mehran azadi

Paying attention to the problem of reducing chronic pain in the elderly has become an important and vital issue in the direction of life expectancy, and it seems that compassion therapy and integrated spiritual therapy can each be effective in the development of coping with pain in the elderly. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of compassion therapy and integrated spiritual therapy on coping strategies for the elderly with chronic pain.

The present study was applied and a semi-experimental design of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study was composed of elderly people with chronic pain in the Noura Center for the Elderly located in Tehran in 1402. The number of elderly sample in the present study was 45 people (N=15 in each group) who were selected in a targeted way. The tool of the research was Rosenstein and Kief pain coping strategies questionnaire. The method of data analysis was analysis of variance with repeated measurements using spss software version 27.

The research results showed that compassion therapy is effective on pain coping strategies in the elderly with chronic pain (F=43.114, P<0.01) with an effect size of 53%, and spiritual integrated therapy is effective on pain coping strategies. (F=85.635, P <0.01) is effective in the elderly with chronic pain with an effect size of 69%, and there is also a difference between the effectiveness of compassion therapy and integrated spiritual therapy on coping strategies for the elderly with chronic pain (0.027= p) There is a significant difference at the error level of 0.01.

It can be concluded that compassion therapy is more effective than spiritual integrated therapy on coping strategies for the elderly with chronic pain.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group training based on acceptance and commitment to interacting with the fetus and assuming the role of parent in pregnant women. The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and control group design with a 3-month follow-up period. The statistical population of women with their first pregnancy referred to selected health and treatment centers in Tehran in 2023, 30 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and were randomly replaced in two groups of group training based on acceptance and commitment and the control group. Data were collected with the Mother-Fetal Attachment Questionnaire (MFAS, Cranley, 1981). Group training based on acceptance and commitment was held in 8 sessions of 90 minutes and once a week. The data were analyzed by the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements. The findings showed that there is a difference between pre-test and post-test and pre-test and follow-up of interaction with the fetus (P<0.05). The difference between pre-test and post-test and pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that group training based on acceptance and commitment to improving interaction with the fetus and assuming the parental role is effective and lasting.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mutual behavior analysis and narrative therapy on interpersonal forgiveness of women affected by marital contract breaking. The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up of 2 months. The statistical population of the present study was made up of all the women affected by the breach of marital contract from their husbands who were referred to the counseling centers located in the 4th district of Tehran in 2022. 45 people were selected purposefully and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The instrument of this research was Ehteshamzadeh et al's Interpersonal Forgiveness Inventory (IFI, 2011), Berne's transactional analysis intervention (1958), and White and Epston's (1990) narrative therapy protocol was implemented in 8 sessions of 120 minutes twice a week for the first and second experimental groups. The data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. The results of repeated variance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of interpersonal forgiveness (P<0.05), the treatment of mutual behavior analysis was significantly more effective than the spouses' interpersonal forgiveness compared to narrative therapy (P<0/05) and both treatments had lasting effects in the follow-up period (P<0.05). Therefore, there is a significant difference between the two treatments of mutual behavior analysis and narrative therapy, and behavior analysis treatment was more effective.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group psychodrama on improving life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive affects in depressed patients. Given the complexity of depression and the need for multifaceted treatment approaches, this research aimed to provide empirical evidence on the efficacy of psychodrama as a therapeutic intervention. 

Methods and Materials: 

This study employed a randomized controlled trial design. The sample consisted of 30 depressed patients selected from a clinic in Tehran and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=15) receiving group psychodrama therapy or the control group (n=15) receiving no intervention. The intervention comprised ten 75-minute sessions conducted over five months. Data were collected using standardized tools: the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, with the software SPSS-27. 

The results indicated a significant improvement in life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive affects among participants in the experimental group compared to the control group. Specifically, life satisfaction scores increased from a mean of 19.43 (SD=3.67) at pre-test to 26.89 (SD=3.21) at post-test and 25.73 (SD=3.45) at follow-up. Self-compassion scores rose from 18.24 (SD=2.98) to 24.13 (SD=2.67) at post-test and 23.35 (SD=2.89) at follow-up. Positive affect scores also showed a significant increase from 21.57 (SD=3.11) to 28.74 (SD=3.01) at post-test and 27.89 (SD=3.19) at follow-up. The ANOVA results confirmed significant effects for group, time, and the interaction between group and time (p < 0.001). 

The findings support the efficacy of group psychodrama in enhancing life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive affects in depressed patients. These improvements were sustained over a five-month follow-up period, suggesting that psychodrama can be a valuable therapeutic approach for depression. Future research should explore long-term effects and compare psychodrama with other therapeutic modalities.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of individual psychodrama on life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive emotions in depressed patients.

The research method was quasi-experimental, conducted by comparing two groups: intervention and control, with no therapeutic intervention for the control group. The statistical sample of this research consisted of 30 women aged 25 to 45 years old, selected from among depressed patients with a significant level of depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental groups. Variables were measured before and after the therapeutic intervention using relevant questionnaires. Life satisfaction was measured using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, 1989), self-compassion with the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), and positive emotions with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson & Clark, 1989). Participants attended 12 sessions, each lasting one and a half hours, with one session per week.

The findings indicate that individual psychodrama was effective in enhancing life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive emotions in depressed patients, and this effectiveness persisted three months post-intervention.

Therefore, psychodrama can be used to enhance life satisfaction, self-compassion, and positive emotions in depressed women.

The current study deals with the qualitative study of mothers' viewpoint about separation anxiety, the etiology of separation anxiety, the way mothers deal with their children suffering from separation anxiety and its strategies.

The current research method was qualitative with the grounded theory approach based on the systematic model of Strauss and Corbin (2015). The population included mothers of children suffering from separation anxiety disorder in the first grade of primary school in Tehran in 2019, from whom 10 mothers were selected using a purposeful homogeneous and snowball methods until saturation was reached. In order to collect data, a semi-structured interview method was used. The data were analyzed with the help of MAX-QDA 2020 version.

370 primary codes were obtained, which were created through causal-interactional coding with emphasis on properties-dimensions and process-consequences of cross-causal and strategic mini-frameworks.

Causal and procedural coding results, including internal-relational causal factors such as various genetic issues, infant and childhood symptoms, absence of mother and father, marital disputes, and external-reflective factors such as the calmness of the living environment and an accident or illness for oneself or relatives , and the prevention-compensatory strategies were useful, such as persuading the father to communicate more with the child, and useless, such as the strategy of forceful separation. In addition, through the conditional-consequence matrix, interactive and consequential aspects and the central code of early sensitization to interactions and environment, separation anxiety was obtained from the viewpoint of mothers.

 Social anxiety has a chronic and continuous process and is highly related to childhood and family. The aim of this study was determine the relationship between parents' obsessive beliefs and social anxiety in children with emotion regulation mediation. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was 500 female students who were members of the Telegram virtual networks of the Faculty of Psychology of the Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch. The statistical sample consisted of 600 students including 200 female students and 400 parents who were selected by voluntary sampling. The Social Anxiety Scale (Michael Leibovitz, 1987) was completed by students, and the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, 2003), and the short form of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefsky, Gerich, & Spinhaven, 2002) were completed by parents. Pearson torque correlation tests and path analysis were used to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that parents' obsessive beliefs with their non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies, and parents' non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies with social anxiety in their children have a positive relationship, with a significance level of p≥0.05.

The purpose of this study was to mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment style and marital intimacy. The quantitative - correlation method was used. The statistical population consists of all married women referring to Zargandeh neighborhood house in Tehran city in year 2020. In this study, according to convenience sampling method, 260 people by formula Kline (2015) were selected as samples and they were asked to marital intimacy scale of Fraley,  Waller and Brennan (2000), early maladaptive schemas scale of Young (2005) and attachment style scale of Walker and Thompson (1983). After exclusion of 11 outlier data was finally, 249 people were analyzed with using SPSS and Lisrel software was investigated. The proposed model had an acceptable fitness to the data. Overall, the results showed more the direct paths of were found significant (P<0/05). Also results showed, Also this model showed indirect path attachment style with marital intimacy through moderating role early maladaptive schemas in married women. The evaluated model has a good fit and is an important step in identifying the factors that are effective in marital intimacy in married women.

Separation anxiety disorder is one of the most common emotional disorders in childhood and adolescence and an important risk factor for mental health throughout life. The research aimed to determine the effectiveness of attachment-based psycho-educational interventions in reducing the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder in children and the parenting methods of mothers of affected children.

This research method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. Seven counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran, Iran were selected by random cluster method, after the initial screening of children with emotional disorders listed for school age, six mothers of these children were referred from the centers, after the sample drop, and finally, twenty-four of the remaining mothers were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The data was collected using Spirafkin and Gado's Children's Disease Symptoms Questionnaire and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire.

The results showed that the psycho-educational attachment-based package significantly reduces the symptoms and severity of separation anxiety disorder, and this effect was also significant in the follow-up phase. Furthermore, the mentioned package increased the parenting methods of mothers' involvement as well as positive parenting and significantly reduced poor monitoring/supervision and inconsistency.

The psycho-educational attachment-based training package can be considered an efficient program to improve the parenting practices of mothers and reduce the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder in children.

Stress, negative emotional states, emotional disorders, low self-esteem, and feelings of loneliness and isolation are among contributing factors, which can trigger disordered eating behaviors.

The present study aimed to investigate the association of perceived stress, social support, and self-esteem with disordered eating due to alexithymia.

In this correlational study with structural equation modeling, the statistical population consisted of individuals, who were referred to Baraka Obesity Treatment Clinic in Tehran, Iran, during 2021-2022. A total of 303 people with a body mass index above 30 kg/m2 were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Perceived Stress Questionnaire by Cohen et al. (1983), Perceived Social Support Scale by Zimmet et al. (1988), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965), Alexithymia Scale by Bagby et al. (1994), and Eating Behavior Questionnaire by Van Stein and colleagues (1986). The structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data.

The results of the structural equation modeling indicated the significant direct effects of perceived stress (β=0.22, P<0.01), social support (β=-0.25, P<0.01), and self-esteem (β=-0.21, P<0.01) on disordered eating. Also, the indirect effects of perceived stress (Z=7.69, P<0.01), social support (Z=-6.13, P<0.01), and self-esteem (Z=-6.46, P<0.01) were significant on disordered eating through alexithymia.

The results of the present study showed that factors, such as the level of stress, social support, self-esteem, and identifying and expressing one’s emotions, can affect disordered eating behaviors. Therefore, by reducing stress and alexithymia and improving social support and self-esteem, disordered eating behaviors are speculated to decrease in obese people.

Separation anxiety disorder is one of the issues and problems that lead to academic failure and huge losses for the parents and society. This is a qualitative research on separation anxiety disorder in preschool children. The present research method was qualitative with a grounded theory approach based on Charmaz constructivist model. The population included mothers of children with separation anxiety disorder in Tehran in 2020, from whom 10 mothers were selected by homogeneous purposeful sampling until saturation. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect data and the data were analyzed with the MAXQDA software 2020 version. 370 primary codes, 4 themes including the position of strategic management application, the position of the determining father-affected mother, the effective position of the underlying factors, and the position of the child's sensitivity in infancy and childhood and showed a central category of early sensitivity to interactions and environment. It can be concluded that inadequate understanding of interactions and dysfunctional parenting strategies are effective in separation anxiety, and therefore to prevent this disorder, parental educational interventions and the involvement of fathers in parenting are recommended.

The aim of this study was to standardize and determine the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the Yang Early Schematic Questionnaire (Third Edition Short Form, 2005) in the student community of Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch in the academic year 2019-2020. 511male and female students of the Islamic azad University,Tehran -South Branch, who were members of virtual network( male 170 and female 341), formed the statistical population of this study. Yang answered 90 questionnaire from Yangs early maladaptive schemes. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by internalconsistency medthod construct validity was confirmed by confirmed factor analysis and the norm of the questionnaire was determined by using soft percentage.0/70. Also according to the presented results, it can be said that the maladaptive schemas questionnaire (third edition), ( with the omission of question 11, 90, 69, 67, 48, 22, 15) had sufficient validity of in struments in the study population and the questionnaire is modifled. As a result, by removing some items, the questionnaire had sufficent validity (above 0.30). The distribution of the percentage scores obtained in the areas of exclusion, heterogeneity, deafness, and disturbed boundaries is reasonably normal, but in the areas of self-government there is skewness to the right.

Life satisfaction is very important due to its simultaneous and long-term relationship with the results of adolescent adjustments, such as higher academic performance, favorable social status, reducing behavioral problems, and increasing adolescent participation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between adolescence’ gratitude and satisfaction of life with the mediation of social support and emotional problems. 

The statistical population of the study consisted of all male students who studied at Meybod high school in the academic year of 2019-2020. Two hundred eighty-seven people were selected by random sampling method. The data were collected using gratitude, the satisfaction of life, social support, and me and my school questionnaires. 

The results of path analysis showed that direct relationships of gratitude, social support, and emotional problems with the satisfaction of life were significant. Also, the indirect effects of gratitude on the satisfaction of life through mediation of social support and emotional problems were significant. 

According to the results, by increasing social support and implementing programs such as education, to increase appreciation and regulate emotional problems, students can be helped to have higher life satisfaction.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of parent-child conflict in the relationship between self-differentiation and social anxiety. This is a descriptive correlational study. This study's statistical population was female high school students who study in the 2nd district of Tehran in the academic year of 2018-19. Sampling was performed by random multi-stage clustering. First, three high schools were selected from the girls' high schools in District 2 of Tehran. Then, two classes were selected from each high school according to their educational levels. A sample of 287 students was selected by random cluster sampling, and they answered the Differentiation Questionnaire (Scorn, 1998), Parent-Child Conflict Tactics (‎Straus, 1990), and Social Anxiety Questionnaire (Liebowitz, 1999). The results of the correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant correlation between the total score of differentiation (r = -0.201) as well as subscales of my position (r = -0.256), emotional escape (r = -0.203), and fusion with others (r = -0.180) with social anxiety at the level of 0.01. Also, there was a significant correlation between the subscale of emotional responsiveness (r =-0.156) and social anxiety at the level of 0.05. There was also a correlation between parent-child conflict and social anxiety (r = 0.188) and between verbal aggression subscale (r = 0.186) and physical aggression subscale (r = 0.179) with social anxiety. Besides, the path coefficient model results showed a significant direct relationship between differentiation and social anxiety and between parent-child conflict and social anxiety (p = 0.01). Still, there was no significant direct effect between differentiation and parent-child conflict (p < 0.05). The results showed that the consequence of mothers' differentiation is to reduce the conflict between parents and children and reduce anxiety in children and adolescents because differentiated individuals differentiate between emotional and intellectual processes and are not influenced by others' thoughts and behavior.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder with negative effect on many areas of functional activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of neurofeedback on quality of life and anxiety in patients with MS.

This study was quasi-experimental that carried out with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The research population included MS patients referred to specialized clinics that 30 of whom had criteria for entering the research were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The quality of life scale (SF-36) and the anxiety-Spielberger scale were used as research tools. The subjects underwent a one-day trial under neurofeedback intervention in a 15-session period, 40 minutes with the alpha / theta protocol, and the control group did not receive intervention.

The results of covariance analysis showed that neurofeedback exercises were successful in increasing the subscales of quality of life and reducing anxiety (p<0.01), while not having a significant effect on the reduction of the constraints caused by playing role.

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the neurofeedback exercises used in this study can be used as a complementary and effective treatment to improve the quality of life and reduce the anxiety of MS patients.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Humor and life satisfaction through mediation of perceived social support. 261 students (127 men and 134 women) were selected by cluster sampling method in the academic year of 1395-96. Participants of the Humor Style Questionnaire (Martin et al., 2003), Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (Zimit et al., 1988), completed Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (Diner et al., 1985). Validity and reliability of the research tool were obtained through confirmatory path analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient respectively. Findings: Correlation between the relationship between humor and social support (R = 0/161, P <0/01), humor and life satisfaction (R = 0/180, P <0/01), and social support with life satisfaction ( R=0.578 , P <0/01). The fitted final model, which was obtained using the pathway of analysis, showed that humor is directly related to social support, and Humor has indirect effects through social support on life satisfaction. In this sense, a snappy one improves life satisfaction by strengthening social protection.

Women with breast cancer that have undergone mastectomy surgery will gradually become sensitive to their physical deficiency which may cause distortion in their body image. One of approaches that will improve their attitude is solution focused treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of short term solution focused group intervention on body image of women after mastectomy.
The plan used in this investigation was a quasi-experimental type with pre-test and post-test and accompanied with control group. Participators were matched up based on the time passed from their breast surgery and chemotherapy and were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 for experiment and 15 for control. Both groups were obliged to answer the multidimensional body–self relations questionnaire (Cash, Winstead and Janda, 1987). Then the experimental group participated in short term solution focused group therapy for 6 weeks.
Results of analyzing covariance of data obtained from both groups before and after treatment intervention indicated significance of statistical tests (p The current research showed that short term solution focused treatment improves body image of women that had undergone mastectomy significantly and has an efficient role in repairing damaged body image of these patients.

This study aimed to examine the effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on aspects of identity through mindfulness among adults. The study design was correlational. The sample consisted of 326 students (173 females, 153 males) of Islamic Azad University- South Tehran Branch in 2014/2015 academic year. The sample was selected by stratified sampling and based on the ratio of male and female students per college to total students. The participants completed the Conner’s Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale - Self report & Short Form (CAARS-S:S; Conners, Erhardt & Sparrow, 1999), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003) and the Aspects of Identity (AIQ-IV; Cheek, Smith & Tropp, 2002). The results indicated that the relationships among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, aspects of identity, and mindfulness were significant and positive. The results of path analysis indicated that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder related to aspects of identity through mindfulness. Relationships between variables were discussed in detail.

Academic performance is one of the main psychological concepts that is allocated wide theoretical and experimental researches and studies. This study aimed to determine the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment to father and academic performance.
Participants were 303 eighth grade experimental field students (134 boys, 169 girls) who were studying in public schools of Tehran and completed Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and Attachment to Parents and Peers Questionnaire. Their academic performance was calculated using their final exam’s average scores of physics, chemistry and biology. The validity and reliability of the study was obtained by using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23, Lisrel version 9.2 and Amos version 23.
Results showed good fit to the model and attachment to father (p0.001 through emotion regulation.
The findings of this study highlight the effect of attachment to parents in children's emotion regulation and thus improve their academic performance.

This study aimed to examine the role of emotion regulation in the relationship between ADHD and sleep problems among adults. Three hundred and twelve students (178 males, 134 females) were selected from south branch of Islamic Azad university in 2013 academic year using stratified sampling. The participants completed the Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self-Report: Short version (CAARS-S:S; Conners, Erhardt, & Sparrow, 1999), the Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989). The results indicated that ADHD correlated positively and significantly with difficulties of emotion regulation and sleep problems. The results of path analysis indicated that the ADHD had an indirect effect on sleep problems through emotion regulation. The findings suggested that emotion regulation skills training may be effective in reducing sleep problems of adults with ADHD.

the relationship between emotional intelligence and attachment styles was studied.Two-hundred and sixty two female(mean age 21) and 238 male (mean age 22) university students responded to the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (1997) and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). The results indicated that among both genders, emotional intelligence was positively correlated with secure attachment style and negatively with avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles. Multivariate regression analysis showed that ambivalent, avoidant and secure attachment styles could explain 25% and 17% of variability in emotional intelligence among female and male participants respectively.

this research compared the effects of two teaching methods on the academic achievement of female stu- dents with different cognitive styles (field dependent/fie- ld independent). Based on a Quasi experimental design, 105 students from Islamic Azad University, responded to Wit- kin's Group Embedded Figures Test (witkin et al, 1971) and a researcher-devised test that measures the participant's discrimination between the figure, and background and their academic achievement. During the academic semesrer following the administration of the questionnaires, the sa- me course was taught to experimental group (n=43) by pro- blem solving method and the control group (n=62) was taught by lecturing. In the post-test, the same tests were a- gain administered to both groups. Findings showed the si- milar effects of different teaching methods on student's cog- nitive style scores, and suggested that problem solving me- thod did not influence the academic achievement of expe- rimental group with different cognitive styles (field depen- dent/independent).