mehrdad pouya

In recent years, due to the lack of fresh water and the depletion of underground water, the reuse of wastewater in agriculture to irrigate crops has been considered as one of the methods of managing water resources (Verma et al, 2023).The use of wastewater in agriculture faces challenges that can negatively affect plant and soil quality as well as human health. Therefore, this issue should be done in a controlled manner, with proper treatment and compliance with health standards. Also, alternative and more sustainable methods should be used for irrigation and food supply in agriculture to reduce environmental and health problems. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to investigate and identify solutions to prevent the use of wastewater for agriculture and vegetable growing in Hamadan city.

The research method is a survey type that uses interview tools and questionnaires to collect data. The statistical population of the research is the experts and professors of Hamadan city, 26 people were selected for interview and 80 people were selected as a sample to complete the questionnaire. Data analysis was done with the help of content analysis method and extracting the categories, then prioritizing the categories with the help of SPSS software and PLS.

The results of the qualitative part showed that to prevent the use of wastewater in the irrigation of vegetable fields in Hamedan city, 8 solutions were identified and presented. These solutions include legal and judicial action, continuous visits and monitoring, providing water rights, increasing the number of sewage refineries, creation and development of vegetable cultivation settlements, organizing sewage transfer channels, training and informing farmers, and management mechanisms. Also, the results of the quantitative part showed that three solutions, Legal treatment, education and promotion, and management and planning are at a higher priority level in terms of importance.

Based on the results of this research the solutions to prevent the use of wastewater in the irrigation of fields can be classified into three categories: "Legal and regulatory solutions", "Technical-structural solutions" and "Educational solutions". The legal and regulatory solutions were one of the most important issues of experts' attention, and they believed that until there is continuous and accurate monitoring, it is not possible to prevent the use of wastewater in farms.

This research was carried out with the aim of analyzing the situation of rural cooperative ‎companies in Kermanshah province and based on the social network analysis methodology to ‎identify the weaknesses and strengths of the companies by comparing the top companies with the ‎normal ones.‎ Its statistical population includes members of the board of directors, CEO ‎and inspectors and experts of 20 rural cooperative companies in Kermanshah province. After in-‎depth library studies, the main tool for collecting the required data and information was a ‎questionnaire made by the researcher, ‎ Findings of correlation coefficient of organizational dynamics (r ‎‎=0.31), sense of belonging and empathy (r =0.28), behavioral style (r =0.35), social level (r ‎‎=0.32), social trust (r =0.30), social participation (r =0.32) and social relations (r =0.37) with the ‎cooperatives’ performance were positive and meaningful. The results of variance analysis showed ‎that these variables had a significant effect on the performance of cooperatives and were able to ‎predict about 59.6% of the performance changes of both groups of cooperatives under study. ‎Also, the effect of the mentioned variables on the performance of the company was different ‎between successful and unsuccessful cooperatives.‎ The current research had a different view on the category of rural ‎cooperatives. It analyzed the structure of the social network as a new topic ‎in these institutions and takes into account its current situation. In addition, ‎it compares the state of relations and social network in two superior or ‎successful and unsuccessful cooperative groups in the studied area.‎

Responsible behavior is a set of actions of people towards the environment that social capital is a fundamental construct about this behavior. Considering the importance of social capital in environmental sustainability, in this research, we seek to investigate the role of social capital in environmental sustainability. In the paradigm category, this research was a quantitative research that was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population of the research is the members of grape growers’ cooperative of Malayer County, whose number was 3000, and 341 of them were selected based on stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. The main data was collected using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with the members of the grape growers' cooperative of Malayer County. Data collection in the social capital section was also done using the Aphof (2000) social capital standard questionnaire (2000) and a researcher-made questionnaire related to the assessment of environmental sustainability. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by technical experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test and was 0.86. Different statistical methods were used to analyze the data using SPSS and PLS software. The results of fitting the model of the relationship between social capital and environmental sustainability showed that the structural dimension of social capital (36.2%) and the cognitive dimension of social capital (33.9%) directly explain the changes related to the environmental sustainability variable. Also, the final study of the results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the factors of the structural dimension of social capital and the cognitive dimension of social capital.

The development of home-based businesses among vulnerable people in the society psychologically and socially increases their mental and objective well-being and improves their living standards. It also increases trust and social capital and expands social relations among vulnerable people. Therefore, paying attention to vulnerable women's employment and entrepreneurship at home is one of the effective ways to improve the economic status of women in local communities. With this regard, the aim of the current research was to identify the solutions and barriers of women's home-based businesses in Hamadan city. This article has been done using the qualitative research method and the grounded theory approach. The main tool of data collection was in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Data were collected through interviews with female heads of families and key informants in Hamadan city. The number of samples included 19 people who were selected purposefully with the snowball method and based on the principle of data saturation. The results showed that the obstacles to the development of home-based businesses for self-supporting women include psychological-family obstacles, cultural obstacles, financial-support obstacles, educational obstacles, and marketing obstacles. Also, the main solutions  including culture building and empowerment, financial support, advertising and marketing, and educational support were suggested.

In order to achieve economic development in the country, it is necessary to take advantage of all economic capabilities in various sectors. Development through rural tourism has recently made its way into the economic and industrial policies of countries around the world. For this reason, the present study dealt with zoning of the tourism target villages in Hamedan province. Based on this, 21 villages as tourism targets in Hamedan province were examined according to 10 criteria including environmental, political-administrative, water, electricity and gas, education and health, trade and services, cultural and sports, telecommunications, and religious and tourism indicators. TOPSIS technique was used to measure the level of the villages. The results showed that among the villages, Ali Sadr (CL+= 0.780), Faresban (CL+= 0.626), Jourab (CL+= 0.625) and Ashtran(CL+ =0.609) came as the first to fourth priorities in terms of tourism indicators. The results showed that according to the number and ranking of tourism villages in each city, Tuyserkan, Hamedan and Malayer cities were in the first to third tourist clusters, respectively. The Hamedan-Tuyserkan road was recommended to be regarded as the ecotourism cluster by redirecting future investment and infrastructure.

The prayer-for-rain is part of arid and semi-arid culture. However, it is not been researched scientifically. The main purpose of this study was to map the place of prayer for rain in the mainstream science of prayer. At first, the prayer research metadata were extracted from the Scopus site. Using the Vos Viewer software, the networks of co-authorship and keyword co-occurrence of scientific articles on praying research from 2000-2021 were illustrated. Later, the prayer for rain research papers were surveyed (N=12). Results indicated that the publications on the praying research has been increasing in the third millennia. Many scientific networks were active in this field where the biggest network included 24 scientists. The keyword co-occurrence network revealed 5 clusters of praying research schools including psychology, social sciences, medicine, psychotherapy, and stress/depression. Finally, it is suggested that the indigenous knowledge engraved in the prayer for rain traditions be identified and mixed with the scientific knowledge of water management to help increase the resiliency of local communities against climate change including flood and drought.

Villages are full of new and undiscovered opportunities that can be explored in a timely manner to create opportunities and new businesses for the villagers. In this regard, those approaches are sustainable that, due to changes in technology and the market, constantly assess market and technological needs and provide a more appropriate employment model. To this end, development through business clusters has recently been considered by economic and industrial policies.

The main purpose of the study was to investigate factors affecting rural tourism cluster development via a quantitative approach. The statistical population consisted of two groups of experts in Hamadan province with 21 individuals and 360 rural households. A total of 185 rural households were randomly selected using the Krejcie and Morgan table. This research was an applied research that investigated the contribution of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable (rural tourism cluster development) using structural equation modeling through Smart PLS6 software.

The results showed that in the structural model of research, the highest effect (β=0.420) belonged to institutions on rural tourism development and the relationship was positive and significant. In total, 56 percent of the dependent variable of tourism development in Ashtaran village is explained by four factors: institutions, tourism infrastructure, economic capacities and tourism services.

The main purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing immigration from rural to urban areas in Varkaneh , a famous village and tourist destination located in western part of Iran- Hamedan. A questionnaire was designed and validated by a panel of experts from Extension Education Dept. of Bu-Ali Sina University and Hamadan Jihad of Agriculture. Its reliability was secured by Cronbach’s Alpha that reached 0.72. Through a non- probabilistic sampling approach, seventy-eight Varkaneh residents who admitted to participate in our study were interviewed. Migration promoting factors were labeled as economic, family solidarity and rural infrastructure ; While inhibiting factors were named aesthetic, developmental, supra-structural and social solidarity.