mehdi moeini

The transformation of society, the independence of the work environment from the family environment, changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, and the economic need of households increased society and families' demand for women's employment. In the industry and service sectors, it led to the entry of women into the labor market, and as a result, the number of employed women increased. Therefore, the connection of life with employment or being a housewife is one of the most critical issues for the quality of life of women in society, which can play a fundamental and decisive role in managing the lives of employed and married women. Meanwhile, in recent decades the issue of quality of life has attracted the attention of many scientists. Although it is crucial to study the quality of life of all the strata of society, in the meantime, paying attention to the way of women life and their quality of life can be very effective in improving the health of families, today's and tomorrow's generations, and ultimately the entire society. Considering the change in the lifestyle and traditional roles of women in today's society, as well as their extensive participation in various fields, the present research aims to rank the factors affecting the quality of life of employed and married women. The current research is a type of applied study with the nature of a descriptive-survey research method. The target statistical population in Mehrestan city consists of 16 married women (employed or not) with at least five years of marriage history and a master's degree in sociology, who, due to the unwillingness of some of them to cooperate in research or the impossibility of accessing them, finally 13 (including seven employed-housewives and six unemployeds) experts cooperated in completing the questionnaires and were studied as the statistical sample of the research. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of the studied society, an enumeration method was used for sampling. The information in this research is collected from library materials(books, articles, reliable scientific databases), standard questionnaires, and paired matrix questionnaires (experts). To measure the validity of the questionnaire, identifying the factors based on the Likert scale, considering the standard questionnaire, face validity was used, and measuring its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient shows good reliability. Also, according to the calculated inconsistency rate (less than 0.1), the expert questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis concluded using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software. The findings of this research indicate that among the sixaffecting factors on the quality of life of employed and unemployed married women in Mehrestan city, the social relationship was identified as the main factor. In the following, the social security factor was second, the social support factor was third, the social status factor was fourth, the cultural capital factor was fifth, and the public health factor was ranked sixth. This research showed that women's social ties in their quality of life stands higher than other factors, and social security, support, and status are in the next level. In other words, the most paramount factor in women's quality of life is having a network of healthy social relationships with favorable social security, support, and status compared to others. Cultural capital is also effective in women's access to resources and improving their quality of life. Also, with the increase in women's general health, their quality of life increases. Therefore, it can be accepted that employed married women are attracted to the social framework due to their participation in social activities, and as a result, they do not see a difference between individual and social values, and they have a sense of responsibility and trust towards social values and norms that increase social integration. Therefore, they feel that the community's fate is related to its components, and thet they see the community as a suitable place for their evolution. This positive attitude towards the community and people brings social acceptance and increases the social health of the individual, which, as a result, improves the quality of life of employed married women and increases their psychological security.

Following the industrial revolution, the development of urbanization, and the expansion of cities, the oldest form of human movement, i.e. walking, was replaced with the use of automobiles. Therefore, the ease of traverse for pedestrians around cities is less significant now than a century ago. Today, there is a growing interest in enhancement of walking habits in urban areas in order to reduce pollution and other problems associated with motor transportation and to improve public health. Therefore, the issue of walking habits has been included on the agendas of many cities. Highlighting its significance, a large number of studies have been conducted around the world and in Iran over the past few decades to address the issue. The increasing trend in the past decade in the publication of high-quality articles addressing the topic of pedestrians demonstrates its importance and the expert concern for it in the field of urban planning and design. The present article aimed to investigate the issue of pedestrians quantitatively and qualitatively, analyzing and interpreting research published in Iran as high-quality articles and to avoid unnecessary replication in the field. It involved meta-synthesis, using encoding to analyze and interpret previous studies. Thisprovided a valuable opportunity for researchers to access an overview of the existing research activity, which could be very useful and effective in definition of research projects and adoption of new orientations on specific topics. The present paper resulted from an investigation of 80 high-quality articles focused on pedestrians, and sought to draft a vision on pedestrian research by studying the structures and contents of relevant high-quality Persian papers. The results of the research indicated that the volume of pedestrian research has been growing rapidly in the past two decades, with orientations toward walkability and footpaths. In most articles focused excessively on footpaths, however, promotion of walkability in cities to a basic level with the aim of improving quality and meeting the needs of citizens has been neglected. In fact, pedestrian research should be focused not only on expansion of footpaths but also on flexibility in promotion of the basic principles of walkability and, consequently, the desire to walk around cities, of which footpaths are only a part. The most important issues found through a review of the existing pedestrian studies include the unnecessary replication of the contents of pedestrian research, repetitive selection of case studies, application of inconsistent terminology, and lack of concern for particular target groups including children, women, and the disabled. The review also indicated that the majority of the studies had been conducted only at the micro-scale (sidewalk-street), and no mention was found of other types of space used for pedestrians, such as neighborhoods. Many articles have dealt with the issue of pedestrians in isolation, while pedestrian studies are part of the research on transportation systems, and need to be linked to investigations of other modes of transportation. Finally, the most common topics associated with the issue of pedestrians were extracted, including activity-behavior, vision and perspective, social issues, environmental qualities, safety and security, health, and tourism. Thus, future research will need to disregard repetitive topics and focus instead on other relevant, influential issues in the area.

Retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes in the retina. It is hypothesized the aqueous flow decrease in patients with retinopathy which effects the Intra-ocular pressure (IOP). The purpose of this study is to determine whether a significant correlation exists between IOP and diabetic retinopathy grades.
Our study is analytic cross sectional. About 413 type 2 diabetic patients were studied. They were between 40 to 70 years and did not have glaucoma. They were examined in the ophthalmologist’s clinic and grading of retinopathy was done. IOP was recorded in each cases. Data was then analyzed in SPSS.
Of the 413 type 2 diabetic patients, 329 were diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy and 84 without diabetic retinopathy. There was no significant difference between the mean IOP of patients with diabetic retinopathy and without diabetic retinopathy (P-value=0.53). Also there was no significant difference between the diabetic retinopathy grades. (P-value=0.07).
In conclusion, our findings showed that there was no a significant correlation between IOP and grade of diabetic retinopathy.

young population and delayed socialization for a new world order in the transitional society of Iran, has led to the development of adolescent and youth delinquency. In this context, young people who cannot direct their desires in a normal channel may turn into deviant and delinquent behaviors (Mohammadi asl, 2006: 11). This study considers serious delinquent behaviors which are named as high-risk behaviors, namely, behaviors that increase probability of physical, psychological and social negative consequences (Zadeh Mohammadi & AhmadAbadi, 2008: 88-89). Major causes of death and disease in industrialized and developing countries refer to relatively limited number of high-risk behaviors which are mostly begin from teen and young ages (Anteghini et al. 2001: 1). Teens and young adults are one of the important groups exposed to high-risk behaviors such as AIDS (Mozafarzadeh & Vahdaninia, 2008), suicide (Aliverdinia et al. 2011), sexual activities, violence and drugs (Baskin-Sommers & Sommers, 2006 Flisher & Chalton, 2001). Since social, family and economic factors play an important role in directing behavioral patterns of individuals, particularly adolescents and youth, if these factors do not play a desirable role, adolescents and youth experience challenge and pressures derived from these challenges and difficulties, may attract them towards high-risk behaviors (Barikani, 2008: 192-193). Occurrence and prevalence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents and youth is a result of disruption of social mechanisms and is due to several factors. One of these factors is social skills, which are essential elements of social life and the enjoyment of it can play an important role in deterring high-risk behaviors, especially among youth, because youth age is a period of transition accompanied by various crises. Social Skills are learned adaptive behaviors that enable individuals to interact with different people, expressing positive reactions and avoiding behaviors with negative consequences (Kartledge & Milbern, 1990). Lack of social skills may lead to behaviors such as delinquency, maladjustment, poor educational performance (Nasr Esfahani et al. 2005), drug abuse and addiction (Ghassemzadeh et al. 2007). Having social skills provide context for participation of individuals in the community and help them represent effective social reactions in confronting with really difficult social situations. In fact, social skills, transform people's potential abilities to actual ones and are essential to create, maintain and organize human relationships. This research is based on quantitative approach and survey method to collect data and information. Research instrument in this study is questionnaire, consisting of two main parts: The first part of the questions is about the social-economic characteristics of the subjects and the second part is a set of questions measuring (1): four elements of social control (attachment, commitment, involvement and belief), (2): social skills and (3): high-risk behaviors. The validity and reliability of this scale has been designed and evaluated by researchers. Research population include all 15-29 year old youth in Shiraz, whose number in 1390 year, was 477,287 people. In this study, a sample of 600 individuals were determined by using Lin table (Lin, 1978). So the data was collected from 600 cases, and was analyzed using SPSS software. Discussion of Results & The results of the study showed that there were significant relationships between income, attachment, commitment, involvement, belief, social skills and high risk behaviors. There were also significant relationships between sex, marital status, social class and family structure with high-risk behaviors. Nevertheless, there were no significant relationships between age, education and high-risk behaviors. What should be considered here is that the incidence of high risk behaviors is higher among men than women, among unmarried than married, among the lower class than the middle and high classes, and among those who live independently or with their mothers. The theoretical framework of this study is based on Hirschi’s theory of social control. Control theories assume that delinquent behavior is actually because of the absence of something internal or external to the individual. That something is a constraining or controlling factor (Shoemaker, 2009: 122). Hirschi’s social control theory, also known as social bond theory, proposes that juveniles develop attachments to various parts of their social world, and these attachments, or bonds, help deter them from committing acts of crime and delinquency (Ibid: 125). In this theory, the relationship between high-risk behaviors and three institutions of family, school and religion is considered. Correlation coefficients between these variables and high-risk behaviors showed that all four variables (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief), have inverse and significant relationships with high-risk behaviors. This indicates that the more attachment to family and friends, commitment to the norms, participation in various activities and belief to moral principles, the less commitment to high-risk behaviors by the juveniles. In other words, the more degree of social control on people, either officially or unofficially, the less high-risk behaviors. Thus, role of institutions such as the family, school and religion in explaining delinquency or high-risk behaviors should be considered. In particular, in relation to social skills, these institutions also have a profound impact. Because these institutions are extremely influential to internalize normal behavior and social skills for adolescents and the youth. So they perform a strong deterrent role in committing high-risk behaviors. Regression equation showed that the four elements that Hirschi's social control theory suggest that the elements of commitment and belief were entered in the first and third stages of the regression equation. Gender and social skills were also entered into the regression equation. Deficit social skills for normal behavior lead to high-risk behaviors. Based on the results, there were a moderate inverse relationship between social skills and high risk behaviors. People equipped with social skills, are enable to represent appropriate and rational reactions in different situations, and avoid behaviors that are dangerous with harmful consequences. Social skills trainings help at-risk youth to develop techniques for creating or maintaining positive social relationships with family members, peers, and teachers. Social skills training can have long-term effects associated with preventing anti-social behaviors among young people (Heilbrun et al. 2005). Thus, considering this category of skills can be very effective in reducing high risk behaviors.

The study aims at investigating the relationship between Social Capital and National Identity. Based on Giddens’ theory on identity and Woolcock and Narayan’s theory of social capital, the researchers, through a survey study, have investigated the relationship between social capital and national identity of 360 students of Shiraz University. Independent variables include Demographic variables, Socio-Economic variables, Social Trust, Participation, Social Interactions, Religious Orientation and Self-esteem. The Dependent variable of the study is National Identity. The findings show that the relationship between factors like birth location, resident location, social trust, participation, social interactions, religious orientation and national identity is significant. But there is not a significant relationship between age, sex, marital status, parent’s education, family income, social status, self-esteem and national identity. Also there is a significant relationship between social capital and national identity. The Analysis of multiple regression analysis showed that 4 variables (religious orientation, social capital, birth location and age) predict 32 percent of changes in dependent variable (national identity). Path analysis shows that religious orientation has more influence on national identity compared to other variables.