mina nouri

The most important aspect of nature-oriented tourists’ behaviors is paying attention to environmental sustainability. Much environmental research in the field of tourism has focused on the roles of values, attitudes, beliefs, and norms in shaping environmental behavior. In this study, according to the theory adopted by the majority of psychologists concerning the effect of attitude on behavior, it was used as an intermediate variable for explaining the relationship between knowledge and tourists’ environmental behaviors in the tourist areas of Tehran. This research was applied in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection method. To conduct it, a researcher-made questionnaire with 75 variables was prepared and adjusted. Its reliability was confirmed by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.939 and its validity was formally confirmed. The statistical population included the tourists referring to 5 mountain tourism areas of Tehran. To estimate the sample size of 302 people from an unknown community, Cochran's formula was used. The study area included 5 mountain tourism areas of Tehran. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The analytical results of the behavioral models of the nature-oriented tourists showed a positive and significant relationship between attitude and environmental behavior and also between attitude and environmental knowledge with the factor loads of 0.68 and 0.82 at the significant level of less than 0.05, respectively. Also, the tourists’ environmental behaviors were studied based on their educational levels. According to the results, the tourists’ environmental behaviors depended on their levels of education. Thus, it could be stated that the existence of a cognitive analysis system called “tourist environmental knowledge” in combination with an emotional system would lead to the formation of their environmental attitudes, which could act as a basis for improving and optimizing their behaviors in the tourism destinations.

In this study, a contract for vertical and horizontal coordination is developed in which transportation mode and carbon emissions tax play a key role in determining the values of the contract parameters. The contract is designed for simultaneous coordination of cooperative advertising and periodic review replenishment decisions of a supplier and two competitive retailers. To obtain the optimal decisions, firstly, the traditional decision-making structure is modeled. After that, the centralized structure is modeled to obtain decisions that are profitable for the whole supply chain. Finally, for convincing the competitive retailers to accept the centralized decisions, the supplier applies a lead time crashing contract in which two transportation modes, i.e. fast and slow, can be used. Considering the carbon emissions tax imposed by the government, the coordination contract is designed in such a way that the supplier considers the trade-off between reducing lead time and paying tax on carbon emissions while providing enough incentives for the competitive retailers. Results of the sensitivity analyses showed that the proposed model is profitable from economic and environmental viewpoints. From environmental viewpoint, considering the carbon tax leads to a decrease in the carbon emissions that will be released by the transportation modes. From economic viewpoint, coordinating coop (cooperative) advertising and replenishment decisions of the SC members, enhances demand and provides a higher service level, which increases the SC profit. The contract is conditionally applicable under situations where the carbon emissions tax or lead time reduction costs become high.

The presence in the classroom is closely linked to academic achievement and the prevention of student academic failure. This is while students are unwilling to attend class today. Therefore, study was conducted to determine the effective factors in their absence from the theoretical classes from the viewpoint of faculty members and students of Paramedical Sciences Faculty. : In this descriptive-analytical study, 38 faculty members of Paramedical Sciences Faculty of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and 447 students was participated The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that it was included two parts of demographic information and attendance factors in the class including 25 questions in the faculty' questionnaire and 27 questions in the students' questionnaire and in the four areas of teacher, the student, the physical environment and  the content of course which were based on Likert scale.  The content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated after reviewing the relevant scientific texts and by qualified professors in this area and reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 software and descriptive tests. The professors and students participating in this study were with an average age of (43.16 ± 9.39) and (21.64 ± 1.21). According to the opinion of faculty members and students, the most important factors were the teacher's teaching and mastery (73.7%) and (46.6%), respectively,  The least importance was attached to environmental factors such as light (7.9%) and heat (13.2%). One of the most important reasons for the effective presence of students in theoretical classes is the positive qualities of professors, As a result, they can improve their teaching methods, raise their level of science, and create an appropriate relationship with students so interested them present in the classroom.

International Commission on Radiological Protection introduced three basic principles of radiation protection, namely justification, optimization, and dose limit. Medical exposure has no dose limits, and generally, diagnostic reference levels are used as a tool for optimization of patient protection.
Material and Dosimetry was performed on 20 CT scanners located in 14 cities in 12 provinces of Iran. A calibrated pencil-shaped ionization chamber, standard head and body CT dosimetry phantoms and a radiation monitor were used to determine and calculate Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) and Dose Length Product (DLP). The DLP-based estimates of effective dose were derived using effective dose conversion coefficients. The nCTDIw values for head phantoms fell within the range of 22.05-168.38 and 43.77-426.69 µGy/mAs for 5 and 10mm slice thicknesses, respectively. These values for body phantom were 4.65-146.39 and 9.43-308.92 µGy/mAs for 5 and 10mm slice thicknesses, respectively. The third quartile of CTDIvol and DLP values for head CT examinations were 49.85 mGy and 1161.00 mGy-cm, respectively. The body CT examinations had the values of 8.89 mGy and 370.97 mGy-cm, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that the above-mentioned values can be considered as national diagnostic reference levels for head and body CT examinations in Iran. The results of the current study suggested that there is a need to re-assess DRLs for CT examinations at regular time intervals by the appropriate regulatory authority which can improve the continuous performance of CT scanners in Iran.

In this paper, we explore the issue of coordination in a manufacturer-retailer supply chain where the manufacturer is socially responsible and invests in CSR activities. On the other hand, the retailer invests in promotional efforts and uses a periodic review order-up-to policy for replenishing items. First, the decentralized decision-making structure is modeled to calculate the minimum acceptable level for the members profit to accept coordination. Then, the centralized structure is formulated to obtain the benchmark solutions for the whole supply chain profitability. Afterwards, a cost-sharing (CS) contract is proposed to persuade the members to accept the centralized decision-making structure and to follow the benchmark solutions. The results of the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the proposed coordination model is beneficial from three aspects, i. e. economic, environmental and social viewpoint, compared to the decentralized model. Furthermore, some outstanding managerial insights are provided which further illustrates the applicability of the proposed model.

One of the outstanding aspects of social justice is the balanced distribution of various facilities and services, especially health services, because proper and quick access to these services plays a key role in providing community health. The first step in planning for a fair distribution of health services is to determine the level of access to these facilities. The present study was conducted to determine the development degree of cities in Khorasan Razavi province based on health indicators.
In this analytic study 2 methods of numerical taxonomy and Mauritius method and 15 health-therapeutic indicators were utilized to determine and rank the level of development in 24 districts of Khorasan Razavi province. The data were gathered using researcher made questionnaire and by a library method in health centers of cities.
The results of this study indicate that based on both methods of numerical taxonomy and Mauritius method, Chenaran area is among the developed cities and the cities of Jouvein, Goghatay, Zavve and Binalood have low level of development.
The cities of Khorasan Razavi province were not at the same level of development, and there was a significant difference between the Mauritius coefficient and the numerical taxonomic method. It is suggested that less developed cities should be considered by authorities to provide a balance in health services, and appropriate resources and funds should be allocated to them.

It has long been known that ionizing radiation can lead to detrimental effects in normal cells. In this light, Radioprotective chemicals have been used to decrease morbidity or mortality caused by ionizing irradiation. This study aimed to evaluate the radio-protective effect of N-acetylcysteineagainst radiation-induced mortality in male mice.
52 healthy male mice were divided into four groups including NAC before irradiation (1), irradiation (2), NAC after irradiation (3) NAC before irradiation (4) and control. Three groups were treated orally with 100 mg/ kg of NAC. Gamma irradiation was performed at 8 Gy using a Co-60 machine. Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were performed, using SPSS version 16. The significance level was considered to be 0.05.
The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the test and control groups (P>0.05). The percentage of survival after 30 days was 46.2% for the irradiation group (1). In addition, the percentage of decreased lifespan was calculated at 5.90%, 23.60% and 17.93% for the first-third groups, respectively.
Results revealed lack of effectiveness of treatment with NAC after lethal dose. These results suggested that application of NAC for mice before irradiation protected them from the lethal effects of whole-body irradiation.

Innovation is considered the path towards the knowledge society. The most popular approach to promoting innovation, is investment in research and development of high technologies. However, the sum of contributions of low and medium technology-based firms to the total production and economic growth in the developing countries is much higher than the contributions of the high technology sectors. The inadequate attention of policymakers to the technological development of the low and medium technology-based firms could cause more underdevelopment, and as a result the technology gap in developing countries will become wider. In this study, given the need to promote innovation in all economic sectors, according to the dominant industrial structure of each country, with the review of theoretical perspectives and empirical studies, innovation strategies in developing countries especially in sectors with medium and low technology are categorized. By extracting the appropriate policy framework, policies of Iran's economic development plans have been reviewed and suggestions for improving innovation policy are presented. The results of content analysis of plans indicate the bias of supply-driven approach and lack of sufficient attention to the low and medium technology sectors in Iran's innovation policies.