mehrdad kazemi

Risk assessment is a systematic and essential procedure to determine the effects, events, and consequences of human activities on perilous systems. This study aimed to identify the hazards and determine the total risk of various units of Ilam Gas Refinery.

This descriptive-inferential study assessed the risks on 18 various units of Ilam Gas Refinery through a combination of Bow-tie and FMEA methods. Initially, the top event, threats, consequences, as well as preventive and recovery measures were identified using the Bow-tie method. Afterward, Risk Priority Number (multiplying severity, occurrence, and detection) was obtained by FMEA. Finally, the risk level was divided into three groups of low, moderate, and high crisis.

Based on Bow-Tie, the release activity of H2S gas was introduced as the top event. Furthermore, tank leakage and burst, corrosion and wear of pipes and fittings, human error, poor operating conditions, and natural factors in the threat role, as well as damages to human and environmental resources and financial losses were identified as consequences. Based on FMEA, the hazard of tank leakage and burst with two effects of human and environmental damages was in the level of high (major) crisis and was recognized as the most important hazard.

Gas refineries are faced with many hazards due to the nature of the work process. The integrated approach of Bow-tie and FMEA is a suitable method for risk assessment in such industries.

Fatigue is defined as extreme weakness and exhaustion by work and physical or mental effort. Sleep disturbances are among the most important causes of fatigue among people in various occupational societies. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of occupational fatigue with sleep quality and factors affecting it among nurses working in governmental hospitals.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 240 nurses working in public hospitals selected by convenience sampling method during a two-month period. In order to collect data, the Fatigue Exhaustion / Fatigue Recovery Questionnaire (OFER-15) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI-18) were administered. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Furthermore, Chi-Square, Spearman’s correlation, Independent Sample T-test, and one–way analysis of variance were run.

In this study, 55% and 70% of the participants were at inappropriate sleep quality status and the moderate level of occupational excessive fatigue, respectively. Spearman’s correlation test showed a direct and significant correlation between occupational excessive fatigue and sleep quality (p<0.5).

Given the significant correlation between sleep quality and fatigue in this research, sleep quality can be used as a predictive variable of excessive occupational fatigue.

 Fatigue is defined as a feeling of disability and weakness that leads to a reduction in the capacity of individuals to do their job and daily activities. Sleep disorders are one of the most important causes of fatigue in nurses. The present study aimed to determine the level of occupational fatigue and sleep quality among nurses working in various wards of public hospitals.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted on 234 nurses working in diverse wards of the two public hospitals affiliated to Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Iran selected by the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Finally, the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance using the SPSS software version 21.

 The mean sleep quality index of the nurses working in the nursing station was at the appropriate level (3.83±2.32), whereas the nurses working in other wards had an unsuitable level of sleep quality index. Moreover, the mean score of occupational fatigue was high among the nurses of female Post-cardiac Care Unit (post-CCU) (58.12±12.24) and moderate among the nurses of other hospital wards. The results of t-test indicated significantly lower mean scores of sleep latency, taking sleeping medications, and acute fatigue in nurses with a second job, compared to nurses with a single job (P<0.05).

 Sleep problems and occupational fatigue in nurses of the female Post-CCU and nursing stations were higher and lower than the nurses working in the other hospital wards, respectively. Furthermore, the second job variable was found to be important and influential.

The aim of the present research was the qualitative studyof the entrepreneurship in the handicrafts for the Isfahan primary school students. According to the method, it was qualitative-grounded theory and in terms of the purpose, it was an applied research. The participants included teachers, instructors, and principals that had the minimum criterion required for the engagement in the handicraft activities. In this qualitative grounded-theory study, the data were collected using the semi-structured in-depth interviews, up to the theoretical saturation, i.e., 19 interviews. Moreover, theoretical sampling was used, and to validate the data, review and re-reading and the professors’ views were used. The transcription and analysis of the interviews led to the detection of 34 concepts and 12 core themes (basic knowledge of the handicrafts, industry-based instances, entrepreneurial creativity, school, middle and administrative promoters, cultural and social atmosphere, psychological desires, future cognitive mapping, and primary and secondary consequences). Finally, the central idea of the study, that is “the entrepreneurship in the handicrafts as the knowledge, desire and value”, was formed that enjoys from a higher level of abstraction and comprehensiveness compared to the pivotal categories. Finally, the detected core themes were drawn using the different parts of the Strauss and Corbin’s paradigm model. Based on the results of the interview with the experts, it can be said that familiarizing the students with the entrepreneurship in handicrafts is necessary from the primary school level and it provides the ground for their development and desire.

Any kind of behavior or practice that conflicts with the values ​​and norms accepted by the community is known as social harm, which can disrupt the function of the individual, the family, and the community. This study aimed to investigate the factors leading to social injuries among dormitory students.

This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 337 dormitory students of the state universities in Ilam during 2016. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 69 items.  Face validity, relative content validity coefficient (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) were used to evaluate the validity of the instrument. In this study, the CVI and CVR were obtained at 0.85 and 0.76, respectively. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient at 0.87. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) through descriptive statistics to describe the data. Moreover, inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.

The Chi-square test results showed a significant difference between gender and the damage induced by the illegitimate relationship (P<0.05). Moreover, social injuries correlated significantly with friend status, being isolated, lack of familiarity with life skills, and lack of academic and educational facilities in dormitories (P<0.05).

In this study, family problems, history of depression, presence of peer group and friends, and being far away from family were the most important factors affecting social harm in students. Therefore, it is suggested to develop appropriate strategies to prevent the emergence of social harms.

One of the major problems facing human societies in recent decades is the stress phenomenon, especially in the workplace. Job stress is the harmful responses that result from a mismatch between onechr('39')s abilities and knowledge with job pressures and demands. Stress is one of the most important and effective factors in disturbing peoplechr('39')s health, that makes a person unable to perform his or her individual, family and social duties and commitments optimally. Public health means complete physical, mental and social welfare (Not just lack of illness and disability). One of the most common disorders in general and occupational groups is mental disorders. The most important signs and symptoms of mental health include self-reliance, independence, the ability to cope with others, the ability to accept responsibility and the duty, to express love and affection, the ability to endure failure, and so on. Manpower is one of the most important resources and the most significant asset of any organization; also, staffs health is one of the key Scales of effectiveness of any organization. Today, university staff are exposed to workplace stress, their health has been harmed. In addition, it is essential for lecturers and staff to be healthy individuals to ensure that those who educate and deliver the community have adequate health and expertise. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between public health and occupational stressors and its influencing factors among staffs of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytic and correlation type study was conducted on 153 staffs (employees and faculty members) of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The samples were selected using Cochran statistical formula and simple random sampling. Data collection tools were Goldberg and Hiller General Health Questionnaire, Philippe L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire and Demographic Questionnaire. The GHQ questionnaire was designed by Goldberg and Hiller and localized by Taghavi in ​​Iran. The questionnaire consisted of 28 questions and 4 subscales of seven questions, including somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression, in which general health and its dimensions are divided into four domains: none or least, mild disorder, moderate disorder and severe disorder. In this study, 4-point Likert scale, from 0 to 3, was used to score GHQ-28 questionnaires; also, cut-off point 6 was used for each subscale and cut-off point 22 for overall score. The Philip L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire is one of the validated job stress questionnaires approved by the American Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). This questionnaire was designed by Philip L. Rice and localized by Hatami in Iran. The Philip L. Rice Job Stress Questionnaire contains 57 questions and three subscales of interpersonal relationships (26 questions), workplace physical conditions (22 questions) and job interests (9 questions) that job stress and each of its subscales are divided into three levels of low, moderate and severe stress. Occupational Stress Questionnaire scores were scored on a 5-point Likert scale from one (never) to five (always). In the present study, in interpreting occupational stress (total), a score less than 120.96 indicates low stress, a score between 120.96 - 183.54 moderate stress and a score above 183.54 indicates severe stress. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and regression tests.

The total mean score of general health and occupational stress in the study population was 25.09 (14.81) and 25.152 (31.29), respectively. Also, 50.3% of the studied subjects had no or least impairment in scope of general health and 68.6% of the study participants had moderate level of job stress. In the survey of general health dimensions, the highest score belonged to social dysfunction with mean score of 7.49 (3.58) and also mean score of all three subscales of occupational stress was in average level, although, the highest score among the subscales belonged to the subscale of interpersonal relationships. Pearson correlation test showed a significant and direct correlation between job stress and general health (p<0.05). Also, the highest and lowest correlation coefficients were observed between severe depression with interpersonal relationships (r = 0.462) and severe depression with job interests (r = 0.250), respectively. The results of linear regression test showed that job stress was able to predict 22% of changes in somatic symptoms, 21.4% of changes in anxiety and insomnia, 19.1% of changes in social dysfunction, 18% of changes in severe depression and 27.5% of public health changes. According to the results of stepwise linear regression test, job interests subscale was not able to predict changes in general health and its dimensions (p> 0.05). Also, subscales of interpersonal relationships and physical conditions of workplace with 22.3% and 5.5% respectively are able to predict changes in public health. According to the results of this test, only the interpersonal relationship subscale predicted 20.9% of the changes in the severe depression subscale. T-test showed a significant difference between the mean score of the components of somatic symptoms, interpersonal relationships and job stress with marital status (p <0.05), so that the mean score of all three components was higher in single than married individuals. Also, according to the results of this test, there was a significant difference between the somatic symptoms subscales and the gender variables in the study population (p <0.05). The mean score of this subscale was higher in females than males. Chi-square test showed no significant relationship between all dimensions and subscales of job stress and general health with educational level and type of employment (p> 0.05). According to the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), there was a significant difference between subscales of interpersonal relationships and age groups (p <0.05). This difference was found between the age groups under 30 years with 30-40 years and under 30 years with 40-50 years, so that the mean score of this component in persons with age group under 30 years was higher than the other two groups. Also, according to the results of this test, no statistically significant differences were found between mean scores of all dimensions and subscales of occupational stress and general health with work experience (p> 0.05).

The staff of Ilam University of Medical Sciences were in the range of unhealthy (mild disorder) and moderate level of general health and job stress, respectively. Marital status and age were identified as the most important factors affecting job stress and general health, and interpersonal relationships and somatic symptoms were determined as the most important subscales among job stress and general health subscales. To improve general health and reduce job stress, such as developing a comprehensive stress management program, avoiding the use of high-stress and with little experience people in high-stress and high-risk jobs, prioritized to married people and men when to operate in sensitive and stressful jobs, providing consulting services to staffs within the organization, as well as regular and periodic physical and psychological staff monitoring are recommended.

Human resource is the most important factor in organizational development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of education, job displacement, performance evaluation and job achievement on human resource development.
Two hundred employees working in Ilam University of medical science were participated in a cross-sectional study. Study instrument was self-report questionnaire to measuring human resource performance. Study data were analyzed by SPSS.21 and independent sample t-test and Pearson correlation were conducted.
Findings: Findings showed that the mean of age, work experience and delivering training to new comers in staff employees were significantly higher than Pardis employees (PDiscussion & Application of appropriate education and assessment strategies can have significant impact on human resources performance and development.

Justice administration has been a value for all societies and each judicial system considers it one of the most important aims to be accomplished. So, each society, based on principles, values and culture governing the society, as bribery, perjury, oath, non-endorsement of judgments by concerned persons in charge of it, undue interference. The importance of this object and necessity for crime prevention and fight against corruption and due process of justice led to adoption of "convention against corruption" by General Assembly in year 2003.Necessity for just function of judicial system in law enforcement and due process in courts and punishment of actions hindering the justice administration (including individual) executors and concerned authorities entails that legal systems allocate tries to remove obstacles facing the justice administration and punishes those hindering the administration of justice so that justice prevails in the society. As a result, the legislators in most countries criminalize such behavior, hindering the process of justice. The Lebanese legislators have referred to those actions leading to obstruction of justice in forth section of Book 2 of Punishment Code, through Article 398 to 428. The Iranian legislator has paid attentions to such crimes in different criminal laws and regulations; such same parts of criminal laws for criminalization of examples of crimes against judicial justice (obstruction of justice)