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Today, it has been confirmed that the viral infections play an important role in premature delivery and abortion. This study was carried out to determine the frequency rate of papilloma virus types 16 and 18 in pregnant women and their relationship with premature delivery and abortion. In this study, vaginal secretions were collected from pregnant women who had been referred to the women clinics in Tonekabon, a city in North of Iran. The samples were used to amplify E6 gene of papilloma virus through Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The results were analyzed by χ2 statistical test. Of 47 tested samples, 14 cases were infected with type 16 papilloma virus (HPV16) (29.78%), while 3 cases were infected with type 18 papilloma virus (HPV18) (6.38%). Papilloma virus infection had no significant relationship with abortion and premature delivery. Considering the obtained findings, it appears that a high percentage of the study population was infected with HPV16 virus. Therefore, risk of affliction with abortion and premature delivery can be decreased up to a limit in this region by screening before pregnancy.

Aim and “Asparaginase” is an enzyme that plays a key role in curing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Due to its antineoplastic property، it is widely used in chemotherapy. The goal of this study was to explore and introduce extracellular L-asparaginase enzymes produced by Bacillus spp. which potentially possess more desired serological properties and less side effects comparing to those of common commercial types. The Bacillus spp. isolated from protein rich soils were cultured in modified M9 media. Asparaginase producing colonies were differed based on color change in media. Then the produced enzyme was purified and its activity was evaluated. Also its molecular weight was measured. Those Bacillus spp. which were capable of producing enzymes with desired activity، were identified using molecular method. New L-asparaginase producer Bacillus strains were identified and the general properties of extracted enzymes were studied. As extracted L-asparaginase from different bacteria has shown different anti-cancer effects، exploring for microorganisms that produce this enzyme، is one of the main ways that would lead us to an enzyme with ideal medical aspects.

Bacterial vaginosis or non-specific vaginitis describes the disease caused by a change in the normal Flora of the vagina, which leads to the elimination of Lactobacilli, generating hydrogen peroxide and excess growth of bacteria, particularly anaerobic bacteria. This disease is the most prevalent infection of the female genital tract, and the rate of frequency of anaerobic bacteria, specifically vaginal species of Gardnerella and Mycoplasma, is 100 to 1,000 times higher than that of healthy individuals. To determine the rate of frequency of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which are present in bacterial vaginosis. samples of vaginal secretions of pregnant women referred to the Women’s Clinic in the Tonekabon Township were obtained. In order to detect the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the samples were studied using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. After obtaining the data, the results were analysed using the Chi-square (x2) test. Of the 44 samples tested, 3 cases were found to contain Gardnerella vaginalis (6.81 percent), 2 cases to contain Neisseria gonorrhoeae (4.54 percent), and 10 cases to contain Mycoplasma genitalium (22.72 percent). Statistical analysis showed that Mycoplasma genitalium was significantly related to the consequence of abortion. However, there was no relationship between infections caused by Gardernerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae with premature delivery and hospitalization of the newborn in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Considering the findings, it seems that a low percentage of the studied populations were afflicted by the bacterial vaginosis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread pathogen that is found in milk, saliva, urine, cervical secretions, and semen fluid. It is supposed that CMV is a risk factor for breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of CMV among benign and malignant breast tumors. Paraffin embedded breast carcinoma (n=24) and fibroadenoma (n=24) samples were collected from Toos and Firoozgar hospitals in Tehran, Iran, during the year 2012. PCR technique was used to detect CMV genome in the samples following the DNA extraction. Out of 24 carcinoma samples, 2 (8.3%) were positive for CMV, while no CMV positive sample was found among fibroadenoma tumors. Statistic analysis showed no significant correlation between this virus and formation of either benign or malignant tumors of breast. The role of CMV in a number of human cancers has been shown during the past decade. This study shows no relationship between CMV infection and breast benign and malignant tumors. However, future studies are needed to better understand the role of this virus in formation of breast tumors.

This study aimed to investigate the frequency of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) in benign and malignant breast tumors. A total of 24 carcinomas and 24 fibroadenomas paraffin embedded tumoral tissue samples were obtained from the pathology sections of Toos and Firoozgar hospitals in Tehran, Iran. All samples were collected from patients from June 2011 to February 2012. DNA was extracted from all samples and the infection with VZV was examined by PCR technique. The results obtained in this study showed that 3 out of 24 carcinoma samples (12.5%) were infected by VZV, while the number of fibroadenoma samples infected by this virus was 3 (12.5%). Based on the results obtained by this study, VZV was observed in both benign and malignant tumors. However, no association was observed between VZV infection and the formation of malignant or benign tumors based on the Chi-square test. Although it has been proven that VZV plays role in occurrence of latent infections after chemotherapy, no relationship was confirmed between this virus and breast benign and malignant tumors. Future studies are needed to elucidate the possible role of the virus in the disease. It is concluded that VZV is detectable in both malignant and benign tumors of the breast and the virus may play a role in the pathophysiology of breast tumors. However, further studies are needed to confirm the role of VZV in tumor formation.

High Resolution Melting (HRM) is a method that analyzes genetic variations such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in PCR amplicons. The STK11 gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine kinase and regulates cell polarity and function as a tumor suppressor gene. The germ-line mutations in this gene are associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. The patients with this syndrome are prone to some types of neoplasm.

In this experimental study, genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood samples of 56 patients with various gastrointestinal cancers. The nucleotide changes in the entire STK11 gene were analyzed by Real-time PCR and H RM technique.

The nucleotide screening by HRM technique showed two types of SNPs in introns 6 and 7 of STK11 gene in 10 patients. Four patients had C / T substitution [cluster id/dsSNP/rs9282860] with homozygous genotype in intron 6, and six patients showed a C/G substitution [cluster id/dsSNP/rs2075607] with heterozygous genotype in intron 7. The direct sequencing of the fragments confirmed that the results obtained by HRM were 100% reliable.

In this study we found no SNP in exons of STK11 gene. However, two SNPs were found in the introns of this gene. Our results show that the primary screening of the STK11gene by the HRM technique is easily applicable to detect the unknown germ line and somatic mutations in patients with neoplasia at a relatively low cost.

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles and/or subarachnoid space, which leads to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). VEGF is the prime hypoxia inducible angiogenic factor. We assumed that increased ICP leads to reduced oxygen tension in brain tissue, which triggers VEGF gene transcription so, in the current work we aimed to study VEGF alternation in hydrocephalus. Measurements were performed on CSF and serum aliquots obtained from control (n=20) and hydrocephalic patients (n=25), age- and sex-matched, were collected by lumbar puncture (LP) in the children hospital medical center of Tehran from 2006 to 2008. VEGF and total protein concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Bradford method, respectively. VEGF and total protein concentrations were significantly elevated in hydrocephalus CSF samples compared with those in controls (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). There was only a slight insignificant elevation in serum VEGF concentrations. Under normal conditions there is only diffuse expression of VEGF in the brain. In contrast, under local or systemic hypoxia, neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells all show enhanced VEGF expression. The present study shows that VEGF concentrations are much higher in the CSF of children with hydrocephalus than in control samples and VEGF may be involved in hydrocephalus pathophysiology.