mir asadolah hejazi

Natural parameters are the main and determining factors in the physical development of mountainous cities. One of the mountainous cities of Iran, which has physically developed due to these parameters, is the city of Marivan. Marivan is located in the west of Kurdistan province, near the western borders of the country, at a distance of 16 km from Iraq, between 25 degrees and 21 minutes to 35 degrees and 48 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees and 58 minutes to 46 degrees and 45 minutes east longitude. According to the last population and housing census conducted in 2016, it has a population of 151188. The city is located at the starting point of the Marivan-Esfandeghe geological region and is located in the geological-morphological structure of the young Zagros. Therefore, identifying and evaluating the factors influencing the physical development of this city is really important. To do this, the characteristics of elevation, slope and direction of slope, fault, focal points of earthquake occurrence, main and secondary waterways have been used.With regard to its location in northwestern Iran after the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, the study city has experienced significant physical growth and development due to its unique and pristine vital and natural location, which led to the development of this city. Regardless of geological constraints. At present, the city has the potential to benefit from high potentials in the fields of natural and cultural tourism, including (Zarivar Natural Lake, Bashmakh Regional Area, and Border Market, Bilo Plain, Garan Dam, Oramanat and Bazaar for supplying foreign supplies and products. It has become one of the dynamic and active economic-tourism hubs in the west of the country and there is a growing growth and development in the city; therefore, it is inevitable to pay attention to geomorphological factors and determine optimal directions for the development of this city.

According to the National Physical Plan of Region 5, the city is in a relatively high risk of earthquakes, and with respect to available and cited maps, there are 7 sub-faults in the northern part of Marivan and 2 main faults in the western part of the city. For this reason, the physical development of the city is subject to certain restrictions. Marivan is also in a relatively high risk of earthquakes in terms of location in relation to natural hazards.It is an applied research and the method of work is descriptive-analytical and also the fuzzy logic model has been used to evaluate and model suitable areas for development so that each layer is fuzzy according to fuzzy membership functions in GIS environment. And then multiplication and addition operations and different values of fuzzy gamma have been performed on these layers. After overlapping and multiplying the fuzzy layers, a zoning map of the appropriate development route of the city was prepared and divided into 5 classes including completely suitable, relatively appropriate, appropriate, inappropriate and completely inappropriate for the physical development of the city.In the study, library methods, documentary and field studies have been used to collect the desired information and data. To evaluate the optimal development of urban lands, slope indicators, slope direction, fault zoning, main and secondary waterways, erosion, earthquake-prone points in and around the area have been used. The fuzzy and hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used.

In order to evaluate and weigh the information layers and to determine and score the impact factor of geomorphological indicators affecting urban development while extracting and reviewing the criteria examined in various valid researches and articles, scientific opinions and views of ten experts and specialists were counted and monitored. In order to determine the importance of each of the studied indicators on the location and physical development of Marivan city, the opinions and views of the experts were given based on the superiority of one factor over another and based on expert judgment, scores between 1 and 9 were given. The equivalence of expert scores based on fuzzy method was done by the authors of the article with the help of AHP & FUZZY software.Since 1996, due to the increasing growth and development of the city and the formation of informal settlements, the development of the city has taken place without considering geomorphological considerations, and this has caused the spatial-physical development of Marivan in the northern parts near the existing faults. The development of the city has taken place at relatively high risk.

Summarizing the research, it has been determined that the southern lands of this city have less proportion to the development of the city due to its proximity to Zarivar Lake and its location along the main and secondary waterways and its proximity to the earthquake centers. And to some extent, the East enjoys a higher level of development.

Watersheds are open systems which, due to its complexity and in order to achieve the desired goals, are modeled. Through modeling, the cost of study for complex systems is reduced because large-scale field trials are very costly or impossible. Also, by analyzing the results of the model, we can manage the watersheds well. In this research, the performance of the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model was evaluated in the simulation of runoff in the Lanbarn basin.  The monthly data on rainfall and temperature of  Varzaghan station as input variables for flow simulation and observation data of runoff at Cassin hydrometric station were used to measure the accuracy of the IHACRES model. Based on available years, data from 2002-2000 were used for warming up the model and data from 2012- 2012 were used for calibration and data from 2016-2013 were used for validation purposes. To evaluate the ability of the IHACRES model in runoff simulation, the Nash-Sutcliff coefficient was used. The results showed that the coefficient was 0.71 and 0.74 for calibration and verification, respectively. Therefore, according to the results of the evaluation of the IHACRES model using different performance criteria and because of easy access, less inputs and a reduction in the time spent, it can be advised to use the model to simulate and predict runoff in a monthly scale in the Lanbarn watershed and to use it in order to study surface runoff and river flow in future periods.

In order to manage watersheds and prevent inconsistencies in measures taken at the catchment area, a model is needed which, according to the existing information and conditions, has the efficiency of simulating the outflow of the region (Yong et al., 2014:47). Integrated models require less information than distributed and semi-distributed models, and, on the other hand, they run faster than other models (Golshan et al., 2017:966). The IHACRES model is an integrated concept model that includes a nonlinear reduction model and a linear lattice model. Despite the relatively recent development of IHACRES, this model has been widely accepted among hydrological models (Sriwongsitanon & Taesombat, 2011). The number of parameters in this model is low, while simultaneously compared with distributed models, we have tried to provide more details of the internal processes (Croke & Jakeman, 2008, Golshan, et al., 2017:966).

To do this research, the monthly data on rainfall and temperature of Varzaghan station as input variables for flow simulation and observation data of runoff at Cassin hydrometric station were used to measure the accuracy of the IHACRES model. Based on available years, data from 2002-2000 were used for warming up the model and data from 2012- 2012 were used for calibration and data from 2016-2013 were used for validation purposes. The IHACRES model is an integrated metric conceptual model for rainfall-run simulation. This model was developed by Jackman in 1990. The model needs 5 to 7 variables for calibration and is suitable for implementation in large scale basins. In this study, version 2 of this software has been used, which is applicable for basins with continuous data of rainfall, temperature and runoff. This model consists of two nonlinear and linear interconnected segments that are
respectively defined for calculation of losses and effective rainfall conversion to runoff.

Based on the results, Nash-Sutcliff coefficient was 0.71 and 0.74 for calibration and verification, respectively. Therefore, it can be stated that the model of low discharge simulates well, but in simulating the maximum discharge, it has little ability and simulates lesser amounts of observational flow. In general, due to low model deviations and good simulation of minimum discharge values, it can be argued that the performance of the IHACRES model in the Lanbaran catchment area is satisfactory.

Given the diversity of rainfall-runoff models, selecting an appropriate model for watersheds is important for increasing the efficiency of planning and managing water resources. Hence, in this study, IHACRES model performance was evaluated in runoff simulation in the Lanbaran watershed. According to the results of the calibration and verification of the model in runoff simulation based on different performance criteria, the model was found to have a high accuracy in simulating runoff at the station under study. It also simulates the amount of monthly flow, which is consistent with the results of studies of Zarei et al. in the basin of Kasaliyan, Lotfirad et al. in the Nawarud basin and the studies of Croke and Jakkman. Therefore, according to the results of the evaluation of the IHACRES model using different performance criteria and because of easy access, less inputs and a reduction in the time spent, it can be advised to use the model to simulate and predict runoff in a monthly scale in the Lanbarn watershed and to use it in order to study surface runoff and river flow in future periods.

In this study, the effects of hydro-geomorphology factors on the water quality changes of Siminehrood River and the process of these changes were studied at the different spatial and temporal scales. Data related to physical, chemical and hydrological parameters during 2003-2013 were received from the regional water organization of West Azarbaijan province and its seasonal average was calculated for each station. The related maps were extracted using GIS software. Then, the process of changing water quality during different seasons was studied for each station and the relationship between variables and their significance level was achieved by Pearson correlation test and SPSS software. Finally, Schueller and Wilcox diagrams were traced during each station and each season using Chemistry software for assessing the type and chemical quality of river water for drinking water and agricultural purposes. The quality of Kavlan station water during spring with amounts TDS (174.9), EC (269.1) and the concentration of chloride and sulfate ions (0.7) as the most favorable and Miandoab station during summer with amounts TDS (359.3), EC (529.3) and the concentration of chloride and sulfate ions (3.7) were introduced as the most critical spatial and temporal periods, respectively. In all research stations, the decrease of river water quality as the increase of EC, TDS and the concentration of chloride and sulfate ions had a direct and meaningful correlation with the discharge variable. In Siminehrood basin, the physical characteristics of the basin and hydro-geomorphology factors play a role in the presence or lack of pollution sources and seasonal-spatial changes of water quality. According to Schueller classification, Siminehrood River water is in a good and quite tasteless category in terms of drinking water. Also, in Wilcox diagram, all the stations are related to the C2S1 class for each season and have a slightly salty quality suitable for agricultural purposes.