legionella, water samples were inoculated on a BCYE medium. DNA extraction was performed and was used to amplify 16S rRNA gene of Legionella species. Airborne bacteria were sampled using a single stage Andersen air sampler.
Out of total 50 water samples, 24 samples had bacterial contamination. The highest rate of Legionella contamination was observed in the storage tank (67 cfu/ml). Legionella was not isolated from the dialysate effluent samples. The highest rate of total bacterial count was related to the dialysate effluent and the maximum total count of coliforms was related to the reverse osmosis. The isolated bacteria were Gram-negative bacilli (mostly Pseudomonas isolates), Gram-positive cocci (mostly Micrococcus spp.) and Gram-positive bacilli (mostly Bacillus spp.). Six samples were contaminated with coliforms. No faecal coliform was isolated from the samples.
These results indicated that dialysis machine is an important source of contaminations such as Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Legionella. Therefore an efficient prevention program is needed to eliminate bacterial contamination of dialysis water system. Moreover, in haemodialysis centres, periodic surveillance programs for microbiological qualification can lead to a better planning for disinfection of haemodialysis water systems.

Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of hospital and community-acquired infections. This bacterium possesses an accessory gene regulator (agr) that plays role in colonization, expression of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. It’s four major polypeptide with variable sequences lead to at least four agr type in S. aureus.The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the antibiogram patterns with agr type of clinical S. aureus. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from burn wounds was performed by phenotypic and genotypic profiles. The antibiotics resistance pattern was determined by disk agar diffusion (Tigecycline (TGC), Ciprofloxacin(CIP), Erythromycin(E), Cloxacillin(CX), Clindamycin(CD), Imipenem(IMI), Co-trimoxazole(SXT), Kanamycin(K), Teicoplanin(TEC), Gentamicin(GM), Mupirocin(MUP), Ceftriaxone (CTR)). The agr typing by PCR-RFLP method using the Restriction endonuclease ScaI was performed and spss19 was used for data analysis. The total of 76 MRSA isolates was studied. The agr type distribution was 75.6% Type I, 8.2% Type II, 5.4% Type III, 10.8% type IV. The most antibiotics resistant agr type belongs to the type I. There was no significance relationship between every agr type and antibiotics but only a statistically significant association exist between CX, E, CTR, SXT, GM, CIP antibiotics and all agr types (P<0.05). There was no significance relationship between every agr type and antibiotics but significant relationship observed between resistance to some antibiotics with all agr types could be related to the number and source of isolated bacteria or extra use of these antibiotics. By considering that agr locus belongs to upstream genes so it may use the Quorum Sensing (QS) system to induce the most drug resistance.

Most urinary tract infections (UTI) are caused by Escherichia coli. Integrons have an important role in distributing antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria.. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and their association with antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolated from patient with UTI in Yasuj, Iran..Patients and In this cross-sectional study a total of 200 E. coli were collected from 1820 patients diagnosed with UTI that had been referred to two clinical laboratories between February 2013 and November 2014 in Yasuj city, southwest of Iran. Susceptibility of isolates to 11 different antibiotics was determined by the disk agar diffusion method. multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 16) and the chi-square test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.. The highest rate of resistance was observed toward cephalothin (99%) and amoxicillin (76%) while only two (1%) isolates showed resistance to imipenem. Overall, 79% of isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR). Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 104 (52%) and 5 (2.5%) isolates respectively, while none of the isolates were positive for class 3 integrons. A significant association was observed between the presence of integrons and resistance to co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, ceftazidime and tetracycline (P < 0.05).. High MDR isolates of E. coli were observed in this study. The significant association between class 1 integrons and resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin, ceftazidime and tetracycline showed that class 1 integrons have an important role in resistance to these antibiotics in this region..

The oral microbial flora comprises one of the most diverse human-associated biofilms. Its development is heavily influenced by oral streptococci. Numerous studies have shown that these bacteria are capable of adhering and forming biofilm on oral cavity and tooth. Verbascum thapsus (VT) is a medicinal plant that chemical constituents of it revealed the presence of biologically active compounds with antibacterial properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-adherent activities of ethanol extract of (VT) against of three oral streptococci in vitro. In this study, biofilm formation of S. mutans 1683ATCC35.668, S. sanguinis 1449CIP53.15 and S. salivarius 1448 CIP55.128 with ethanol extract of VT was tested using Micro-dilution assay and microtitre plate assay. Results showed that the biofilm formation of three oral streptococci with ethanol extract (leaves and root) of VT was significantly lower than the control group without ethanol extract of VT. Meanwhile, the reduction degree was correlated to the concentration of ethanol extract of VT positively. These results suggest that antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of VT against three oral streptococci. VT extracts have inhibitory effects on biofilm formation of oral streptococci as the reduction of bacterial growth and reduction of biofilm formation ability.

Bacterial biofilms is a major problem of ineffective sterilization often confronted in health care center processes. The current electric field with the sterilant used to combat the biofilm greatly increases the efficacy of the sterilization. There has been little research on the effects of alternating current on the bacterial growth and biofilm potency.The purpose of this work was to study in vitro bioelectric effect of alternating current on biofilm potency Electric field strength of 6 and 10 V/cm2 at 1 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz was applied continuously during lag phases of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. First, McFarland suspension was prepared, then changes in bacterial biofilm formation were investigated by the microtiter plate method. The alternating current at the low voltage and high frequency (10 V/cm2 at 20MHz) reduced the biofilm potency of S. aureusATCC29213 (Strong to moderate) and P. aeruginosaPAO1 (moderate to weak) effectively. Detection of a suitable form of the alternating current for effective sterilization is necessary in the future. These data recommended the use of the bioelectric effect in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Effects of alternating currentmay can be applied as a complementary for eliminating biofilm and increasing disinfectant bactericidal potency.

plants been used for biological basis of drug substances in thousand years. Some of the plants have inhibitory effects on growth of intestinal infections. Black pepper is the plant that uses as classical medicine in the infections. Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococous aureus are two important bacterial agents in the food contamination.. In this study, inhibitory effects of (watery_alcoholic) extractions and essence of black pepper were studied against S. aureus and V. cholerea.. Extraction produced by soaking method then for determined antibacterial effects were used cylinder method. For preparation essence 50 gram of powdered black pepper was extracted by soaking, ethod and effect of essence was studied against the target cultuer by using the cup diffusion method. We also determined the MIC and MBC by micro dilution method.. Essence of black pepper showed good antibacterial effect on this bacteria. MIC of essence on the V. cholerea and S. aureus was 38 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL, but alcohol and watery extractions didn’t have antibacterial effect on these bacteria.. essence of black pepper showed a potent antibacterial activity and therefore, it may be used as an inhibitory extract against S. aureus and V. cholerea in food industry..

Following Article 190 of the Labor Law which protects some of the worker groupssubjected to double oppression and considers them subject to a separate act, thispaper attempts to explore causes, principles and ways of supporting mentionedgroups. In this regard, we have studied the legal status of fishermen, transportationstaff (ground, air, marine), workers with phisycal disabilities, household employees,workers in intermittent jobs and the workers whose wage is supplied in whole or inpart by their clients. We have also investigated their status according to internationalstandards, particularly, international labor standards, comparative labor law andlabor lights in Iran.

Background and Otitis media with effusion (OME) is one of the major childhood diseases. Alloiococcus otitidis as an agent of OME is a fastidious organism. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of A. Otitidis in children with OME using culture and PCR methods. A total of 65 specimens of middle ear effusions were obtained from 50 children diagnosed with OME under general anesthesia in operation room. PCR and bacterial culture methods were used for detection and isolation of A. otitidis. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined by disk agar diffusion (DAD) method. The patients included 45 male and five female. A. otitidis were isolated from 15 (23.07%) cases using culture and 26 (40%) patients through PCR. All the isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin and amoxicillin/ clavulanate. Whereas most of the isolates were resistant to Macrolides such as Erythromycins and Azithromycin. A. otitidis is one of the most important bacterial agents of OME in Iranian children. Considering the antibiogram susceptibility pattern, we can propose these antibiotics as the drugs of choice for the treatment of OME patients. Also, this study showed that PCR is more sensitive than culture method for identification of this bacterium.