فهرست مطالب mehdi mokhtari

Prompt response times in the prehospital setting are crucial for improving patient outcomes, with longer delays demonstrably linked to poorer prognoses. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate ambulance response times and their contributing factors within the prehospital system in Khoy, Iran, in 2023.

A descriptive study with a retrospective chart review design was conducted on 53450 medical and trauma cases in both urban and rural areas of the Khoy prehospital system from March 21, 2023, to March 19, 2024. Data were collected using a standardized data extraction checklist developed by Dadashzadeh et al. (2016). SPSS statistical software version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and inferential tests were conducted, including independent-samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Sheffe's post hoc test.

During the one-year study period, the Khoy prehospital system received 53,450 calls. Of these calls,, 70.3% were non-traumatic, 25% were traumatic, and 4.7% pertained to women's health issues. There were differences in ambulance response times between urban and rural settings. Urban missions had an average response time of 11.3 minutes, while rural missions averaged 12.7 minutes. The factors influencing response times were categorized into three main areas: (a) characteristics of dispatch staff, (b) characteristics of operational staff, and (c) characteristics of the incident.

Our analysis revealed that urban ambulance response times in the Khoy prehospital system exceeded the recommended standard, while rural missions were less the acceptable range. It is recommended to plan and take necessary action in order to modify the processes, policies and policies of the intra-city traffic coordination along with presenting the results of the research in the city traffic coordination council in order to access medical services on time and in the right place in emergency situations.

Special and infectious wastes are the most significant wastes generated in hospitals, health centers, and similar facilities. Reducing and recycling such wastes at the source pose significant challenges to waste management. Therefore, this study assesses the components of healthcare waste in terms of their recyclability, emphasizing different types of plastic.

Data collection involved sampling normal and infectious waste in selected hospitals over three months using monthly checklists. The total waste generated in these hospitals was analyzed on a daily basis. Moreover, the average microbial load of infectious waste was determined through microbial strip tests and biological tests following patient companion. Tests were performed with the acceptable performance of safe hospital devices with the destruction of microorganisms.

Average waste composition in the selected hospitals included 65-70% general waste and 30-35% infectious waste. The most common generated infectious waste was polyethylene (PE) sets (800 kg/month), while the predominant general waste was nylon bags for polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) packaging (520 kg/month). Hospital 1 had the highest per capita production of recyclable waste, generating 7,900 kg and 2,550 kg of normal and infectious waste per month, respectively. The total revenue generated from selling normal and infectious plastic waste was 1.4 and 0.2, respectively.

The mixing of waste can be prevented by properly segregating normal and infectious waste and adequate staff training. Given the escalating disposal costs of health-care waste (HCW) and the shrinking space in landfills, efforts to minimize waste generation are crucial for effective recycling and reuse processes.

Managing the challenges of healthcare waste produced after the earthquake is a vital issue. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive management plan for healthcare waste in Kermanshah and Varzaqan-Ahar earthquakes using two models: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM).

The present qualitative study was conducted through a content analysis approach using semi-structured interviews and a purposive selection of 16 experienced experts and managers in the field of healthcare waste management in an earthquake in 2021-2022. After recording and transcribing data, data analysis was done in MAXQDA software (version 18). Lincoln and Goba criteria were used to check the reliability of the data. The statements (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of waste management) were summarized for each main category in the SWOT classification. Strategies for improving healthcare waste management were presented by comparing internal and external factors. Finally, the attractiveness table was compiled and weighted using the QSPM method for prioritizing strategies.

The study found 18 strengths, 24 weaknesses, 18 opportunities, and 19 threats. The final scores for internal and external factors of healthcare waste management in earthquakes were 2.38 and 2.3, respectively. A total of 12 strategies were developed based on the findings. Finally, the strategy of "optimal use of the opinions provided by managers, researchers, and experts interested in the field of waste management for the development of guidelines and national regulations for the management of healthcare waste in an earthquake" was prioritized to be implemented based on the QSPM matrix.

The strategic priorities identified in this study are important steps towards achieving sustainable development goals and protecting public health and the environment in disaster situations. Moreover, using QSPM and SWOT models helps to provide appropriate solutions for improving the management of healthcare waste in earthquakes.

Samā, as a ritual of the discourse of Islamic mysticism, refers to a process that its apparent presentation initially associates with a kind of dance or rhythmic movement due to the physical actions of the participants in this ceremony. Since the variety of sources related to Samā includes various fields such as mysticism, literature, music, painting, etc., the comparison and adaptation of the mentioned sources facilitates an accurate understanding of this ritual phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to make a comparative study between "SamāNāmeh-Hā" as written sources and "Miniatures related to Samā" as visual sources. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the question regarding how the issues raised in the "SamāNāmeh-Hā” and their reflection in Samā-centered drawings compared with written sources (belonging to the fifth to the ninth centuries) and visual sources (between the ninth to the eleventh centuries) on Samā. The comparison of the sources mentioned in this research includes three levels of "physical actions", "ritual behaviors" and "musical elements", which in accordance with each of these levels, in addition to the mentioned written and visual sources, the secondary sources such as musical treatises are also taken into consideration so as to remove any ambiguities. Although a comparative study of these visual and written sources can confirm similarities between the two, the differences resulting from this comparison somehow indicate that the painter does not follow the given written content in the SamāNāmeh-Hā. Therefore, this can be considered as the painter's transition from the "real world" to the "imaginary world". In other words, the differences arising from the comparative study of the SamāNāmeh-Hā and related paintings can be used as a goal of this research in order to extract and distinguish the real elements (topics in the SamāNāmeh-Hā) from the imaginary elements (related to painter’s imagination) in the selected paintings. The findings of this study, which have been analyzed by a comparative method based on Panofsky's theory of "iconography", in addition to showing the relative overlap between the above sources, suggest artist's faithfulness to "SamāNāmeh-Hā” themes were generally accompanied by sparks of reality in their works, while as the painter distances himself from the content of written sources, the imagination in the relevant paintings intensifies and their relation to reality diminishes. The research findings also identified three levels, including physical actions, ritual behaviors, and musical elements: "Ritual behaviors", actually reflecting the ritual-based aspects of Samā, are presented at three levels of time, place, and participants. This does not mean SamāNāmeh-Hā and paintings in this area are completely compatible with each other, because things like the presence of women in some of the paintings are not relevant to the contents of SamāNāmeh-Hā. The results of this iconographic reading in relation to the "musical elements" of Samā indicate the maximum correspondence of the SamāNāmeh-Hā and paintings in relation to the musical elements. The results are as the following: 1) The frequent visible Instruments in the paintings (Ney, Daf / Dāyereh) have already been approved in the “SamāNāmeh-Hā” by the Sufi sheikhs; 2) The visual documents related to the Ney represent two different types of this instrument; one with the title "Nāy or Sefid-nāy", the same instrument that has been already approved by the Sufi sheikhs in the "SamāNāmeh-Hā”, and the other, "Siyah-Nāy or Iraqi Nāy", which its use in the Samā ceremony has been rejected and forbidden by Islamic jurists; 3) In this paintings, what is seen as a Daf/Dāyereh is remarkably and structurally consistent with what is described in "SamāNāmeh-Hā”. It seems that the maximum conformity and overlapping of SamāNāmeh-Hā and paintings are the outcome of negative and restrictive jurisprudential rulings issued in relation to instruments as well as the way music is performed. In such a context, the presence or absence of music in Samā ceremonies is subject to two general approaches to this category: 1) Music is a phenomenon that derives its legitimacy from "tradition"; 2) The influence of trans-musical aspects that make the rejection or approval of music conditional on the involvement of an external factor on the musical background. Considering the Iranian painter's understanding of literary and mystical texts (for the purpose of Book Illustration), two points can be seen in relation to the elements in the paintings: 1(Imaginary elements: including symbolic images such as garden, cypress, stream of water etc., which are more dependent on the themes of literary and mystical texts than the content of SamāNāmeh-Hā; 2) Real elements: including the group of musicians, instruments and in general the elements that specifically represent the Samā rites. Since SamāNāmeh-Hā provide relatively accurate descriptions of the Samā ceremony, the comparison of these written sources with paintings reinforces the hypothesis that these works are apparently in line with what has existed in practice. The present article has been compiled based on library resources.

The semantic system formed in the "Semiosphere" of markets, in addition to the elements organized around economic relations, also includes cultural signs and elements. It seems that the accurate knowledge and understanding of the formation of cultural phenomena, as well as the order established in the markets, is facilitated by emphasizing the cultural coordinates of these urban spaces. Therefore, the study of the market by emphasizing the cultural elements and signs in it provides a possibility for human interactions and transactions to be considered not only on the basis of economic relations, but also from a cultural perspective. In this article, the sonic-musical phenomenon of the songs of the sellers in the context of the big market of Rasht city has been studied under the title of "Jār-Āvā". The purpose of this article, in addition to disambiguating the terms formed around this audio-musical phenomenon and presenting a concept appropriate to its nature, is to investigate the formation process of these songs in the big bazar of Rasht city. Therefore, the main question is focused on the issue of how the process of the formation of "Jār-Āvā"s was realized in the context of the big bazar of Rasht city, from what channel and under the influence of what factors. The theory of cultural semiotics has been used as a theoretical framework and the findings of the research have been analyzed with a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this article show that the presence of peddling businesses on the margins of the bazar in the main text has led to the formation of a mentality arising from peddling in the semiospher of the bazar. Therefore, the presence of the phonetic act of Street Cries, as a marginal phenomenon that spread through the mentality of peddling in the market text, has created a phenomenon called "Jār-Āvā" in the cultural text of the market.

This study developed a strategic management plan for hospital waste in selected public hospitals using quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) model.

This research was conducted in three stages. First, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) matrix of waste management was extracted and scored in public hospitals in Yazd. Then, the matrix of internal and external factors along with the obtained strategies were developed using the SWOT model. Finally, using the QSPM model, the attractiveness table was prepared for weighting the prioritized strategies.

The final score of SWOT analysis showed that the studied hospitals were in a competitive position (WT strategy). According to the results, 14 prioritized strategies were proposed. According to the QSPM matrix, the strategy of "green management indicators improvement" was prioritized.

The competitive position of the studied hospitals indicates a situation where hospitals should promote their strengths and reduce their weaknesses in order to take advantage of opportunities.

Todays, concrete is one of the common materials in construction industry. The dependence of concrete properties on various parameters such as constituent materials, production and generation process, execution method and concrete treating condition made it a complex material. However, it has more advantages in the construction industry. In this case, these materials of mechanical properties such as tensile and compressive strength is discussed by civil engineers and researchers identified many ways to improving these properties which one of the is using of additive materials such as micro silica and polypropylene fibers. Therefore, in this research tensile and compressive strength tests performed on 40 models with the aim of investigating the effect of using micro silica with 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 percentages and the mixture of these two materials on mechanical properties. The results showed that in the compressive test of 7-day concrete micro silica models and some of models of micro silica and polypropylene fiber mixture had acceptable response, as well as in 28-days concrete mixture models showed acceptable response. In the tensile test of 7-day models, all of the models showed lower strength than the original model, while in 28-day concrete models with micro silica 3% and polypropylene 0.04% increased tensile strength.

COVID-19 pandemic has led to lifestyle changes. One of the consequences of these changes is seen in the management of municipal solid waste. Management of single-use plastics and personal protective equipment (PPE) as one of the common solid waste in the period is one of the important challenges in waste management. This research was conducted by studying the articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, plastic waste and PPE. The articles were selected based on a specific search protocol and selection criteria.:Because of inhabiting regulations for recycling, almost all produced waste was landfilled during early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. During a short while, developed countries started coping with waste-originated issues thank to their appropriate infrastructure. On the other hand, single-use plastics and unsafe disposed PPE has made health and economic problems in developing and low-middle income countries. There is an urgent need to make some corrections in waste management systems as well as public education to minimize the adverse effects of COVID-19 in developing countries.

The study of music in a specific cultural context requires that the ratio of music to the culture under study (the ratio of the part to the whole) be in the center of attention. The characteristics and components of the traditional and local markets of Guilan province are significantly influenced by the culture that governs this geography, and factors such as the physical structure of the central markets, the order established in the weekly markets, as well as hand-selling and display, lead to the formation of a tradition in accordance with the resulting cultural components. Has been the mentioned tradition, which is presented by the sellers, in the form of singing and using audio-musical capabilities, is considered a practical tool and possibility for product promotion at the market level. The economic relations governing the market have always been influential in the formation and type of human interactions between the supplier and the applicant. In the meantime, markets with a traditional structure and texture - in addition to following conventional economic relations - due to factors that often entered the markets through the channel of the cultural order established in the society, create situations and conditions that range from human interactions to the regularization of levels related to They affect the physical structure of the market. This article, with the aim of reviewing, formulating and analyzing the songs of the sellers of the Grand Bazaar of Rasht, based on the concepts of "use" and "function", aims to answer the question of what uses and functions these songs have in the market context. The data collected in line with the objectives of the research include recorded sounds and images, conversations with market sellers and customers, as well as field observations. In this article, by adopting a functionalist approach, the "uses" and "functions" of market sellers' songs have been identified and formulated based on the definitions provided by Alan Merriam of the concepts of use and function. Therefore, the main question in this research, relying on the two concepts of application and function, is focused on the issue of what are the uses of the Jār-Āvā phenomenon as a tool that is used by sellers in the first place, with the purpose of informing and promoting goods, in the context of the market. And it has functions. The findings of the research show that the application of this audio-musical phenomenon in the market includes the four axes of "news", "advertisement", "performance" and "recitation" and the function of the mentioned songs, in eight axes which include "establishing communication", "Symbolic presentation of concepts", "expressing feelings", "aesthetic pleasure", "entertaining", "accrediting social institutions", "helping cultural continuity and stability" and "helping the integration of society" can be formulated. The data used in the present research was collected in the period between 1395 and 1400, and the method of data collection was through audio and video recording, field observations, and library studies. The collected data have been studied using the descriptive-analytical method and referring to library sources.

Strategic management of the wastage produced due to earthquakes has faced many challenges over the recent decade. Thus, the present study seeks to identify and explain the challenges in earthquake wastage strategic management.

The present qualitative study has been steered through a content analysis approach and conducted using semi‑structured interviews and a purposive selection of 17 professors, experts, and managers experienced in the field of waste management in Kermanshah and Varzaghan‑Ahar earthquakes over 2020‑2021. Besides, the interviews were initially categorized using MAXQDA18 software.

Analysis of the experiences and perception regarding the changes in strategic management of wastage produced due to Kermanshah and Varzaghan‑Ahar earthquakes revealed 418 codes, 97 subcategories, 33 categories, and 8 main categories including management and leadership, organizational culture, planning, organizational learning, employee management, rules and regulations, resource management, and procedure management.

Strategic waste management has not been implemented in a coherent, integrated, and well‑planned manner in the cases of the Kermanshah and Varzaghan‑Ahar earthquakes. The challenges of strategic waste management turned out to be due to various reasons which will result in many issues in achieving the goals and selecting the suitable method for resource and procedure management should they not be managed well. Hence, policymakers, managers, and executors in the field of crisis management and waste management in disasters ‑specifically earthquakes‑ must take the necessary measures to remove these barriers.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) contribute to over 30% of deaths worldwide and more than 40% in Iran in 2019. Establishing a cost-effective program to control cardiovascular diseases is essential for any country. This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the primary prevention program (IraPEN) for cardiovascular diseases in Iran.  

This methodological cost-effectiveness study was performed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the IraPEN program by modifying cardiovascular disease risk factors in the IraPEN program. We calculated the economic burden of CVDs risk factors from 2016 to 2018 in 4 pilot cities in Iran. We observed 160,833 individuals for 2 years to measure the economic burden of cardiovascular diseases. To estimate the variation of the 1-year risk of cardiovascular illnesses, and according to the study's goal of estimating the 1-year risk of cardiovascular disease, only 36,631 people remained in the study who compiled the program's instruction for 1 year. Propensity scores were used to consider the effect of those excluded from the study. The 10-year risk of CVDs was estimated by the laboratory tests and information registered in the population’s electronic records. To evaluate the effect of the IraPEN program in reducing the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, major CVD risk factors were studied by the World Health Organization formula (whocvdrisk) and cardiovascular diseases risk scoring. We used the 10-year risk for CVDs to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis in terms of cost per disability-adjusted life-year  (DALY) saved.  

According to estimates of the 1-year relative risk reduction in cardiovascular disease, the results showed that relative risk reductions for men and women were 0.74 and 0.65, respectively. Hence, about 174,088 annual acute CVDs events reduction would be expected; this decrease is predicted for men (93,034) more than women (81,054) for the total population of Iran. The total cost of treatment for people with cardiovascular diseases was 165 USD for coronary heart disease or stroke per individual. All risk factors were further reduced in women than men, except for smoking. DALYs averted was 1057.66 for samples who were in the study for a year (36631 samples). The total cost per averted DALY was 47.16.  

Estimating the costs associated with disease prevention programs is more important in developing countries. The most cost-effective strategies have been preventive therapies that target high-risk individuals. PEN risk reduction programs for primary prevention such as Ira-pen are highly cost-effective and efficient in low- and middle-income countries.

Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a particular type of metal alloy that has the recovery property of permanent deformation. This alloy includes the typical properties of steel, such as resistance, hardness, performance, and so on. SMAs are used in some applications, including based-isolated buildings, self-repairing building components, aircraft industry, medical industry, mechanical equipment, and effective models for computing tools. In this paper, the effect of SMAs on the cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) joints is analytically investigated. To this end, after validation of two experimental models in Seismo Struct software, some parametric studies are conducted, such as 1- the effect of compressive strength of concrete, 2- the position of SMA into the plastic zone, 3- the simultaneous use of SMA as longitudinal bars and stirrup, and 4- the use of an equivalent column with a circular cross-section containing spirals or stirrups.

Inappropriate use of disinfectants is one of the causes of the spread of nosocomial infections. This study was performed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of the staff in some hospitals in Yazd regarding the use of disinfectants.

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which was performed on 181 employees of four educational hospitals related to Yazd university of medical sciences. Sampling was done by random sampling. Data gathering tool in this study was a demographic questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire for measuring knowledge, attitude and practice. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 at a significant level, P= 0˂0.05.

The results showed that there is no significant relationship between any of the main variables in the research and demonstrates that all variables are independent of each other (p>/05) On the other hand, the results of this study showed that there is no significant difference between knowledge of men and women and their performance in relation to use disinfectants (p :/.614) While the women's attitudes toward disinfestation were higher than men's (p :/.26).

The findings of this study showed that the state of knowledge, attitude and practice of the staff are not in good condition .Therefore, it is suggested that hospital managers plan to improve the level of employee information for using disinfectants to provide the safer environment.

One of the tools used in periodic (continuous) assessment of learners is the Logbook. One of the standards of the GMC in the United Kingdom in 1992 was the need to inform learners of learning objectives, which has led colleges to use logbooks. The purpose of this study was to design and implement a continuous evaluation program in the specialized doctorate of environmental health and to help improvement the quality of education.Materials &

 The present study is a developmental study that was conducted during the years 2017 to 2019. The design of the logbook was done using a text review based on the latest changes made to the curriculum. Expert opinions were also used. The booklet consisted of three sections: demographic information, educational and research activities. The logbook developed as a pilot was provided to PhD students in environmental health. Evaluation was performed using Elo&Kyngas method.

 After evaluating and giving feedback on the filled logbook forms at the end of the first semester, it was found that the students were not aware of the course curriculum. Also, after filling out the forms at the end of the first semester, the students stated that in some area they had doubled their activity and while in other cases they still needed to gain more ability, the shortcomings at the end of the second semester were considerable.

The results of this study showed that the designed logbook has been satisfied by students and its psychometrics has been done well. The design and implementation of the logbook made the field of students 'activities wider and therefore had a great impact on students' attitudes in this field, which can also beconsidered as a great achievement for this field.

Exposure to pesticides in greenhouse workers is associated with several health outcomes, such as cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to pesticides and cognitive function in Yazd city greenhouse workers and those living in the proximity of the greenhouses.

In this study, three groups of participants were selected, including the greenhouse workers, the residents in the proximity of the greenhouses, and the control group. A semi-quantitative assessment of pesticide exposure was used to calculate the subjects’ cumulative pesticide exposure as a proxy for long-term exposure to pesticides. Blood level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured as a biomarker of effect. Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Mini–mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to assess cognitive functions (including memory, executive functions, attention, visual, and verbal functions).

Mean cholinesterase activity in the greenhouse workers (average = 7009.3 U/L) was lower than the two other groups.  The results of the cognitive function score for both FAB and MMSE tests did not show a significant difference between the direct exposure and indirect exposure groups, although the cognitive function score in the pesticide applicators was lower than the two other study groups (e.g. for FAB score: 13.89, 14.55, and 15.4 for the greenhouse workers, the residents in the proximity of greenhouses, and the control group). The results also showed that in the direct exposure group, those with lower levels of cholinesterase activity also had a lower cognitive function.

The findings indicated that there is a potential link between impaired cognitive function and exposure to pesticides in the greenhouse workers.

About 50 to 70 percent of the waste management total cost is spent on collection operations, so any little progress in reducing collection costs could significantly reduce total costs. This study aimed to analyze the collection and transportation of municipal solid waste cost in Yazd in the next 15 years.

The study location (five areas) was different urban areas of Yazd city.  To analyze the collection and transportation of normal waste cost in Yazd, WAGS software was used. To obtain demographic information, the Statistical Center of Iran data, information about the location of the area, equipment, costs, and taxes related to waste were obtained in cooperation with Yazd Municipality, Recycling Organization, Labor, and Social Affairs Office and field surveys. Apart from WAGS, the ARIMA time series method (1, 1, 0) was also used with SPSS 24.

The highest costs of waste collection belonged to the human resources sector, and personnel costs were 75.24%, machinery supply capital was 13.85%, repair costs were 6.15%, fuel costs were 4.59%, and the costs of the other parts of the total cost of the waste collection were 0.14%.

The total collection and transfer of waste costs were estimated at 10414000 USD to collect and transfer municipal solid waste in Yazd in the next 15 years. Waste generation projection by time series method with the ARIMA model (1, 1, 0) showed more accurate results than waste generation projection with WAGS.

The increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has changed the global temperature and had a negative impact on global climate conditions. Landfill gas is one of the major GHG contributors. With the knowledge of GHG inventory, it is possible to carry out disaster prevention measures.

In this study, tow Landfill Gas Emissions Modeling (LandGEM) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), were used to determine the GHG quantity of the Yazd county landfill sector using from 2000 to 2020.

During this period, by the IPCC model, the total level of methane emissions from the Yazd county landfill was 23.17 Giga gram/y (Gg/y), while based on the LandGEM model, the total value of methane emissions from the Yazd county landfill was 5.74 Gg/y. The total amount of CO2 in the Yazd county landfill of the years 2000–2020 is estimated to be 15.75 Gg/y in the LandGEM model. There is the potential to generate 11.88 MWh/year electricity for the Yazd county landfill in 2020.

The results of the present study can be employed to plan and implement a system for collecting methane gas and control the emission of GHG to landfills.

Today, disinfection of surfaces by using antimicrobial agents is critical for the prevention and control of pathogens and reduction of infection in hospital. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of two disinfectants against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the NICU of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd in 2017.
In this descriptive cross sectional study, bacterial culture of samples collected from different surfaces of the NICU and S. aureus isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests. Peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide various concentrations were used as disinfectants. Their effects against Staphylococcus aureus were determined by Standard disc diffusion method. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models in SPSS version 23.
39.39% of samples were found to be S. aureus infected. The mean diameter of growth inhibition zone for peracetic acid 0.1% was significantly lower than that for peracetic acid 0.2%, and peracetic acid 0.1% was significantly higher than that for chlorine dioxide (P < 0.001). The comparison of growth inhibition zone diameters for peracetic acid 0.1% and chlorine dioxide disinfectants showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone created by peracetic acid 0.1% was significantly higher than that created by chlorine dioxide. The most effective disinfectant on S. aureus strains isolated was peracetic acid 0.2% and the least effective disinfectant was chlorine dioxide.
In health care facilities with S. aureus infection, peracetic acid 0.2% can be used effectively to reduce nosocomial infection rate.

Nowadays, many people have bought and installed home water treatment devices (point-of-use drinking water treatment systems), as an essential measure, to improve their health. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the parameters of drinking water of Rafsanjan city and home water treatment device in summer 2017. Water samples at the inlet and outlet of the device with 15 day intervals for three months (approximately 48 samples, summer) were collected. Then, the concentration of heavy metals, total hardness, EC, sodium and nitrate were measured in inlet and outlet of treatment devices. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software version 18. The results showed that in the inlet water, the EC and pH values were in the standard ranges. The concentrations ​​of arsenic was higher than the permissible limits and other parameters including total hardness, calcium, sodium, magnesium, nitrate, copper, zinc and lead were lower than the standard limits. The highest reduction efficiency was obtained for copper, zinc and arsenic respectively, and the lowest reduction efficiency was reported for nitrate and calcium. Therefore, it can be concluded the devices could reduce the concentrations of the parameters under the standard limits. Due to the relationship between heart disease and light water, it is suggested that, in view of the high arsenic content in Rafsanjan water, filters at the inlet municipal water can be used to absorb heavy metals, especially arsenic.

Today, the infectious wastes of hospitals are considered as a public health problem. Considering the huge amounts of hazardous wastes and the disadvantages of incinerators, we need to investigate the non-combustible devices involved in biochemical treatment. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the cost-effectiveness of infectious wastes devices. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency of the infectious waste devices in Yazd and Isfahan hospitals.  In this study, the total cost of infectious waste treatment systems in hospitals, the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), as well as the sensitivity rate for the reduction of infectious wastes were calculated using Treeage software version 2011. In order to calculate the cost effectiveness using the total cost and the amount of produced waste, we applied the discount rate of five percent and the useful life of 10 years for each device. Based on the results, devices A and F had the highest and the lowest total cost, respectively. In addition, autoclave D with an ICER of 257.20 was more cost effective than other devices. So, device D, with a discount rate of ±5 and a range of 244.244 - 270.06 was chosen as the best option for infectious waste disposal. The results can be used to explore and outline the future prospects for choosing the best technology for treatment of infectious waste in hospitals. In other words, we have different options on different circumstances and occasions.
Keywords:

Improvisation is a performance in the “moment” and without previous prediction which at least in the last century was the dominant form of Iranian classical music. However, existence of multiple versions and definitions of improvisation rob the opportunity of conceptualizing the scientific method. Thus, this study aims to reach a uniform definition of the concept. This study is based on the theories of the Austrian philosopher Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. This notion, as a research methodology, provides the steps in improvisation from start to finish leading to the creation of a musical work in details. In this study, the role of improvisation as a creator has the utmost importance, actually, the understanding of improvisation becomes possible on the basis of “understanding of improviser’s Life World ". The findings of this study renders the "Radif" as the model of Iran's traditional classical music so as to improvisation is taken into consideration on the Radif. The aforementioned issues can be summarized in “what is improvisation?”, or in other words, how can a comprehensive definition of improvisation be reached based on a methodology? For this purpose, the traditionalism’s belief (meticulous performing of Radif) as an approach referred to as natural approach in phenomenology is taken into consideration. Then, with the help of suspension of this approach, paved the way for the implementation of other phases of phenomenology with improvisation. Reaching to the essence of the given phenomenon (Radif) in the process of Eidetic reduction, summons our attention to the elements such as constituent’s intervals, melodic and rhythmic patterns in circulation of "Radif" that through them the essence or nature of a Goosheh is revealed. Then, the improviser was subjected to the phenomenological reduction and all meaning and validity of previously learned subject were taken away from him. This process provided a situation that improviser en counters the essence of the Radif in a pure sense, without any presupposition. The phenomenon appears to subject in two ways: a) something that is outside of our consciousness and is objective and b) something that shapes in our mind and consciousness. Thus, "eidetic reduction" phenomenon is rendered outside of the mind which leads us to its essence of nature. The consciousness of the subject is exposed to "phenomenological reduction", and is cleared of the assumptions and judgments. The final phase, in which subject and object are linked together, is an encounter between pure consciousness of improvisation, free from any supposition, with a phenomenon known as Radif. It is in this encounter that horizons, due to the expansion and development process, is revealed to the improviser and each horizon is followed by a new horizon. In fact, the expansion and development is a platform for demonstrating creativity which increases the possibilities of the improviser and assist him in exploring new possibilities as well. As a result, the implementation of improvisation with concepts like: epoche, reduction, intentionality, Life World, etc., provided a basis to explore the improvisation methodologically. This study is a qualitative method and has been conducted on library resources.

Air pollution is now one of the greatest environmental hazards to human health in the world. The aim of this study determines the relationship between air quality and cases of myocardial infarction in Yazd. This Ecological study was performed in Yazd, Iran. In this study, all individuals who referred to emergency cases with myocardial infarction in Yazd in one year from 2016 march 20 to 2017 March 20 entered the study. Information on daily concentration of air pollutants, including five pollutants SO2, CO, O3, NO2 and PM10 and Validated according to the World Health Criteria. And in the next step Raw data from air pollutants related to each station Using equation and table standard Converts to separate AQI values for each pollutant And the pollutant having the highest index It was introduced as a pollutant responsible for the day.The data analyzes were used by Excel 2007 and R (3.4.3) software. The significant level was considered to be less than 0.05. According to measurements of air pollutants, 349 days in 245 days, the standard air quality index (AQI <100) and 104 days a year above the standard standard (AQI> 100) were observed In 86 days, from 104 days PM10 and CO emissions as pollutants was responsible for introducing. Given that in 104 days of the year, air quality has exceeded the standard In the days when air quality exceeds the standard, children and elderly take caution

Carwash is an industry that consumes large amounts of water and its wastewater contains a variety of pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the Peroxone process as a method for wastewater treatment of carwashes.

This study was conducted at laboratory scale. A total of 54 samples were collected from a carwash in Yazd city and COD and anionic surfactants removal percentages were respectively determined by using the standard vial and anionic surfactants method and Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS). The process was conducted with an ozone dose of 0.7 mg per min, H2O2 concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 mmol per liter, reaction times of 30, 60 and 90 min and pH of 7, 9 and 11 in a cylindrical reactor respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and through SPSS 18.

The removal efficiencies of COD and anionic surfactants increased with increasing pH and reaction time; so that, at pH =11 and after a reaction time of 90 minutes for an ozone dose of 0.7 mg/min and H2O2 concentration of 40 mmol/l, removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants were respectively 74.77% and 74.27%.

The peroxone process has a good ability for removal of COD and anionic surfactants. Similar studies confirm the findings of this study. Meanwhile, pretreatment methods are recommended for further evaluation of this process.

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is commonly used in aquaculture industry and has high potency against bacterial diseases.
The present study aimed at examining the rate of oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotic residue in the tissues of cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Samples were taken randomly from the livers and fillets of 45 rainbow trout from 15 large aquaculture ponds in Hamadan province, West of Iran. The OTC residue was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data analysis was performed with SPSS (V.18) (mean and standard deviation), and Man-Whitney test was employed for statistical analysis.
The results revealed that OTC residue were 389 to 641 ppb in the livers and 175 to 295 ppb in the fillets, respectively. However, in 86.66% of the samples (liver and fillet) the amounts of OTC residue was found to be higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in codex alimentarius commission, and 13.33% of the samples (liver and fillet) were within the standard range. Analysis of input and output data using Man-Whitney test showed significant differences in liver and fillet (P This research determined that the use of OTC must be reduced to an acceptable level in aquaculture industry. Also, antibiotic residue in rainbow trout must be controlled before their delivery to the market.

Due to the rapid development of technology and growth of economic activities in recent years, the use of electrical and electronic devices has increased dramatically, which is contributed to the proliferation of waste generated by these e-waste (Electric and Electronic waste) products.
In this study, the status of e-waste in Dezful city in 2017 was studied. Accordingly, the types and amount of e-waste in residential and commercial-administrative areas were identified, and it was found that the amount of e-waste produced in these areas was totally about 1291 tons and the annual per capita of each family in residential areas was 15 ± 0.5 and for each unit in administrative-commercial areas was 180 ± 5. Then, with the breakdown and identification of their valuable components (gold, silver, copper, etc.) the financial value of each gram of these components was also calculated and the obtained information was entered to Excel software.
By using the MATLAB software, the benefits of retrieving valuable components extracted from e-waste in residential and administrative-commercial areas, as well as the costs of recycling and collecting e-waste were calculated individually. Eventually, the annual benefits of recycling and collecting e-waste in Dezful were $ 1091338 and their annual costs were $ 615,556, resulting in NPV (Net Present Value) calculated $ 475,782 annually.
Therefore, based on the cost-benefit model (CBA), it was shown that the NPV is positive, which indicates that e-waste recycling and collection is economically feasible.