mitra mohammadi

Poultry production is crucial in the global food supply chain. However, despite its economic benefits, the industry poses significant environmental challenges, notably air pollution. This study aims to evaluate air pollution in poultry farms throughout a growth cycle using statistical techniques and assess the effectiveness of a hybrid bipolar ionization system in mitigating air pollutants in this sector.

This research was carried out at an experimental poultry farm equipped with a hybrid bipolar ionization system to reduce particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), and airborne microorganisms. The study examined the effects of three factors—negative ion concentration, humidity, and ventilation—at two levels, with two replications. The data were analyzed using SPSS and MSTAT-C software, employing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis test at significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%.

The results revealed that the most substantial reduction in particulate matter was achieved in Treatment 3 (low humidity, high ion concentration, and ventilation off), with reductions of 40.88% for PM₂.₅ and 31.91% for PM₁₀, at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%. The highest reduction in ammonia levels was also observed in Treatment 3, with a mean rank of 50.13. Complete elimination of hydrogen sulfide was observed in Treatment 4 (high ion concentration, low humidity, and ventilation on), with a mean rank of 50.14 at the 10% significance level. Maximum reduction of microorganisms occurred on day 3, with an ionization level of 7 kV, ventilation off, and 30% humidity (Treatment 3).

The study confirms that increasing the concentration of negative ions generated by the ionization system significantly reduces the concentration of airborne pollutants in poultry farms. Therefore, implementing a hybrid bipolar ionization system is recommended to enhance air quality in poultry houses. Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Air pollution is one of the most important problems of this century, which threats human health. Air pollution causes wide spectrum acute and chronic effects of health from slight physiological disorders to death from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The objective of this study was to measure concentration of air pollutants (CO, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10) in underpass of Emam Reza Holy Shrine, Mashhad in March 2016- Oct 2016.

This Study was a descriptive–analytic study. To determine the concentration of pollutants, 224 samples were collected during 8 month. CO was measured by real time monitoring instrument, Multi-RAE equipped by electrochemical sensor. Furtheremore, SO2 was measured by chemical method (H2O2 method). PM2.5 and PM10 were collected using Haz-Dust, EPAM5000 model. Then, Air Quality Index (AQI) was calculated based on the criteria pollutants’ levels (CO, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10) for three cities through linear interpolation and was classified into describing classes according to tables of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Data analysis was performed with Excel and SPSS 16 software.

The most concentrations for CO (22.31 ppm), SO2 (41.26 ppb), PM2.5 (128.5 μg/m3), and PM10 (165.25 μg/m3) were in Shairazi station. The results showed that the AQI in this station was higher than Iran’s environmental protection agency standards (AQI>100).

The air quality of the underpass of Emam Reza Holy Shrine was unhealthy in March 2016- Oct 2016. The results of the present study aimed to provide data from underpass of Emam Reza Holy Shrine as indicators of anthropogenic impacts on human health.

Increasing population growth and technological advancements in cities inevitably result in rising noise pollution levels. The emergence of the coronavirus disease worldwide, including Iran, has significantly altered people's daily lives. This has presented a unique opportunity to assess changes in sound levels. Therefore, this study aims to investigate sound level variations before the outbreak and during the COVID-19 restrictions at a pivotal intersection in Mashhad.

The initial segment of this study examined the sound equivalent level in April 2018 and 2019 without considering any specific circumstances at the Shohada crossroad. In the second segment, employing SPSS22 software and the Wilcoxon test, we compared the alterations in various sound level indicators before the disease prevalence (April 2018) and during the restrictions (April 2019).

The results of the first part of the study revealed that the hourly equivalent sound level (Leq) in April 2018 and 2019 was 70.48 and 70.39 dB, respectively. The results of the second part indicated a significant difference between the two periods under investigation in terms of equivalent sound levels. The maximum and minimum sound equivalent levels (LMax, Lmin) reduction during the disease outbreak compared to the pre-outbreak period was 0.16 and 0.08 dB, respectively. Additionally, during the night curfew hours (21-03) in April 2019, the sound equivalent level decreased by 0.09 dB compared to 2018. 

The findings of this study demonstrate that the equivalent sound level at the Shohada crossroad in Mashhad exceeded national standards before the disease prevalence. However, noise pollution levels have decreased due to decreased economic activities during the outbreak and the associated restrictions. Nonetheless, the equivalent sound level still surpasses the established standards, indicating that noise pollution at the mentioned intersection persists. Further research is warranted on this subject, encompassing traffic modeling, noise pollution emission inventories, establishing links between land use patterns and noise pollution, and the influence of weather conditions on sound levels.

 Regular exercise is beneficial for children and teenagers in terms of physical and mental health, but it is crucial to acknowledge the potential for injuries and the lack of extensive research on the prevalence and consequences of sports-related injuries in this age group.

 This study aims to investigate the occurrence of sports injuries and assess how they may affect students' mental and physical well-being.

 The current study was cross-sectional research conducted in Hamedan City from 1401 to 1402. The statistical population of this study consisted of students who participated in team sports. A total of 153 students, with an average age of 14.1 ± 2.8, were selected as the study population. The quality of life was assessed using the SF36 scale, while physical and mental health were evaluated using the PROMIS-2 scales. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software and the independent t-test statistical method, with a significance level set at 0.05.

 The research results have shown that 24.2% of student-athletes in Hamedan City suffer from sports injuries in at least one part of their body. The areas that most commonly affected were the feet and toes (16.2%), ankles (13.5%), and knees (10.8%). Furthermore, the findings from the research indicate that student-athletes with a previous history of sports injuries had a significantly lower average quality of life, physical health, social functioning, and pain interference compared to those who had not experienced such injuries (P < 0.05).

 Sports injuries are common among student-athletes who participate in team sports, and they can significantly affect both their physical and social well-being. Such injuries can have a detrimental impact on the daily lives and social interactions of adolescent athletes. Therefore, health professionals must be fully aware of these repercussions and make them a key focus when managing sports injuries.

The aim of this study was determination of the quantity and quality of construction and demolition waste materials in Kermanshah city, Iran. This descriptive cross-sectional research was carried out on eight urban areas in Kermanshah city from April to December in 2018. Due to the fact that in winter season, the C&D rate in Kermanshah is very low, data were not included in the study. Parameters of weight, volume, and density were calculated and presented in a seasonal average. The descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data in SPSS and Excel software. More than 372.62 ton of waste materials were generated during the study, and the amount of concrete, bricks, soil, plaster, stone, ceramic, asphalt, and glass were approximately 31.49, 26.09, 23.45, 10.7, 3.37, 2.79, 2.07, and 0.0003%, respectively. According to the results, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, wood, plastic, paper, and cardboard have been recycled and sold due to their high economic value. Therefore, they were not in the C&D waste or were very little. With regards to the high volume of C&D waste generated, setting laws and regulations to reduce C&D waste should be considered to control optimally and efficiently the processes of production, collection, transportation, disposal, and recycling of waste.

80% of air pollution in urban areas comes from heavy vehicles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of CO2 , CO, HC, NOX pollutants, types of diesel cars and their relationship with the life of the car.

In this study, out of all diesel cars in Mashhad, which is 5861 cars, 425 cars were randomly selected and after recording the year of car production, using OPTIMA7 NDIR five-gas pollutant device in bright engine mode (Engine operation). Sampling was performed continuously (except for the first to the fourth of April) in the period of December 6, 2017 to May 9, 2017 at nine to twelve and fifteen to twenty o’clock and Then, using SPSS software and statistical tests. The relationship between these pollutants and vehicle life was investigated.

According to the amount of sig (p=0/531>0/05) between the life of the car and carbon monoxide, the amount of sig (p=0/571>0/05) between the life of the car and the amount of hydrocarbon, the amount of sig (p=0/153>0/05) between the life of the car and carbon dioxide output and the amount of p=0/290>0/05 (sig) there is no significant relationship between car life and nitrogen oxides. There is an inverse correlation between the car’s year of manufacture and CO2 and NOX pollutants, So that the higher the car’s year of manufacture, the lower the amount of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. And there is a positive correlation between HC and CO pollutants.

The significant level value (sig) between car life and all pollutants is greater than 0.05, so there is no statistically significant relationship between car life and all exhaust gas pollution. Therefore, the amount of air pollution by diesel cars should be reduced by taking correct management methods.

Studies suggest that sulfur may react with plants or monocellular organisms, such as fungi, to produce toxic agents. It has been theorized that sulfur enters cells and affects their respiration. This study reports on a phototroph development that leads to the diminution and/or production of sulfur and release of hydrogen sulfide from public ponds.

This study was conducted in anoxic stabilization ponds at a dimension of 1×0.25×1 (m), with a hydraulic retention time of 6 days. The ponds’ water was tested during the dark and light cycles. The experiments were carried out by factorial design and measured three variables: volumetric organic loading, sulphate concentrations and temperature.

Cyanobacteria and Rhodobacter species were the most abundant phototroph cellular organisms. The mean value of total sulfur and un-ionized hydrogen sulfide concentration were 74 mg/L and 21 mg/L, respectively, at the volumetric organic loading of 100 g BOD5/m3 per day. The efficiencies of biochemical and chemical oxygen removal were 71.9% and 59.1%, respectively. The mean proliferation rate of photosynthetic sulfur bacteria was 3.4×106 cells/ml.

photosynthetic sulfur bacteria significantly reduced the sulfur concentration generated in the ponds. The illumination of bright light enhanced the sulfur reduction by the photosynthetic sulfur bacteria in the wastewater of the anoxic stabilization ponds.

The time series model has been exploited to estimate the relationship between meteorological variables and air in Mashhad with respiratory mortality. For this purpose, data on respiratory mortality was based on data recorded on March 2014 to 2015. In order to investigate the effect of meteorological variables and air pollution values on respiratory mortality, the Box- Jenkins time series model has been utilized. Moreover, the effect of age and seasons on the number of respiratory deaths was assessed by the linear regression and ANOVA test. The fit of the final model to determining the monthly relationship between meteorological variables and air pollutants with the number of respiratory mortalities is a (1,0,2) ARIMA. In the monthly survey, temperature and rainfall have the inverse relationship and pressure has the direct relationship with the average of 7.4, 3.2, and 17.42 on the respiratory mortality. It was also found direct relationship between the mortality from respiratory diseases and CO and O3 and inverse relationship with SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 pollutants with an average of 67.40, 17.42, 17.89, 6.83, and 0.68, respectively. Also, the results of this study indicate that older people are more likely to be affected by the inappropriate status of air quality by 0.37%. The results showed a significant difference between respiratory mortality in different seasons of the year, and the highest number of deaths occurred in the winter.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between transformative teaching and work innovation with the mediating role of work participation in Middle school teachers in Kermanshah.

The method of the study design is descriptive-correlational and a component of applied research. The statistical population of this study is the teaching of Middle school teachers in the city of Kermanshah approximately 967 people in the academic year 2020-2011, which according to Morgan table, 276 randomly clustered as a sample were. The instruments study used were the: Transformational Teaching Questionnaire (TTQ) of Bojamp et al. (2010); The Innovation and Main Business Questionnaire of Moghimi Organization (2011) and Thomas Ladahl & Kunger (1965) Business Participation Questionnaire were used.

To analyze the data, descriptive statistical indices such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistical tests including confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation meddling with partial least squares (PLS) approach were used by smart PLS software. The results indicate that there is a relationship between transformational teaching and work innovation with the mediating role of work participation. Transformational teaching has a direct effect on job innovation. Work participation has a direct effect on work innovation. Transformational teaching has a direct effect on work participation.

According to the obtained results it is suggested that education officials will draw by providing the necessary facilities and conditions for the formation of teachers' work groups to participate and discuss their teaching methods and create their innovations to create more innovative training for students.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of focusing attention on quiet eye behavior and accuracy of execution on dart throwing skills. For this purpose, 20 male students in dart beginner (age range 19-22 years old) were voluntarily selected. All participants performed external and internal attention instructions in a counterbalanced manner. Thus, Participants first made 10 attempts at baseline (without attentive instructions). Then performed a total of 20 training attempts as counterbalance in both external and internal attention strategies. In all trials, visual system information was recorded using an eye tracking device and the radial error formula was used to measure accuracy. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA (P=0.05). The results showed that the accuracy of throwing was significantly improved in external attention condition compared to baseline and internal conditions (P=0.001). The results also indicate that the quiet eye period was longer in the external focus condition than in the inner attention condition (P=0.001). According to the results of this study, it can be assumed that quiet eye duration is one of the essential mechanisms in execution accuracy of targeting skill in beginners, and that focusing attention in addition to execution accuracy is also effective on quiet eye duration.

One of the complications of transportation in cities is noise pollution caused by vehicles. Today, noise in urban environments is an important issue in the field of public health. Due to the negative effects of noise pollution on human health and well-being, it is necessary to identify and understand these effects on the health of exposed people. In this study, the type of traffic axis composition of the highway was identified and the type of traffic information required was identified by identifying the locations for the sound station along the highway axis and preparing sound data and identifying the factors affecting sound propagation. At each sampling station, the required variables in the intervals of 7: 30-9: 30, 12: 30-14: 30, 18: 30-20: 30, 23: 30-1: 30 And 3: 30-5: 30 and different seasons of the year were measured and recorded for modeling. The results show that the comparison of the average parameters of noise pollution in different stations of Shahid Kalantari Highway at a significant level of 5% showed that the highest amount of noise and sound indicators measured are related to the first station of Abadgaran with the amount of deci, respectively. Bell is 79.61 dB, the entrance road to Kuhsangi is about 80 dB and the lowest station of Hafez Square is about 58 dB. The parameters Lmax, Leq, L10, L50 and L90 are visually uniform distribution of results in the fit line range. According to the results of this study, it is announced that in all seasons of the year, the average equivalent sound level in all stations studied is higher than the recommended daily ambient sound level in the Iranian open air sound standard. While the standard sound level in residential areas is 55 decibels during the day and 45 decibels at night.

Vegetables are among the valuable foods. However, in addition to essential elements, they may contain toxins in excess of permissible concentrations, which has raised many concerns about the quality and safety of these products and human health. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of atmospheric pollutants of carbon dioxide, gasoline and acid rain on the resistance of basil and parsley.

This factorial study was performed based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 54 treatments . In this study, CO2 with three concentrations of 0, 1000 and, 1800 ppm, gasoline with three conditions without adding gasoline, with ordinary gasoline and with the addition of super gasoline, and acidic solution at two levels of pH 4 and 6 were studied. It should be noted that distilled water with pH = 7 was selected as a control treatment.

The results showed that the concentration of 1000 ppm carbon dioxide increased plant yield by 178.63%, while its concentration up to 1800 ppm, led to the destruction of the plant in two days. It was also found that super gasoline due to the high-octane number and supplements in it has a less polluting effect (5.7%) on the plant than regular gasoline. In addition, no significant difference was observed between different concentrations of acidic solution on plant resistance. In this experiment, parsley showed more resistance to contaminants than basil.

carbon dioxide than other pollutants and also its key role in global warming, we need effective management to promote public health and control the production sources of this gas in the atmosphere.

This study aims to investigate the emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust of Pride and Samand cars with different types and fueling systems in Mashhad during the 2012-2015 by Motor Gas Tester for 2000 cars. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan post hoc test (P <0.05). The results showed that type X7 among the other studied types of Samand has the lowest level of pollutant production, while no significant difference was observed in terms of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of different types of Pride. It was also found that the consumption of natural gas fuel in dedicated Pride increases the emission of pollutants and reduces in dedicated Samand, which indicates the better design of Samand in terms of fuel pump, type of kit used and other engine parts compared to Pride for usage of gas as an alternative fuel. It indicates that the combustion process in gasoline Pride is more complete and Samand is more suitable for using natural gas fuel.

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health and particulate matter is one of the deadliest types of air pollution.This study was done to choose the best interpolation algorithm in the spatial distribution of PM2.5 suspended particles in Mashhad in 1395by different spatial models.

PM2.5 particulate concentrations was collected from 21 active air quality measuring stations in different parts of Mashhad and IDW, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Universal Kriging (UK) interpolation models were evaluated to spatially investigate the air pollution situation in Mashhad. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used to compare the models and select the best model, and the Standardized RMSE was used to choose the most optimal conditions for running the OK and UK models.

The results showed that the highest seasonal average of PM2.5 pollutants in 1395 was related to autumn (40.84 µg/m3) and the lowest was related to spring (27.78 µg/m3). Also, the east to north area of Mashhad is in a more unfavorable situation in pollution concentration than the western areas of the city. Comparison of models using RMSE index also showed that OK model due to having the lowest amount of RMSE for seasonal average and annual concentration of suspended particles PM2.5 has a lower error in the predicted values than the measurement, so it has better conditions for intermediation.

This research eventually led to the production of maps of PM2.5 Pollutants situation in the whole city of Mashhad, which is very useful in order to identify high-risk areas in the city and use useful measures to reduce air pollution in those areas.

 This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic parameters and air pollution with cardiovascular disease and its associated death during 2014 in Mashhad by time series model.

 Patient data (including outpatient and hospitalization) and cardiovascular mortality were obtained from the emergency medical center and Ferdowsi organization of Mashhad. Climatic parameters such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall were gathered from meteorological organization. Air pollutants data were collected from Mashhad environmental pollutants monitoring center for the statistical period of 2014-2015. In this study, Jenkins Box time series model (combined model of autoregression and moving average known as ARIMA) with significance level of 5% was used to investigate the effect of climatic parameters and air pollution values on cardiovascular disease and daily, weekly and monthly excess mortality rate. Then, the effect of various seasons on the total number of patients with cardiac issues and the resulting death was investigated by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test.

 The final model for determination of monthly correlation between climatic elements and air pollutants with the number of cardiovascular patients and its corresponding death was found to be best fitted by ARIMA (0,0,0). The monthly survey revealed that humidity (positive correlation), temperature (positive correlation), wind speed (negative correlation), and PM2.5 (negative correlation) with average values of 16.2471, 48.1628, 122.38, and 7.3905, respectively, had significant effects on the number of people experiencing cardiovascular disease. However, the monthly survey of mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease exhibited significant correlation (p < 0.05) with pressure (positive correlation), temperature (negative correlation), and rainfall (negative correlation) with average values of 6.5904, 1.5728, and 1.1704, respectively. The results showed a significant difference between the numbers of patients experiencing cardiovascular diseases in different seasons of the year with the highest recorded number of 3778 in autumn.

  The results suggest moderate correlation between atmospheric elements and air pollutants with the numbers of people experiencing cardiovascular diseases in short periods; however, in the case of long-term mortality, the correlation was strong. This study showed that climatic elements and air pollutants effectively affect cardiovascular diseases, while only climatic elements played a significant role in mortality. The main challenge of the present study is that cardiovascular disease and its resulting death may be influenced by parameters other than those considered in this study, such as multiple individual and environmental confounding variables.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining and zoning the air quality of Mashhad in 2014 based on air quality index (AQI). In this study, instantaneous concentrations of air pollutants in Mashhad were prepared and AQI was calculated. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significant level of 5% in SPSSV.23 software. Moreover, Arc GIS was used to zone the air quality of the studied stations. The results showed that the months of September and October have the highest average of AQI with 168 and 156 (unhealthy status) and March with a value of 88 (moderate status) has the lowest amount among the studied months. Based on zoning maps, most stations in Mashhad were assessed as moderate and unhealthy status for sensitive groups. Also, Taghiabad and Khayyam South stations with an average AQI index of 107 (unhealthy condition for sensitive groups) as the most polluted and Machine Abzar station with a value of 37 (good condition) as the cleanest points among the studied stations. PM2.5 was the most important pollutant during the study.

This study aimed to model the noise pollution level in 9th and 11th districts of Mashhad municipality (Vakilabad highway) by using Traffic Noise Model (TNM 2.5). To this end, the equivalent sound level measurement of the 25 high-traffic stations selected along the Vakilabad highway in Mashhad was carried out by the TES-1358 sound level meter, for 6 months and each month for 1 working day in the year’s 2017. Traffic volume data was also measured to level the day by the wood line method and then the total data was introduced to model the traffic noise volume in the area. The assessment of the traffic noise of the study area in the model showed that the average equivalent sound level calculated by the model for the stations measured at Vakilabad highway is 6.51 dB less than the recorded values by the sound meter in the real environment by the average of 78 dB. In addition, the results of this study indicated that the TNM could provide a reasonable prediction of traffic volume and its distribution on the Vakilabad highway in Mashhad, due to providing a similar ranking of areas with low or high noise pollution and also displaying acceptable values of Leq calculated as compared to recorded sound values in the real environment.

Bioterrorism involves the deliberate use of microbial pathogens or microbe-derived products to cause harm to humans, livestock, or agricultural crops. Dilution of contaminated water with bioterrorism agents, physical and addition of chemicals (hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, sodium hydroxide and ozone), water treatment methods (coagulation/flocculation, sand filtration and activated carbon), reverse osmosis and UV and gamma radiation are methods for control of contaminated water by bioterrorism agents. Methods such as reverse osmosis (RO) that can remove protozoan cysts, bacteria, viruses, and biotoxins, or UV and gamma radiation that inactivate Bacillus spores are also suggested for this purpose. Because cryptosporidium oocysts are not effectively inactivated by disinfectants, their removal from water requires proper sand filtration. Early warning systems include physical analysis (online pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen or turbidity probes) and chemical analysis (various online analytical probes for measuring anions, cations, chlorophyll-specific metals and organic compounds) are available that can be used depending on the type of contaminant. Molecular methods for the detection of human pathogens and parasites, online biomarkers for the detection of chemical toxins, biotoxin concentrations and bioterrorism agents are preferred methods.

Primary sources of biofuels include wood waste, agricultural waste, sugarcane, sugar beet, cereals, vegetable oils and vegetables. Improper use of fossil fuels and adverse biological effects such as global warming, acid rain, greenhouse gases and air pollution, as well as the non-renewable nature of these resources, have led countries to use reliable, renewable and non-polluting energy sources as biofuels. Types of biofuels are divided in liquid, solid and gas (base on physical state) and first, second, third and fourth generations (base on primary substances). Biofuels for commercial and industrial applications can be a suitable and effective way to grow the bioeconomy. The use of biofuels helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce environmental pollution, improvement of agriculture ecosystem, create jobs, improve rural areas, and improve the balance of trade, and so on.  Biofuels can be used as fuel for vehicles, but diesel vehicles are commonly used as a diesel supplement to reduce particulate matter, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The use of biofuels in Iran requires an obligation to use it and its acceptance by the consumer.

The antiviral property of aqueous garlic extract against a virulent velogenic field isolate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was investigated in a time of addition assay in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs).

The ECEs were inoculated with the lowest concentration of the virus with HA (haemagglutination) positive activity. After determination of extract toxicity in ECEs, administration of different concentrations of the extract (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/mL) or ribavirin (comparative control) was performed 8 hours before (pretreatment), simultaneously (cotreatment) or 8 hours after (post treatment) virus injection. Allantoic fluids were harvested for infectivity determination, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and viral load (HA titer) assay. In vitro HA blocking activity test was also performed.

Allicin content of the extract was 16.6% by HPLC method. The best viability results were related to the extract in pretreatment and ribavirin in co-treatment trials (p<0.05 as compared to infected ECEs with no treatment). Pre and co-treatment assays showed better results on HA titer of garlic treated groups. In infectivity assay, the 50% embryo lethal dose (ELD50) values of NDV were roughly 500 and 50 folds of ELD50 of the untreated virus in pre and co-treatment, respectively. No change was observed in viral shapes in TEM analysis nor HA blocking activity in vitro.

Aqueous extract of garlic shows antiviral effects against a velogenic strain of NDV in ovo accompanied by a reduction in virus infectivity and titer. These effects are most pronounced in pretreatment trial.

The negligence of health regulations in the preparation of the foods, services, and sanitary and welfare facilities provided in religious borders could increase the risk of waterborne infectious intestinal diseases. Therefore, the continuous monitoring and control of health indicators is essential in mourning borders. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on the Mawkebs of Shalamcheh border (n=267). In total, 186 samples were evaluated in terms of the microbial quality of water, and 66 samples were evaluated in terms of the microbial quality of food. The studied parameters in drinking water included the residual free chlorine, pH, turbidity, total coliform, and fecal coliform, and the studied parameters in foodstuffs included the total count and fecal coliform (Escherichia coli). According to the findings, these indicators were appropriate in terms of accommodation hygiene and preparation and distribution of crew hygiene by 99.9%. On the other hand, there were zero cases where the food sampling results were undesirable for the measurement of the total count and fecal coliform. The number of the contaminated water samples was 46 (24.7%) out of 186 water samples. Therefore, the proper implementation and continuous control of health instructions seem critical for these borders, and it is suggested that special regulations and indicators be enacted for the crew in charge, so that they would attend training courses, obtain medical examination cards, and practice personal hygiene.

Background & Aims:

 of the Study: Solid waste management is one of the most daunting environmental challenges. The present study aimed to investigate the awareness and practice of people about household waste management in Kermanshah, Iran.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 150 Kermanshah citizens in 2017. Cluster sampling was performed and the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, including awareness, practice, and resources of education for waste management. Finally, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version18) using ANOVA and t-test at α = 0.05.      

Citizens' awareness of waste-related diseases and the impact of waste on the environment, the benefits of recycling and reduction in origin were assessed as moderate up to favorable. Nonetheless, the public's performance in relation to the Recycling Agency and the municipality was not favorable. Citizens demonstrated poor practice in terms of household waste management.

From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that conducting training courses, increasing the level of general knowledge and culture in the field of household waste management can improve public awareness and practice.

One of the topics of interest to motor behavior researchers is to examine the different effects of attention strategies on motor behavior and brain activity.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention instructions on alpha and theta wave variations and the accuracy of dart throwing. 20 male students novice in dart (age range 19-22 years old) were voluntarily selected. This study was application. Firstly, the participants performed 10 attempts of dart throwing in the baseline (no attention instructions). Then, as a counterbalance, 20 practice attempts were performed in both the external and internal attention strategies. In all attempts, the alpha and theta brain waves of the subjects were recorded using biofeedback device and the radial error formula was used to measure accuracy. The data were analyzed by in-group variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the external attention strategy increased the accuracy of the dart throwing (P=0.0001), increased alpha wavelength (P=0.01) and reduced theta wave (P=0.01) in comparison with the internal attention strategy. These findings showed the need to use attention instructions particularly external attention in targeting skill task at a beginner level; therefore, it is suggested that coaches should use external attention strategy to improve the accuracy and intelligence of the brain in beginners.

This study aimed to evaluate reduced drug consumption, risky behaviors, depression, and anxiety and improved quality of life in addicts on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) at baseline and six months after therapy. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 275 addicts were selected by a random sampling method in 2017. The data collection tools consisted of four questionnaires including a demographic information questionnaire, the Beck depression inventory questionnaire, WHOQOL-26, and Spielberger Anxiety Inventory. Data analysis was done by SPSS20 software at a confidence level of 95%. Based on the obtained results, after six months, MMT efficiency was 50.5% and no cases of intravenous injection were reported. The consumption of other drugs was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The highest prevalence of depression was observed in cannabis and opium users. Depression decreased from 85.81% to 63.27%. The mean scores of quality of life and anxiety after MMT increased to 89.6 and 20.41, respectively. The most improvement was in the physical health domain (mean score of 64.11). The results showed improvements in all the four domains of physical health, psychological health, social relationship, and environment and reductions in depression and anxiety.

This study aims to evaluate and zone the noise pollution level of districts 9 and 11 (Vakil-Abad Highway) in Mashhad, using statistical methods and GIS software. For this purpose, the required sound data were taken from 25 selected high-traffic stations of studied area in spring, summer, autumn and winter during 2016-2017. The process involved 1 full day of work per month for 6 months, from 7:30 AM through 8:30 PM, using a TES-1358 sound level meter. Traffic data and measured sound indicators were analyzed statistically by MSTAT-C, SPSS, and Excel software. After they were inserted into GIS software, the layers of information were obtained to provide the level of noise pollution and its distribution in the area. The comparison between the results and findings at a significant level of 5% indicated that the highest sound levels 85.63, 80.72, 78.10 and 81.46 dB belong to station 20, October, morning time and commercial-residential use, respectively. Day-time zoning maps of Vakil-Abad Highway in Mashhad also showed that the intensity of noise pollution in the central parts of the mentioned region is more than the other parts and can provide an accurate analysis of how the sound is distributed in the desired area. Since the day-time average level obtained for Vakil-Abad Highway is higher than Iran's standard level, serious action may be taken to control the noise and prevent its complications in the region.