mehri saffari

Context: 

As a prevalent problem on the first days of childbirth, nipple fissures can cause pain and discomfort and lead to the early cessation of breastfeeding. Effectively treating this complication is therefore crucial. This systematic review investigated the effects of herbal medicines on the treatment of nipple fissures.

Data Sources: 

Keywords such as “treatment”, “nipple fissure”, “fissure”, “medicinal plants”, “sore nipple” and “herbal ingredients” were used individually and in combination to extract relevant articles published by March 2020 from English databases, i.e., Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. The Persian equivalents of these keywords were used for extracting articles from Google Scholar, SID and Magiran. The selected articles were qualitatively evaluated using the checklist issued by Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) in 2017.

Out of 132 articles retrieved, 10 eligible ones were included in this study. Investigating the full text of the articles found herbal medicines such as purslane, Aloe vera, olive oil, frankincense, Pistacia atlantica, curcumin and Ziziphus jujuba effective in treating nipple fissures.

Given the effects of herbal medicines on treating nipple fissures, it is recommended that comprehensive studies be conducted on different forms and doses of these compounds.

As a prevalent problem on the first days of childbirth, nipple fissures can cause pain and discomfort and lead to the early cessation of breastfeeding. Effectively treating this complication is therefore crucial. This systematic review investigated the effects of herbal medicines on the treatment of nipple fissures.

Keywords such as “treatment”, “nipple fissure”, “fissure”, “medicinal plants”, “sore nipple” and “herbal ingredients” were used individually and in combination to extract relevant articles published by March 2020 from English databases, i.e., Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. The Persian equivalents of these keywords were used for extracting articles from Google Scholar, SID and Magiran. The selected articles were qualitatively evaluated using the checklist issued by Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) in 2017.

Out of 132 articles retrieved, 10 eligible ones were included in this study. Investigating the full text of the articles found herbal medicines such as purslane, Aloe vera, olive oil, frankincense, Pistacia atlantica, curcumin and Ziziphus jujuba effective in treating nipple fissures.

Given the effects of herbal medicines on treating nipple fissures, it is recommended that comprehensive studies be conducted on different forms and doses of these compounds.

  Winter wheat is the most important staple food crops in the country, with a total farming area of nearly 6.33 million ha and a production exceeding 14 million ton in 2015. Wheat is a thermo-sensitive crop, and change in air temperature may alter the length of its growing period and subsequently grain yield (Chattaraj et al., 2014). Wheat reproductive period duration is determined by a combination of planting date and variety (Wang et al., 2015). Extreme weather events, such as spring heat stress, can have substantial impacts on crop growth and grain yield. Therefore, improving tolerance to high temperature stresses during flowering and grain filling is great significance to wheat production. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of planting date and variety management strategies on winter wheat production in Kerman.
Material and In order to investigate the response of three common cultivars of wheat to various planting dates in Kerman region, the two-factor experiment was set up in a Split-plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications to assess the growth, yield and morphological traits of three different varieties of irrigated wheat with different maturity length at different planting dates (20 October, 5 November and 20 November). These varieties included early maturing (Mihan), medium maturity (Arg) and late maturity (Omid). According to the local soil test recommendations, basal doses of 220 kg ha-1 Urea and 100 kg ha-1 Triple Super Phosphate were incorporated into the soil. As soon as the seeds were sown, irrigation continued every 10 days. Experimental field soil in the 0-30 cm depth was silty loam with pH 7.2, containing total N (0.071 %), total P (21 ppm), and total K (348 ppm) with an EC of 2.69 ds m-1. Combined analysis of variance showed that planting date had a significant effect on plant height, number of grain per spike, length of growth period, grain and biological yield. 1000 grain weight, leaf area index, harvest index and grain protein contents were not affected by planting date. The highest plant height (112 cm) and length of growth period (206 days) were obtained at the first planting date (20 October). The cultivation of wheat on 15th November produced the highest number of grain per spike (32.71), biological yield (14.45 t ha-1) and grain (5.16 t ha-1). The effect of variety on all the traits except 1000-grain weight was significant. Omid cultivar had the highest plant height (134 cm) and growth period (209 days). The others of the studied traits were significantly higher in Mihan variety than Arg and Omid varieties. For example, grain yield in the Mihan, Arg and Omid was 6.33, 4.7 and 4.63 t ha-1, respectively. The interaction of planting date and variety showed that the highest grain yield for Omid (4.99 t ha-1) was produced in the first planting date (20 October) and in Arg (4.3 t ha-1) and Omid (6.27 t ha-1) was obtained to the second planting date (5 November). The lowest grain yield of all the three varieties was assigned to the third planting date (20 November). The grain protein contents varied from 10.11 to 11.61%, which the highest value was gained in Omid variety, cultivated on 20 November. The period centered on anthesis constituting the most sensitive stage of wheat to high temperature (Eyshi Rezaei et al., 2015). The observed sensitivity of wheat yields to high temperatures has been attributed to accelerated development, reduced photosynthesis and the direct impacts on reproductive processe). The negative correlation between high temperature around reproductive stage and reduced grain numbers, with significant negative impacts on grain yield was previously illustrated. A threshold temperature of 31° C for wheat is generally accepted as an upper limit to temperature near flowering without reductions in grain yield (Porter and Gawith, 1999). Planting the short maturity variety allows the wheat to escape the hot weather and led to non-coincidence of the reproductive stage with high temperature especially in future climate conditions. In general, the best planting date for Omid variety is October 30, and for Arg and Mihan varieties is proposed the 5 November.

Due to water shortages in Iran, it is not possible to increase areas of cultivation to supply the increasing demand for wheat (Nassiri Mahallati and Koocheki, 2009). There is a significant gap between the actual and potential yield (Koocheki et al., 2016). Specifying the potential and impact of each limiting factor in yield is important in determining alternative management strategies to reduce the gap (Varvani et al., 2016). This study was performed to evaluate the wheat yield potential and gap, and the relative contribution of climatic and management variables in Kerman Province.
For this study, meteorological and managerial information was extracted for all the regions of Kerman Province. Various wheat yield and growth parameters were simulated by CERES-Wheat model. The model was calibrated and validated using the extracted data from the designed experiments and previously conducted research from various regions of Kerman. Multiple regression was used to determine the relative contribution of each of the climatic and managerial factors on the yield potential and gap.
The results showed that CERES-Wheat model indicated an acceptable accuracy for simulating wheat growth and yield in Kerman. The 10-year average of wheat yield in Kerman ranged between 2 - 4.6 t/ha-1. The results of regression analysis showed that the relationship between water, N and P with actual yield was positive, and the highest R2 (0.97) was related to the amount of water consumed. Therefore the highest actual yield of wheat was assigned to the areas that consumed the greatest value of input. The potential yield was simulated at 6.6 - 8.2 t/ha-1 for different regions of the province. The analysis of regression confirmed that temperature is the most important factor affecting potential yield in the area and showed an inverse relationship with this parameter. The range of yield gap for different regions of the province varied from 2.33 t/ha-1 in Kahnuj to 4.84 t/ha-1 in Baft. In most parts of the province, water was the most important limiting factor for wheat yields, which included more than 50% of the yield gap in dry-climate regions. Replacing conventional cultivars with the high-yielding cultivars of Mihan for lower temperature regions and Chamran 2 for tropical regions had a significant role in improving actual yield and subsequently reducing the yield gap of these areas. The range of fertilizer contribution in yield gap was between 1.34 and 0.21 t/ha-1.
In general, the results illustrated that there is a remarkable gap between the actual and potential wheat yield in most regions of Kerman. Irrigation is the most important factor affecting the gap. It seems that the gap can be mitigated by identifying the limiting factors and appropriate management of water, fertilizer and cultivar.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen and zinc combination on grain yield and its component in maize by path analysis. This experiment was carried out through split plot based on RCBD، varieties as main plot and fertilizers as sub plot، with three replication at Badjgah (experimental farm of Shiraz University). Nitrogen fertilizer in (120،260 and 400 kg/ha) and Zinc fertilizer in (0، 15 and 30 kg/ha) were applied in soil. According to the path analysis، 1000 grain weight showed the highest direct and indirect effects on grain yield (0. 96). Also، the number of row was positive and significant. While the number of grain per row was negative. Therefore as breeding point، the weight of 1000grain has the highest potential for increasing the yield، Means it can be significant under the effect of Nitrogen and Zinc. Grain filling rate due to its effective role on grain yield can be good criteria for assessing of produced grain yield in different genotypes. Based on the obtained results، intermediate mature hybrid 540 has the better grain filling rate comparing to 704،Meanwhile، grain filling rate at 120 kg/ha urea and 15 kg/ha zinc sulphate gave the highest rate، as 3. 19 gr/m2 per day. According to the experiment and assessment of grain filling rate and using path analysis، it is clear that different combinations of nitrogen and zinc had a positive effects on grain yield and it is projected to evaluate more related researches in future.

In order to determine the effect of acid humic and definition¡ of the best mass response on characteristic of germination and growth Milk thistle¡ research using 4 acid humic levels(0.0¡1.0¡5.5¡2%) in three ecotypes of Milk thistle (North¡ Majary¡ Molasany)was done with a method of pre-treatment. This experiment occure in a complete random blocks with 3 replications. Results showed that humic acid treatment on germination rate¡ shoot and root length has a significant difference and increases this traits compared to control. Also¡ the average time required for germination was significant reduced the time of germination compared to control. Between the masses the average time of germination and shoot length was significant. North mass showed the best response to humic acid¡ and it resulted the best respance in 1.5 percent concentrate among humic acid causes to improve generation witheffication on physiological and biochemical activity. Refer to humic acid¡s positive and significant effect on germination and establishment of Milk thistle¡ this priming recommended to improve germination and growth of this plant.

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl Glycine) is an organophosphorus pesticide with dangerous effects on the environment. In this study, the biodegradation of glyphosate herbicide by halophilic bacteria isolated from Qom Hoze-Soltan Lake has been investigated. After sampling and bacterial isolation, native halophilic strains grown in the presence of glyphosate at a wavelength of 660 nm and also the disappearance of the glyphosate in the plates at a wavelength of 220 nm were determined and the dominant bacteria were isolated. Biochemical, molecular (according to the 16S rRNA sequence), antibiotic, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test was performed for the dominant bacteria. Analysis of the remaining glyphosate herbicide was performed by HPLC analysis after derivation with FMOC-Cl. According to the results of the biochemical, antibiotic and molecular 16S rRNA tests, the native halophilic isolates with the ability to biodegrade glyphosate were gram positive cocci very similar to Salinicoccus spp. The results of HPLC showed that Salinicoccus spp is able to biodegrade glyphosate herbicide. The native bacteria in Qom Hoze-soltan lake, Iran can be used for biodegradation of glyphosate herbicide.

In order to study the effects of weeding and plant density on forage yield of two sorghum cultivars، an experiment was conducted in 2011 at Bahonar University of Kerman Research field station. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with a factorial-split treatment arrangement and with three replications. Treatments were included four levels of weeding (whole season wedding، whole season interference، twice and three times weeding) and three levels of sorghum density (20، 25 and 30 plants per m2) and two forage sorghum cultivars (Pegah and Speedfeed). The results showed that the competition of weeds with forage sorghum significantly influenced all of the measured parameters. The maximum reduction in yield was observed in weed-infested treatment (full season competition). Increasing in plant density led to the reduction of stem diameter، and increased plant height. The highest fresh fodder، dry matter and leaf to stem ratio was obtained in the density of 30 plant per m2. The maximum dry matter of 6. 352 ton per hectare was obtained in Speedfeed which was a superior hybrid over Pegah cultivar. Increasing plant density enhanced yield and yield components and competition power of crop plant which led to decreased weed dry matter production.

To investigate the effect of salinity stress on membrane stability index, membrane lipid peroxidation, catalase activity and protein content of Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum) an experiment with five levels of short-term salinity stress (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) was carried out at the laboratory of agriculture faculty of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. The treatments were arranged based on a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results showed that salinity stress caused a significant reduction in protein content and membrane stability index of fenugreek compared to control. The mentioned parameters decreased with increasing in salinity concentration, so that the lowest and highest values of these traits belonged to 200 and 0 mM salinity. MDA and other aldehydes content of shoot and root as the measure of membrane lipid peroxidation and catalase activity were increased in response to short-term salinity stress. Increased CAT in this plant indicates the tolerance capacity of the plant to protect itself from oxidative damage induced by NaCl.

In order to investigate the effects of plant density، time and number of weed control on yield and yield components on corn hybrids، a factorial experiment in completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications was conducted in 2011 growth season at Research farm of College of Agriculture، University of Shahid Bahonar، Kerman. Weed control treatments were including: weed control during corn growth season (W1)، weed control in 2، 4 and 8 weeks after planting (W2)، weed control in 4 and 8 weeks after planting (W3)، no weed control during corn growth season (W4). Corn varieties were Single cross 704 (C1) and Maxima from FAO580 (C2) that were planted in two densities of 70. 000 (D1) and 90. 000 plants per hectare (D2). The results showed that corn weed competition caused a significant decrease in W4 treatment. Grain yield increased with increasing density، but the number of grains per ear، 100-grain weight، ear length and shoot dry weight were reduced. Maxima variety showed increase in grain yield، 100 seed weight، number of ears per plant and ear length compared to single cross 704. Results of this survey indicated that weed control in two stages after planting stage was suitable to achieve favorable results in Kerman environmental condition.

Sesame is one of the most important oilseed tropical plants. In order to investigate the effect of two plant growth regulators, Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) and Benzylamino purine (BAP) on yield, yield components, oil and protein content of sesame genotypes an experiment was carried out at the research farm, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in growing season 2006. The studied factors were two plants growth regulators BAP NAA each of which containing three levels as well as control with four sesame genotypes (cultivars of Moghan and Karaj , Baft and Sirjan landraces) which distributed randomly using factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications. Foliage spray at 30 ppm and 200 ppm of NAA and BAP concentrations were carried out at the beginning of flowering stage. The results of analysis of variance showed that NAA and BAP treated plants showed a better performance in yield, yield components and some parameters. The results indicated significant main and interaction effects for seed yield in the experiment. land races were better than cultivars with hormonal treatment. Also different genotypes had interaction effects for seed oil and protein percentages using treatments Yield components had positive correlation with seed yield but seed protein and oil percentages had negative correlation with seed yield. Higher seed yield belonged to Sirjan and Baft landraces but Moghan and Karaj cultivars had higher seed oil and protein percentages. So cultivation of breeding cultivars using plant growth regulators can increase the oil product.