فهرست مطالب mehdi rahimian

Considering the country's need for livestock products, it is very necessary to establish and develop dairy cattle breeding units in the country. On the other hand, there are many challenges in the value production chain of this sector. The aim of the current research is to identify the challenges of the dairy cow value production chain.

This research is descriptive in terms of practical purpose, in terms of control of field variables and in terms of data collection method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population was specialists, activists and experts in the dairy cattle production sector in Iran. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and content validity method, respectively. Data analysis was done using SPSS software at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics.

According to the results, the most important challenges are, in order of providing financial resources, challenges related to eugenics centers, and administrative and organizational challenges (first to third ranks). Environmental challenges, challenges of cattle products supply and sales centers, and challenges of livestock products transformation and processing industries are in the last ranks (twelfth to fourteenth) of this category.

in all challenges, the rank average of each challenge category is higher than its median value, and the average difference in all challenges with the median value is statistically significant.

Floods are one of the natural hazards that in some cases lead to destructive phenomena and leave terrible social, economic and health effects. Meanwhile, rural communities are more vulnerable due to climate change-dependent livelihoods. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of floods on sustainable livelihoods of rural households in Abestan rural area in Khorramabad Township. The statistical population of this study includes all heads of rural households living in the villages of Abestan rural area, which according to the statistics of Lorestan Agricultural Jihad, their number is 2340 households. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of 150 households was determined. To select the samples, probabilistic random sampling was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-test of paired samples. The results of ranking livelihood capital before and after the flood showed that social capital is in the first place with the highest average and human capital is in the last place with the lowest average. In addition, the results of the comparison of the average showed that the average financial, social, human, physical and natural capital in the post-flood is lower than pre- flood. In other words, the occurrence of floods has reduced the five dimensions of the living capital of the rural households. According to the results of this study, solutions for flood risk management and crisis in rural communities have been presented.

Citizen engagement in the management of urban forests has emerged as a means to enhance forest conditions and improve the overall experience of forest users. However, several factors can influence people's willingness to participate in such initiatives. Understanding the barriers and grounds for participation from the perspective of citizens is crucial for effective planning and implementation of participatory forest management. This article aims to investigate the factors influencing people's willingness to participate in urban forest management, with a particular focus on socio-economic variables, demographic groups, and the identification of barriers and opportunities for involvement. The study was conducted in the urban forests of Khorram Abad, with a sample population consisting of forest visitors. A total of 400 participants were selected using the proportional assignment method based on the Krejci-Morgan approach. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, which was validated and tested for reliability. The questionnaire explored various socio-economic variables and their relationship with willingness to participate in urban forest management. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed to examine the data. The findings indicate that, according to forest visitors, the lack of perceived impact on management programs and the absence of active community organizations are the primary barriers to citizen participation. Key areas for involvement include citizen education, waste management, and tree species protection. The recreational and aesthetic values of urban forests, as well as their positive impact on physical and mental health and air pollution reduction, were identified as crucial functions by the participants. Moreover, the study reveals variations in willingness to participate across different demographic groups. Women showed a higher inclination for participation compared to men, and unmarried individuals exhibited a greater willingness than married individuals. Furthermore, individuals who were members of environmental associations or groups and engaged with virtual environmental platforms demonstrated a stronger desire to participate in urban forest management. The duration of city residency and education level positively correlated with willingness to participate, as did the frequency of visits to urban forests. The research findings highlight the importance of considering socio-economic characteristics when designing participatory programs for urban forest management. While individuals may have different propensities for participation based on their socio-economic backgrounds, the desire to engage in forest management activities remains prevalent. City managers should therefore prioritize planning and educational-promotional initiatives to facilitate and encourage public involvement. By addressing barriers, promoting citizen education, and fostering collaboration with environmental organizations, urban forest management can be effectively enhanced through increased public participation.

The duty of higher education centers is to train skilled workforce, produce science and interact with the surrounding society. Evaluating and presenting effective strategies can be a useful effort to achieve educational and research tasks for each faculty. This research was done in 2023. The purpose of this research is to prepare strategies for better guidance of education and research in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Lorestan University. The statistical population was the faculty members of the aforementioned faculty (N=100), 22 of whom were purposefully selected. By conducting structured interviews, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the faculty were identified. Then, by designing the SWOT diagram, the desired strategies were identified and these strategies were compared and prioritized with the AHP technique. Prioritization of strategic areas, the results showed that the first strategy was based on the WT strategy, that is, the defense strategy (minimum-minimum). According to the results, the most important strategies, in order of importance, include "pursuing the faculty's independence and becoming a university", "competition of the faculty's laboratories with the university's central laboratory in order to receive orders from research centers" and "strengthening the faculty's relationship with executive organizations" For continuous sending of students" with coefficients of 0.334, 0.272 and 0.150. The implementation of each of the strategies obtained in this research can help the effective role of the faculty in achieving the goals of higher education.

Floods are one of the natural hazards that in some cases lead to destructive phenomena and leave terrible social, economic and health effects. Meanwhile, rural communities are more vulnerable to climate change due to their livelihoods. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the livelihood vulnerability of farmers to floods in Lorestan province. The statistical population of this research includes all heads of flooded rural households in the three counties of Khorramabad, Chegani and Pol-e Dokhtar of Lorestan province, which according to the reports of the Agricultural Jihad of Lorestan province, their number was considered to be 6755. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of 308 households was determined. Probability sampling with a systematic random method was used to select the samples. In this research, the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) was used to calculate the livelihood vulnerability of rural households to floods. The results showed that the flood-affected farmers in the villages of Pol-e Dokhtar county have higher livelihood vulnerability compared to Chegani and Khorramabad counties. In Pol-e Dokhtar county, indicators of livelihood strategy, social networks, knowledge-information, and health showed a higher value than the other two cities; This means that Poldekhter city has a higher vulnerability in these indicators. According to the results obtained from this research, solutions have been presented to manage flood risk and crisis in rural communities.

Lorestan province is one of the 5 flood-prone provinces in terms of weather conditions and high average rainfall. During floods, many economic and social damages are inflicted on individuals and their livelihoods. Estimating post-flood vulnerability is always one of the challenges of crisis and risk management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the vulnerability of farmers to floods. The statistical population of this study is 3843 households who are living along the Afrineh river basin in Poledokhtar Township. The sample size was determined to be 350 according to Cochran's formula and the participants were selected through a simple random sampling method. An Index-based method was used to assess vulnerability. The vulnerability was measured based on three components of exposure, sensitivity and, adaptive capacity. Cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA were used to grouping and identify the factors affecting the vulnerability. The results showed that most rural households are in the middle class based on vulnerability to floods. The results of the analysis of variance showed that flood duration index in exposure dimension, financial and, livelihood indicators in sensitivity dimension and social capital and human capital indicators in adaptation dimension had a significant effect on the vulnerability of rural households. Therefore, diversifying products and sources of income and encouraging villagers to participate in rural organizations and, creating incentives for participation and cooperation among farmers can play a constructive role in reducing the effects of flood risk.

Ecotourism is a concept which has attracted global attention in recent years and is usually associated with the concepts of natural resource conservation and rural development. Studies show that ecotourism has the capacity to improve the livelihood of the local people in a participatory management method. Therefore, a tool should be used to analyze the cooperative behavior of the host community as an environmental behavior in the natural ecosystems conservation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conservation behavior of the host community of forest based ecotourism in forest conservation using the value-belief-norm model.

A questionnaire was used to collect research data. The questionnaire was prepared based on the value-belief-norm model and in consultation with a group of experts including forestry, rural extension, ecotourism and natural resources experts. After confirming the integrity and reliability of questionnaire, the data were collected via the face-to-face interviews. 278 completed questionnaires were used in the analysis process. Data analysis was conducted for descriptive statistics using SPSS23 software and for inferential statistics (to examine the correlation between independent and dependent variables in the form of structural equation modeling) using Smart Pls software.

Comparing the obtained values of the fit indices in Stern's value-belief-norm model with the desired values shows that these values are within the standard range. Therefore, based on the values of the presented indicators, it can be concluded that the model used to investigate the intention of the host villagers to participate in forest conservation has a good fit. Also, the findings of the research indicated that all research hypotheses were confirmed in the value-belief-norm model. The results showed that the research variables in this model are able to explain 71/8% of the host community's intention for forest conservation behaviors.

The results of the research showed that biosphere values, altruistic values, sense of responsibility and awareness of the consequences have an effect on the cooperative behavior of the host community for forest protection. Considering the relationship and interaction of people with natural resources and strong religious beliefs and teachings about the value of natural resources and respect for them among people, this issue can be used to strengthen the pro environmental behavior of forest protection and carry out protective behavior. The study highlighted a strong moral belief among the tourism host community. This issue can be used as a ecotourism based conservation tool for zagros forests.

The development of ecotourism will not happen simply because of the beauty and attractiveness of ecotourism areas. In addition to the natural potential of each region, the development of ecotourism requires the existence of various factors such as welfare infrastructure, access roads, tourist security, marketing and advertising, and the like.  So that the absence or even shortage of some of these cases can be considered as factors hindering the development of ecotourism in any ecotourism area. The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers to the development of ecotourism in Aligudarz Absefid waterfalls. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with provincial experts to identify the deterrents. Analysis of data collected from interviews led to the identification of 34 concepts in 6 major categories of barriers. Then, a two-stage Delphi-fuzzy technique was used to reach a group agreement between the experts and to rank the inhibitory factors. According to the results, barriers the development of ecotourism in Aligudarz Absefid waterfall are respectively: cultural and social barriers with an average (0.828), poor introduction of the region (0.810), investment barriers and financial planning (0.803), infrastructural barriers (0.778), security barriers (0.775) and access and information problems (0.648). Therefore, the general proposal of this research is comprehensive planning, attracting financial support, and the efforts of nature tourism management decision-making organizations in Aligudarz city and Lorestan province to eliminate and reduce the mentioned obstacles through the executive proposals presented in this research.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the most significant health challenge humans experienced since World War 2, and its course can be affected by the stringency in undertaking individual and collective protective behavior. In this study, the health belief model structures in adopting the protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic were assessed. A sample of 375 household heads living in the rural areas of Lorestan Province was selected through a multi-stage stratified and random sampling method. Structural equation modeling showed that knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self-efficacy, and cues to action affect the protective behaviors of Iranian rural households during COVID-19. Cues to action and knowledge were the most important predictors of protective behaviors in rural households. The results suggest the necessity to emphasize enhancing knowledge to highlight the negative impacts of COVID-19 and train rural households regarding the proper and effective preventive measures.

Nature-based tourism is one of the important types of tourism that is considered as a suitable tool for of natural resources protection. The present descriptive-survey research using the theory of planned behavior, was conducted to analyze the participatory behavior of tourists in forest protection in the ​​Qaleh Gol, Khorramabad city. For this purpose, 364 tourists who had visited the study area were surveyed by available sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and the validity of the structure and the reliability of the instrument were obtained by examining the fit of the model at two levels of the measurement model and the structural model. Findings showed that the initial model of planned behavior (TPB), which explains 63% and 52% of the intentions and environmental behavior of tourists in forest protection, respectively. The three main variables of the theory of planned behavior included attitude (ATT), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and subjective beliefs (SN), all of which had positive effects on tourists' intentions to protect the forest. Extended planned behavior with the inclusion of the environmental concern (EC) variable increased by 4% the power to explain the variable of tourist behavior.In the present study, the attitude of tourists was identified as the most important factor, so policymakers can maintain it by emphasizing it. Natural resources and forests are effective. On the other hand, it is necessary to formulate and implement supportive policies for forest protection with an emphasis on tourist participation.

The relationship between women's empowerment and microfinance has been studied in many countries, including Iran. But, few studies have examined the impact of women's microfinance consumption path on their empowerment. Therefore, this study aims to answer the important question of what effect the path of microcredit consumption has on women's empowerment. Given the importance of the type of loan used in women’s economic empowerment, 13 ways of spending by women were identified. These routes can be divided into three general paths: (1) starting a small business, (2) indirectly investing with the possibility of return, and (3) spending the loan without the possibility of its return. The main question was how much women are empowered if they choose each of these paths. The statistical population consisted of 800 women in Nahavand Township. The sample size was determined to be 260 people according to Krejcie and Morgan’s table taken by the stratified sampling technique with the proportional assignment. The questionnaire's reliability and validity were confirmed by computing Cronbach's alpha coefficient (more than 0.7) and content validity, respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 software. The results showed that women in the first path became more empowered than the other two groups. The other two paths did not make a significant difference in the empowerment level although the second path slightly outperformed the third path in empowering the women. Credit-paying institutions must exercise greater control over how women use their credit by fundamentally reviewing payment laws.

The idea of forming ‘electronic marketing cooperatives’ was the motivation for the present study. In this type of cooperative, many e-marketers in each of the various occupations will form a cooperative that will only do marketing activities electronically in their field of work. The purpose of the present applied study was to evaluate the feasibility of forming e-marketing cooperatives in Lorestan province, Iran. Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with provincial experts to identify feasibility studies. Thirty primary categories, 12 central categories, and 5 main concepts were identified by the analysis of data collected from interviews. Then, a two-stage fuzzy Delphi technique was used to reach a group agreement between the experts and to rank the inhibitory factors. Based on the fuzzy Delphi results, the cases related to the feasibility of forming e-marketing cooperatives in Lorestan province, according to experts, were financial incentives with an average of total de-fuzzy (0.477), physical-human infrastructure (0.395), socio-cultural (0.387), educational (0.375), and legal-administrative implications with average (0.305). The main recommendation of the research is the efforts of the decision-making organizations of the cooperative sector of Lorestan province to realize the mentioned cases through the executive suggestions presented in this research.
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Rural youth are important sources of rural and agriculture development, and if they remain in their rural area, they can help reduce poverty in that area. One of the factors affecting the youth's survival in the village is the achievement of social wellbeing. In most studies, only the objective dimension of wellbeing has been addressed and the mental dimension of wellbeing has been neglected, while the subjective interpretation of youth from the environment and quality of life in the village which affects their decision on remaining in the village. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the mental well-being of rural youth and its effect on remain in rural. The statistical population of the study consisted of rural youths in Khoramabad Township (N= 1058). Research samples were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method with using the Krejcie & Morgan table (n= 281). The results showed that the level of mental well-being of the majority of the rural youth was low and girls had a lower mean in terms of self-esteem, emotional intelligence and social intelligence. In addition, the results of regression analysis showed that income, employment status, access to health services, health status, access to recreational facilities, educational level, social Solidarity and distance from the cityare variables that affect the mental well-being of rural youth. Also, the results showed that there is a positive relationship between the wellbeing of the rural youth and their willingness to remain in the village.

Planning for the development of low-income villages, on the other hand, technology simplicity, the need for less capital, a shorter period of return on investment and other benefits of small industries, the scale of the agricultural sector, the need to launch such industries has made it more visible than before. However, the path of launching these industries is not always simple and faces various obstacles. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify and determine the barriers to the establishment of small-scale industries in the agricultural sector. To identify the barriers, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with provincial experts. Analysis of data collected from interviews led to the identification of 41 concepts in the form of 7 macro-categories of barriers. Then, the two-stage Delphi-fuzzy technique was used to reach a group agreement between the experts and to rank the inhibitory factors. According to the results of the Delphi-fuzzy technique, barriers to establishment of the small-scale industries in the agricultural sector in Kakavand district of Delfan city were classified into 5 categories. Financial-credit barriers with an average of 0.442, were the first priority barriers. Also, administrative-political barriers with an average of 0.426, lack of trained manpower and local entrepreneurs with an average of 0.417, lack of participatory, individual, and social spirit of the local community to invest with a total average of 0.407 and weak domestic and foreign investment with the average of 0.397 were in the next ranks. Providing credit, reducing administrative bureaucracy and political barriers, providing education to villagers and strengthening their participation, as well as attracting domestic and foreign investors to set up small-scale agricultural industries are the main research proposals.

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting energy consumption in three forest villages of Khorramabad, Lorestan province. Gushe Shahanshah village had access to natural gas piped, Chenarbagali village with kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas and Malimdul village lacks natural gas, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas. The sample consisted of 146 households from three villages, that selected by simple random sampling method. The main research tool for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The data was analysis by spss software. Pearson test was used to examine the correlation between independent variables with annual fuel consumption, and Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the average fuel consumption in planar groupings. The results showed that in Gushe Shahnshah village, there is a positive and significant relationship between annual consumption of natural gas and variables of income, household size, heated area of the house and number of heaters, and there is a negative and significant relationship with the variable of antiquity of house. Also, in Chenarbagali and Malimdul villages, there is a positive and significant relationship between annual firewood consumption and variables of family size, number of male work force over 15 years old, ed area of the house and number of heaters, and a negative and significant relationship with income.The results showed that in addition to the above, fuel consumption is affected by several factors. The results showed that in addition to the items mentioned, household fuel consumption is affected by several factors, but access to a clean energy

.The community studied, among the experts of the Tourism Organization, professors And students who have been active in the field of tourism was selected Sampling method to Snowball shape was done.Research credibility The survey was conducted from different perspectives.First Available resources available potential tourism potential In the villages of Khorramabad city In various sectors of artistic, natural history, historical and religious sites The case was identified And more Using a semi-structured interview It has been explored the development strategies of this industry Finally, using the ATLAS software As a good quality software, Segregated categories Results showed "Using the traditional potential of villages", "Educational Programs" and "Local People's Participation", "Management and lanning", "Legislation and Policy""Support of Handicraft" and Also pay attention to "advertising" Can contribute to the development of rural tourism in this city.

One of the crises in Iranian agriculture sector is drought and identfying the risk management solutions for this problem are a necessity. The purpose of this research is analyzing the agricultural drought risk management strategies by fuzzy Delphi method that a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods was performed. The statistical population of the research consisted of key experts including subject mater related administrators and specialists of state organizations in Lorestan province. 20 of them were selected as sample using chain purposfull sampling. This research uses the risk and crisis cycle model by whilhite which risk management solutions fall into three categories: "reduction", "planning" and "monitoring and forecasting". The results showed that the most important priority in the reduction step was watershed management and aquifer development; at the planning step, preparation and implementation of the Land use Planning and In the step of monitoring and forecasting, establishing warning systems.based on results land use planning,adjusting the Cropping patern,international and regional collaboration for reinforcement of warning systems and drought monitoring and training and continous training to related  practioners was recommended.

The purpose of this survey is to examine the villages' turning into cities and its impacts on the life quality of its inhabitants in the newly founded town of Byranshahr in Lorestan province. The statistical population of the study consisted of the whole inhabitant families in Byranshahr (N= 1655) two hundred of whom were determined as the statistical sample using Cochran formula. The samples were selected by simple random sampling method and were interviewed through a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the instruments which were used in the study were confirmed considering content validity and using Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was more than 0.70. Finally, the data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The results of prioritizing the effect of Cheqlondi's turning into Byranshahr town, based on the average score of 5, showed that this turning has had the highest impacts  on the following sectors: promoting the town services (3.99), improvement the housing and urbanization (3.92), educational development (3.91), increasing social participation (3.86), health-hygienic development (3.58), improvement of communication facilities (3.57), town security (3.45), employment and improvement of  the business (3.40), and  finally accessing to sports and entertainment facilities (3.25).

The main purpose of this study was to identify and explain the internal and external factors affecting the empowerment of rural women receiving microcredits in Kermanshah and Hamedan provinces. This research was a quantitative and descriptive-correlationd study which was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all rural women receiving microcredits in Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces (141 people). Data was collected through a questionnaire that it’s validity was confirmed by a panel of experts in women affair department of Agricultural Jihad Organization and agricultural extension, education, and rural development faculty members. Its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was higher than 0.8 for all parts of the questionnaire. Results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the variables such as "perceived adequacy of received credit amount", "the amount of income earned from the created job", and "the number of created jobs", and "participation in skills training courses" with the level of rural women empowerment. Among the variables, participation in skill training courses was the most important predictors of the rural women empowerment. In this research, based on correlation coefficients between variables, some recommendations were presented for improving the empowerment of rural women.

The purpose of this study was to identify and weigh the criteria for assessing the Sustainable Development of Ecotourism (SDE) and measure the level of SDE in the tourist poles of Lorestan province. The criteria were extracted by reviewing previous studies and weighted by AHP analysis. The statistical population consisted of 31 tourism experts from the center of the province and the cities that all of them were selected by census method and the required data were collected regarding the weighting of criteria and the determination of seven eco-touristic areas. Data were analyzed using Expert Choice and Excel softwares. According to the results, seven criteria for measuring SDE were important in cluding security of tourists (relative weight of 0.255), natural condition (0.169), recreational attraction (0.163), social acceptance and participation of local people (0.133), the existence of tourism infrastructure (0.110), governmental support of the region (0.087) and creation of economic opportunities for the region (0.083). Also, based on the sum of criteria, the most susceptible areas for the SDE in Lorestan province were respectively Gahar Lake, Bisheh Waterfall, Absefid Waterfall, Nozhian Waterfall, Grit Waterfall, Wark Waterfall and canyon of Shirz. Although Gahar Lake and Bisheh Waterfall have the highest average in terms of criteria, other areas also have capabilities that, with the support of the government and the private sector, can be possible to reduce weaknesses in order to SDE.

Water Users Association (WUAs) is one of the methods of participatory water resource management whose success and efficiency requires the participation of farmers. Purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the solutions for farmers’ participation enhancing in WUAs. This exploratory article was carried out by the mixed methods design. The qualitative part of the study was conducted by Grounded Theory (GT). The statistical population consisted of 14 key informant experts of water resources management. Data were gathered by semi-structured interview. The triangulation of peers in different position was used to enhance the accuracy of the data. Categories were derived from interviews by MAXQDA12 software. In the quantitative phase, 133 members of WUAs were sampled in Lorestan Province (N=1990) using the Cochran formula. Solutions proposed by experts were provided to the members of WUAs in the form of a questionnaire. Results showed that there were distrust among members, members' distrust to WUAs mangers and tension in management of this organization. The most important solutions for farmer's participation in WUAs were to reduce local tensions, motivating mechanisms for cooperation of farmers in WUAs and helping farmers for a better consensus

Climate change affects agriculture and food security. Among natural disasters, drought is commonly recognized as a major threat to agricultural systems and rural household livelihoods in many arid and semi-arid regions of developing countries.Drought management can play an important role in reducing the risks posed by this phenomenon. The drought management cycle consists of two parts of risk management and crisis management, where crisis management focuses on post-incident actions. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the solutions of drought crisis management in agricultural sector of Lorestan province based on risk and crisis management cycle model of Wilhite et al (2014). In this model, the crisis management process consists of four steps: “impact assessment", "response", "recovery" and "reconstruction". This mixed method research was conducted through the Fuzzy Delphi method. The statistical population of the study is the managers and specialists of related state organizations of Lorestan province. Twenty of them were selected as sample members using a purposefull sampling method.The results of the research consist of two parts that in the first part identifiying agricultural drought crisis management soutions and prioritzing and imprtance determining of them, secondly.The results of the research show that in the impact assessment “the experts team formation for collection of information about the damage.related public training in response step and change of planting and harvest time and market access improvement is recommended.

The purpose of this study was quantitative and qualitative assessment of the natural resources education and the impact of different educational tools on the environmental attitudes of villagers. The research area consists of four forest villages Champalk, Khanesorkh, Samoq and Shorab in the Doreh Chegheni Township and the statistical population of the study was villagers are living in the four villages mentioned (N = 2306). The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 208 people. The data were collected by questionnaire that validity and reliability were confirmed respectively through content validity and computing Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.813). Data analyzed by SPSS software. According to the results, villagers presented the highest scores of assessment of the quality of the provided trainings to the following components: increase awareness of the importance of forests and rangelands (4.33), change in the procedure of people in dealing with natural resources (16.4), impact on people's perspective on conservation of natural resources (4.14). 90% of the people believed that participation in these courses increased the awareness of the importance of forests and pastures and, according to 85% of the people; these courses have changed their behavior in dealing with natural resources. The results of mean comparison indicated that the use of educational tool excluding video viewing significantly improved the environmental attitudes of individuals. The results of the study indicate that participation in training courses and the use of appropriate tools can improve the attitude of natural resources and their desire to be protected.

The Purpose of this study was to analyzing the solutions of microcredit funds to empower rural women (ERW) in Lorestan province. Statistical population of this research consisted the rural women of micro credit fund members in Lorestan province (N= 772) that 160 of them determined as a statistical sample by using Cochran’s formula. Samples were selected based on multi stage sampling method and data were collected by questionnaire. Questionnaire's reliability and validity were confirmed respectively through computing Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.89) and content validity. Data analyzed by SPSS20 and LISREL8.8 software. According to results of the exploratory factor analysis solutions of microcredit fund in the ERW in Lorestan province categorized in five factors that in order of importance are: 1) supporting members and directing their activities; 2) providing training to members and the board; 3) improving fund management; 4) utilizing side capacities; and 5) enhancing participatory spirit among Members. These solutions explained 68.3% of the total variance. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated the significance of these factors as solutions for improve the functioning of microcredit funds to ERW in Lorestan province.

In water resource planning, due attention should be paid to the sustainable management of water resources and the use of unconventional water in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the factors affecting the attitudes of villagers toward consuming products irrigated with purified wastewater. The statistical population consisted of the villagers who consumed this type of products in Khorramabad County (N = 1601). The sample size determined by Cochran's formula was 200 people. The data were collected with a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed respectively by the content validity method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.751). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software. As the results showed, there was a positive and significant relationship between the attitudes of the villagers and such variables as their awareness of the wastewater purification process and its use in the agricultural sector, the level of trust in the wastewater purification system, the tendency to use the products irrigated with purified wastewater, the level of trust in the healthiness of those products, the villagers’ evaluation of the quality and the smell of the products and the monthly cost of households. All the relationships were significant at the level of 1%.