mehdi sadeghi-shoae

Considering the limitations that drought stress imposes on plants, use of strategies that control or reduce the adverse effects of drought stress is important. In order to evaluate the effect of methanol foliar applicationspraying on some quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet under different conditions of available moisture, a field experiment was conducted for two years in the research field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Iran, as a split plot in randomized complete blocks with three replications. The first factor was the irrigation at two levels of S1 (normal irrigation after 40% of available moisture drain) and S2 (irrigation after 70% of available moisture drain) and the second factor was different methanol concentrations with three levels (control), 14 and 28% by volume of methanol) in which  the first factor was assigned in the main plot and the second factor in the sub-plot. The studied traits included root yield, sugar content, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, alkalinity, white sugar content, molasses sugar, sugar yield, and white sugar yield. Results showed that methanol can increase root yield, sugar yield, and white sugar yield regardless of the amount of available moisture; so that the highest root yield was related to the 14 and 28% volume of methanol with 70.12 and 68.87 t ha-1, respectively, which were statistically placed in the same group.

In order to determine the suitable fodder beet variety and the best planting and harvest dates in Jiroft region, an experiment was performed. Treatments consisted of two cultivars called 1025 and Lacinia, four planting dates (11 September, 02 October, 22 October, and 11 November) and two harvest dates (5 May and 5 June) evaluated in factorial split plot in 2021-2022 and 2022-23 in the research farm of the South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Planting dates were assigned in main plots and harvest dates and genotype were randomly placed in sub-plots. Results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of planting and harvest dates on all studied traits including total yield, root and shoot yield, as well as root and shoot dry matter yield were significant (P ˂ 0.01). The effect of cultivar on root yield, root length, shoot dry matter (P ˂ 0.01) and root dry matter (P ˂ 0.05) was significant. The triple interaction effect was significant on all studied traits, except for shoot yield. Bolting was affected by planting date, variety and their interaction. Lacinia was resistant to bolting in all sowing dates. Comparison of the triple mean effect showed that the highest total yield (187.38 tha-1), root yield (136.77 t ha-1), total dry matter (27.69 tha-1), root dry matter (20.39 t ha-1) and shoot dry matter (7.30 tha-1) was related to the Lacinia on planting date of 10 October and harvesting date of 5 June.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization rate on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of drip-irrigated sugar beet, a two-year field experiment was carried out in two areas of Iran including Karaj and Moghan. Four different amounts of N fertilizer (no applied (N0), optimum rate (N100), 75% (N75) and 50% (N50) of optimum rate) and four varieties included two European varieties (Rosire and Flores) and two Iranian varieties (Pars and Ekbatan) were experimental treatments. The results in Moghan showed that the highest values of root and sugar yield were related to N75 by 74.09 and 9.13 t ha-1, respectively. Flores and Rosier had greater sugar yield than Pars and Ekbatan varieties in both locations. Our findings in Karaj demonstrated that SC decreased with increasing N rate, however there was no significant difference among nitrogen levels in SC in Moghan. N application rate had no significant influence on content of the non-sugar impurities in both areas except K concentration. As data, European varieties contained lower non-sugar substances and higher root quality than Iranian varieties. In addition, greater nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was gained in European varieties compared to Iranian varieties. Increasing N application rate also caused to decrease in NUE under two area conditions. The greatest NUE occurred by no application of N fertilizer as 46.13 and 45.35 kg sugar kg-1 N in Moghan and Karaj, respectively. In general, N fertilizer consumption can be reduced to 75% of the recommended N rate under the drip irrigation system that is developing in the country.

Du to limitation of feed resources in Iran, recently research workers tried to find new feed resources, where they introduce new fodder beet varieties to farmers. Regarding the characteristics of the fodder beet, it must be preserved as silage for progressively use in animal feeding, but no appropriate technology was stablished for ensiling of fodder beet. Ensiling is the well nown technology for preserving of fresh forages, but it is difficult to ensile the fodder beet, because of very low dry matter (DM) content. However, using additives (dry roughages and concentrates) as total mixed ration may be applied as a technology for preserving fodder beet silage. Therefore, this research was conducted to prepared a total mixed ration (TMR) silage based on fodder beet in comparison to corn silage and determine their nutritive values in sheep.

Three experimental diets including: 1) TMR based on corn silage (CTMR), 2) TMR silage (CTMRS) based on similar formula of treatment 1 and 3) TMR silage based on fodder beet (FBTMRS) were prepared. Digestibility and voluntary intake of the treatment diets were determined with three treatments and five replicates by in vivo method, using of 5 mature male Shal sheep (with 5 years old age and 80 kg body weight).

The DM contents of the CTMRS and FBTMRS waere 40 and 39.7 percent with pH of 3.95 and 4.06 respectivly. Average daily DM intake (DMI) was 1294g in control, 1301g in CTMRS but 1579g in FBTMRS that were significantly higher (P<0.05) in FBTMRS. Organic matter (OM) intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher (1450 vs 1206 and 1214 g) for the FBTMRS than the other treatments. Similar trend was obsereved when the intake was calculated based on methabolic body weight. Digestibility of DM, OM, organic mater in dry mater (DOMD) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were respectively 71.6, 74, 69.1 and 51.5 percent for CTMRS that were statistically (p<0.05) higher than those of the other treatments but no differences were obtained between the control and FBTMRS. The rumen pH, was affected (p<0.05) by the treatments before morning feeding so that it was the lowest in control, but the highest in FBTMRS (6.11 vs 6.85 and 7.01). However, rumen pH was not varied between the treatments at 3h and 6h post feeding. The rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) showed an increasing tendency in all treatments from morning feedint to 3h post feeding with the highest amount for treatment FBTMRS (from 17.85 to 32.89 mg/dL) and the lowest for the control (from 13.35 to 31.32 mg/dL) but it showed a decreasing trend from 3h to 6h post feeding with slower tendency for the treatment FBTMRS.

Results of the experimental diets on sheep nutrition indicated that, the highest DM and OM intake was obtained when the animals received TMR silage based on the fodder beet. However, the TMR corn silage showed the highest nutrients digestibility that may be due to the nutritional improvement during the silage fermentation and preservation. Improvement the nutrients digestibility of TMR corn silage is considered as an advantage when compared to the normal TMR (contained corn silage). Therefore, TMR silage based on corn forage recommended as superior treatment in this study. However, practicing and utilization of TMR silage based on the fodder beet is recommended, where the fodder beet is available.

This research evaluated the reaction of wheat against different moisture stresses and different irrigation methods, as well as the reaction to growth-promoting bacteria in terms of different traits related to yield and water use efficiency during two crop years. The experimental factors include the irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation at 40% of available moisture discharge during the entire growth period (normal), normal irrigation until pollination and no irrigation up to 60% of available moisture discharge until the end of the growth period, irrigation until pollination and stop irrigation until the end of the growth period), irrigation methods with 5 levels (regular leakage, leakage of one furrow in the middle of variable, leakage of one furrow in the middle of constant, rain, type (strip-drop)) and the third factor of growth-increasing bacteria with There were two levels (non-use and use (combination of Microbacterium + Azobacter + Azosperlium + Pseudomonas). The results showed that the factor of irrigation regime had a significant effect on biological performance and grain yield, so that the second and third irrigation regimes (respectively with 7.89 and 4.70 tons per hectare) reduced these traits. Different irrigation methods had an effect on different quantitative and qualitative traits, but the most efficient water consumption was achieved in the tip irrigation method with a rate of 3 kg/m3. The use of bacterial integration increased the biological yield and grain to the extent of 9.79 and 13.51 percent.

Water is one of the most important needs of plants and drought stress is one of the most important stresses for plant growth. Given the global water shortage, provide solutions to save water consumption in agriculture, such as choosing the appropriate irrigation method, irrigation time management, providing methods to reduce and control the negative effects of water shortage on plants and the use of more resistant varieties to water shortage and The use of different techniques to reduce the effects of water scarcity is important and should be a priority for research. Paclobutrazole is a group of plant growth regulators of triazole that prevents the production of a wide range of gibberellic acid and has many applications in agriculture. Paclobutrazole reduces the negative effects of abiotic stress on plant growth by regulating the levels of hormones, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmolytes. A group of beneficial soil bacteria that increase plant growth are called plant growth promoting bacteria and are among the most important types of biofertilizers. PGPRs by lat out of volatile organic compounds (VOC) increase biomass, plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and disease resistance.

This research was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Qom and Hamedan regions (Hamedan is a cold and mountainous region with mild summer and Qom is a dry and desert region with hot and dry summers). Experimental factors include irrigation regime with three levels 1- (irrigation at 40% of available plant moisture discharge during the growing season (optimal irrigation), 2- optimal irrigation up to pollination stage and irrigation at 60% of available plant moisture discharge until the end of the growing season 3- Irrigation in 40% of available plant moisture discharge up to pollination stage and cessation of irrigation until the end of growing season), foliar application of paclobutrazole at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 ppm in two stages of stem and spike) and invoice The third included five levels of growth-promoting bacteria (non-consumption, Mycobacterium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and a combination of three bacteria). Irrigation regimen factors and paclobutrazol in the main plots and growth-promoting bacteria in the subplots. The traits evaluated in this experiment included parameters related to leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and Rubisco activity.

The results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation regime on paclobutrazol was significant for biological yield and grain yield, so that at the third irrigation level, the use of paclobutrazol at a concentration of 100 ppm increased grain yield and biological yield. Also, according to the analysis of variance table, the interaction effect of irrigation regime in bacteria for biological yield and grain yield was significant, so that in the third level of irrigation regime, two levels of combination of three bacteria and Azotobacter with 19.05 and 17.95 tons, respectively. Hectares had the highest biological yield.

In general, the results showed that in more difficult conditions of irrigation regime, the use of paclobutrazol can cause less decline and improve grain yield and biological yield. It can also be inferred that the use of growth-promoting bacteria increases grain yield and biological yield and improves morphological traits, and the combination treatment of Mycobacterium, Azotobacter and Azospirillium had the highest yield.

Considering the importance of water in agriculture as well as extending ​​autumn-sown sugar beet cultivation area, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth restriction treatments, planting date and cultivar on bolting and other quantitative and qualitative traits of autumn-sown sugar beet in Karaj, Iran during two years (2018-19). The experiment was performed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Studied factors included two planting date (22nd September and 22nd October) as the first factor, the growth restriction with four levels including control (without limit), paclobutrazol (300 pp M), Nitrogen fertilizer restriction (50% of the recommended amount), Paclobutrazole + Nitrogen fertilizer restriction as the second factor, and three cultivars including Giada, Eudoro, and one Iranian genotype resistant to bolting as the third factor. Planting date and growth restriction factors were included in main plots and genotype factor in subplots. The studied traits included bolting percentage, root yield, sugar content, molasses sugar, and white sugar yield. Results showed that the effect of the year on bolting percentage was significant. The lowest bolting percentage (50%) was obtained by Eudoro cultivar on the second year of study planted on 22nd October. The highest root yield (79.91 tha-1) was related to the Eudoro cultivar, planted on 22nd September and treated with paclobutrazol (300 ppm). Giada and Eudoro cultivars planted on the 22nd September had the highest white sugar yield of 8.15 and 8.62 t ha-1, respectively with no significant difference between.

In order to evaluate the morphological, quantitative and qualitative traits of different fodder beet cultivars (genotypes) under foliar application of methanol and the glycine betaine amino acid, the present study was conducted in 2018 in Hamedan and Qom. The experiment was designed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block with three replications. The studied factors were methanol at three levels of foliar application (control, 15 and 30% by volume of methanol) as the first factor, glycine at two levels (control and 4 gL-1 of methanol consumed) the second factor, and six fodder beet cultivars (SBSI050, SBSI051, SBSI052, Brunium, Jamon, and Kyros) as the third factor. Results showed a significant difference (P<0.01) among locations. The root yield in Hamedan region was 40.59 tha-1 more than Qom region. Methanol foliar application increased root yield by an average of 16.56 t ha-1 and dry matter yield by 2.85 tha-1 compared with control treatment. Glycine foliar application also made a significant difference in quantitative traits thorough the average total yield by 17.47 tha-1. There was no significant difference between different levels of methanol and glycine in qualitative traits including crude protein and root digestibility. A significant difference (P<0.01) was observed among genotypes. Based on the results of interaction between genotype and methanol, kyros treatment in Hamedan with applying 15% methanol concentration recorded 120 tha-1 root yield, 20 tha-1 root dry matter yield, and 142 tha-1 total yield which is recommended as the optimum option.

The use of growth-promoting bacteria increases vegetative growth, and with it, timely consumption with appropriate concentrations of growth retardant can play a role in the distribution of nutrients to the shoots and roots, and thus improve dehydration tolerance. For this purpose, in this study, the reaction of the new super wheat cultivar SHS022 under the conditions of irrigation regime with the use of growth-promoting bacteria and the application of growth retardant paclobutrazol were investigated. This research was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Qom and Hamedan in the 2018-19 crop year. The first factor includes the amount of irrigation with three levels (irrigation at 40% of available moisture discharge throughout the growing season (control), normal irrigation up to pollination stage and irrigation at 60% available moisture discharge until seed maturity, irrigation at 40% Moisture release available up to pollination stage and cessation of irrigation until the end of the growing season) and the second factor includes foliar application of paclobutrazol at three levels (0, 50 and 100 ppm) and the third factor including growth-promoting bacteria at five levels (control, Mycobacterium, Azotobacter and Azospirillium and combination). According to the results of analysis of variance, the main effects on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, flag leaf relative moisture content, flag leaf chlorophyll content and Rubisco activity were significant. According to the results of comparing the mean in the first level of irrigation regime, there was no significant difference between paclobutrazol levels, but in the second level of irrigation regime, the highest percentage of relative leaf moisture was obtained at a concentration of 100 ppm paclobutrazol (66.23%), so that two levels Control and 50 ppm were in a lower statistical group (52.95 and 56.63%, respectively), but in the third level of irrigation regime, the highest trait was obtained at a concentration of 100 ppm paclobutrazol with 55.36% and The lowest was evident at the control level with 38.24%. The interaction effect of irrigation regime on paclobutrazol on Rubisco activity was significant so that in the first level of irrigation regime there was no significant difference between levels of paclobutrazol, but in the second and third levels of irrigation regime the highest amount of rubisco was 100 ppm paclobutrazol. They belonged to 37.63 and 29.27 units, respectively, and the lowest amount of trait was in the control factor.

The use of various types of polymers in the field of seed processing (coating seeds of various types of plants) has become very important in recent years. Polymer materials are used to add a mixture of fungicides and pesticides and growth regulators to help protect plant seedlings from growing and deploying better against pathogens and harmful insects in the early stages of plant growth. This research was carried out with the aim of making internal polymer and its feasibility study in seed of three sugar beet, corn and alfalfa crops during the years of 2014-2015. In order to compare the effect of foreign and internal polymer, seed quality, germination, abnormality percentage, Radicle length in laboratory and Seed vigor in greenhouse were evaluated. The results of the obtained spectra and surface tension the comparison of the polymer prepared with the foreign polymer used as a control. It can be concluded that the internalized polymer is physically and mechanically similar to that of an external polymer. Application of polymer in sugar beet cover had no adverse effect on germination and seed establishment. The results of this study showed that the synthesized internal polymer in this study can be used to coating the seeds of sugar beet and alfalfa and 1% and 1.5% for corn seeds in order to achieve optimum seed coating and not to have an adverse effect on their qualitative traits.