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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soy milk on serum 17- β estradiol level and number of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as determination of the ratio of neurons in cortical and hippocampal regions in neonatal ovariectomized rats. Thirty female rats (one day old) were divided into six groups of five. At day 7, ovariectomy surgery was performed in four groups and two other groups were assumed as sham and control groups. Three groups of ovareictomaized rats were fed with soy milk at the doses of 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00 mL kg-1 per day since they were 14. At day 60, the blood samples were collected to measure the17- β estradiol concentration, and then the brain of rats were prepared for histological studies. The serum 17- β estradiol level significantly increased in ovariectomized rats fed with soy milk compared to ovariectomized rats with no soy milk supplementation. In addition, the results showed that soy milk significantly increased the number of neurons in CA1, CA2 and dentate gyrus regions of hippocampus and granular layer of cerebral cortex in ovariectomized rats, whereas there was no significant change in number of neurons in CA3 zone of hippocampus and molecular, pyramidal and multiform layers of cerebral cortex in ovariectomized rats fed with soy milk. The ratio of cerebral cortex neurons to hippocampal neurons had no significant changes among the experimental groups.

In the present study the effect of Salvia rhytidia extract on thickness of cerebral cortex and hippocampal regions following ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries is evaluated.
In the present study the extract of S. rhytidia, an endemic plant from south eastern of Iran, was used to prevent IR injuries induced in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats.
In this cross-sectional study, 35 male healthy Wistar rats between 250 - 350 g were randomly divided into 7 groups of 5 rats. Control group (A), ischemic groups (B, D, E, F, G) that left common carotid and left vertebral arteries were occluded for 10 minutes. Group D received S. rhytidia extract (3.2 mg/kg) and group E received silymarin (50 mg/kg), a chemical drug which is used for reducing oxidative stress, 2 hours after ischemia, whereas group F received S. rhytidia extract (3.2 mg/kg) and group G received silymarin (50 mg/kg), 72, 48, 24 and 0 hours before ischemia. Group B received no drug and sham group (C) received normal saline (NS) without ischemia. After 24 hours reperfusion, the brains of rats were prepared for histological studies and the data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Duncan as posthoc test.
IR resulted in decrease in thickness of the cerebral cortex, CA1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus in groups B, D and E compared to control (P This study showed that S. rhytidia extract can protect the forebrain from IR injuries due to antioxidative effect of the drug.

Congenital anomalies of the great thoracic vessels have been reported in 20% of dogs and cats. In some cases, the vascular ring anomalies remain unrecognized throughout the lifetime of an animal. This report describes a case with an unusual vascular ring anomaly (VRA) that was detected during dissection on a cadaver of an approximately two-year-old male native mixed breed dog. No history of the animal’s life was available. But, good physical condition and age of the animal based on dentition indicated the anomaly was perhaps asymptomatic. Two main branches of the aorta were identified with the initial branch being a bicarotid trunk followed by a bisubclavian trunk. The left subclavian and aberrant right subclavian arteries formed a very short trunk and arose directly from the aortic arch. No dilatation cranial to the esophageal sulcus was found. To the author's knowledge, our case is the first report of such anomalies perhaps without any clinical signs in a native dog in Iran.

Soy milk contains isoflavones that comprises the phytoestrogens families. They have structural similarities with mammalian estrogen. This study was done to investigate the effects of soy milk on histomorphometric changes of olfactory bulb in neonatal ovariectomized rats. Thirty female rats Sprague- Dawley strain (one-day old) were kept in a standard laboratory condition. Afterwards، they were randomly divided into six groups with 5rats (a control، a sham and four experimental groups). The ovaries of one-week old experimental groups were removed by surgery. In experimental groups of 2،3and 4، the rats received soy milk twice a day from the 14th day to the end of 2 month 0. 75، 1. 5 and 3 ml/kg respectively by gavage. At the end of two month and after anesthesia and blood sampling to measure estrogen hormone، the olfactory bulb of all rats to investigate the thickness of layers and the number of cells in different layers of olfactory bulb histomorphometric was divided. Finally the results were analyzed through One-way variance and Tukey Test considering p<0. 05. According to this study، the following results were obtained. Low estrogen level due to ovariectomized infant rats has reduced the thickness of external granular layer. Mitral cell layer and internal plexiform layer as well as cell number in most layers of the olfactory bulb through feeding high level of soy milk to ovariectomized infants leading to high serum concentrations of 17-β estradiol that subsequently increased thickness and cell numbers of olfactory bulb. The soy milk can be used as a source of synthetic hormone replacement.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of hypolipidemic dose of niacin on bone changes in glucocorticoid (GC)-induced dyslipidemic rats. Twenty eight growing rats divided into four groups and treated as control, Methyl prednisolone (MP) group (3.5 mg/kg five days a week, SC); MPN group (MP+niacin 200 mg/kg/day orally) and MPA group (MP+alendronate 0.03 mg/kg/day, SC). After 4 weeks, serum lipid profile and histomorphometric parameters including trabecular width (Tb.Wi), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and number (Tb.N), bone area/tissue area (B.Ar/T.Ar) and osteoid thickness (O.Th) in metaphyseal side of growth plate of femoral head were determined. Obvious dyslipidemia and decreased B.Ar/T.Ar and O.Th were observed in MP group. Niacin alleviated dyslipidemia, however MPN rats had appreciably lower Tb.N and higher Tb.Sp as compared to MP group. Alendronate had a moderate positive effect on bone changes. In conclusion, although niacin effectively ameliorates GC-induced dyslipidemia in growing rats, may exacerbate bone changes.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of hypolipidemic dose of niacin on bone changes in glucocorticoid (GC)-induced dyslipidemic rats. Twenty eight growing rats divided into four groups and treated as control, Methyl prednisolone (MP) group (3.5 mg/kg five days a week, SC); MPN group (MP+niacin 200 mg/kg/day orally) and MPA group (MP+alendronate 0.03 mg/kg/day, SC). After 4 weeks, serum lipid profile and histomorphometric parameters including trabecular width (Tb.Wi), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and number (Tb.N), bone area/tissue area (B.Ar/T.Ar) and osteoid thickness (O.Th) in metaphyseal side of growth plate of femoral head were determined. Obvious dyslipidemia and decreased B.Ar/T.Ar and O.Th were observed in MP group. Niacin alleviated dyslipidemia, however MPN rats had appreciably lower Tb.N and higher Tb.Sp as compared to MP group. Alendronate had a moderate positive effect on bone changes. In conclusion, although niacin effectively ameliorates GC-induced dyslipidemia in growing rats, may exacerbate bone changes.

In order to perform a histomorphometric study of blood cells in male adult ostrich, blood samples were obtained from jugular vein of 10 clinically healthy male adult ostriches (2 - 3 years old). The slides were stained with the Giemsa methods and the smears were evaluated for cellular morphology, with cellular size being determined by micrometry. The findings of this study revealed that the shape of the cell, cytoplasm and nucleus of erythrocytes in male adult ostriches were similar to those in other birds such as quails, chickens, Iranian green-head ducks.

In order to study the normal hematopoiesis, cellular components and myeloid/erythroid (M/E) ratio in the bone marrow of the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), bone marrow samples were collected from the proximal tibiotarsus bone of 16 clinically healthy adult pheasant. The bone marrow smears were stained using the Giemsa stain. The results indicated that the development and formation of blood cells in the bone marrow of pheasant were similar to other birds, whereas the morphology of the cells was similar to chickens, ducks, quail, and black-head gull. The mean M/E ratio was 1.24, the mean erythroid percentage was 42.24, the mean myeloid percentage was 52.62, and the mean percentage of all other cells percentage was 5.38. There was no significant difference in any of the cellular composition between male and female.

Laminitis is one of the main causes of lameness in dairy cattle. In thissituation the corium blood circulation is disrupted and the production of healthy hornyhoof wall is reduced. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the arteriographic patternof the digital arterial branches in the laminitic digits and to compare them with the normaldigits.Design: Original study.Animals: Thirty eight laminitic and four normal hooves from hind limbs of the Holesteindairy cattle were collected from Shiraz slaughter house, Fars province, Iran. Procedure: The dorsal digital artery of each limb was catheterized, followed by the injection of a 20 ml contrast media into each artery, in order to obtain appropriate radiographs from dorso-plantar and latero-medial positions. The arteriograms were studied and digital vascular alterations were recorded. The number of arteries, diameter of the arteries, the number of missing arteries, the number of extra arteries and angiogenesis were finally recorded. The overall vascular alterations were 52.6% and 47.3% in the lateral and medial hooves, respectively, which were not significantly different (P>0.05). Angiogenesis and new blood vessels were observed both in the lateral and medial hooves in 31.5% of the cases. No alteration in the vascular pattern of the heel area in the lateral arteriograms was observed compared to the healthy hooves. All the proven vascular changes from both lateral and medial digits of the hind limbs did not show any significant differences (P>0.05) implying that laminitis is a systemic disease and its effect is equally induced on the vascular pattern of both digits. Lame cattle affected by laminitis develop vascular alterations in digits andneed urgent care to reduce further complications.Clinical Relevance: Prevention of lameness in dairy cattle.