فهرست مطالب mitra zamani

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases and its prevalence rate in various countries, including Iran has been on the rise. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors and prevalence rate of this disease in Sanandaj.
In this descriptive, analytical study, 430 people were selected via random cluster sampling. Data were collected by carrying out interviews with the participants from May 2014 to June 2015. Using a questionnaire, we recorded data about the demographic characteristics, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and risk factors for the disease. Then, we measured and recorded the participants’ blood pressure, height, weight, and BMI. People who had experienced episodes of mild symptoms of heartburn for two days or more in a week or experienced moderate to severe symptoms for more than once in a week were regarded as cases of reflux. Data analysis was performed by using STATA-11 software.
From 410 patients, 41% were male and 59% (241 persons) were female with the mean age of 37.75 years. The prevalence rate of gastroesophageal reflux in the study population was 30%. We found no statistically significant difference between the patients and healthy individuals in relation to the risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux.
Considering the high prevalence of GERD in Sanandaj, it is of great importance to provide necessary training about the risk factors, prevention, and appropriate treatment of the disease for the public.

Hypericin was extracted from Hypericum perforatum L. using a different extraction procedure. Highest amounts of hypericins were extracted by ultrasonic methods using methanol: acetone 2:1 as an extracting solvent. Hypericin contents of the extract was purified by passing it through 2 series of 70 × 5 mm glass columns, each filled with 800 mg of 35 - 70 mesh silica gel, followed by elution with MeOH: acetone: CH2Cl2 (75:10:15). The extent of purification was determined by HPLC. The amount of purified hypericins, which was extracted from Hypericum perforatum, was 5.105 mg per gram dried plant leaves.

To evaluate the efficacy of corneal collagen cross‑linking (CXL) for treatment of corneal ulcers not responding to antimicrobial therapy. Eight patients with corneal ulcers associated with corneal melting, not responding to conventional antibiotic therapy, were treated with CXL. The procedure was performed according to the standardized protocol for keratoconus. Preoperative medications were continued after CXL in all cases. Microbiological exams revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 3 cases. Follow up continued from 1 to 10 months. In 6 of 8 eyes, progression of corneal melting was halted and complete epithelialization occurred. In one eye emergency keratoplasty was needed due to corneal perforation. A conjunctival flap was performed to treat severe localized corneal thinning in one of the patients a few days after CXL. Significant clinical improvement occurred in all cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. CXL can be considered as a promising new treatment in the management of refractory non‑healing corneal ulcers, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.

To determine the incidence and risk factors associated with glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery (CCS) in children under age of 15 This prospective cohort (since 2006) consisted of children less than 15 years of age who underwent cataract surgery with or without intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The role of the following factors on the development of glaucoma after CCS including age at surgery, gender, laterality of the cataract, IOL implantation, congenital ocular anomalies, intra- and postoperative complications, length of follow-up, central corneal thickness (CCT) as well as the effect of the age of onset, time to development of glaucoma, and response to treatment were evaluated. Overall, 161 eyes of 96 patients were included in this study of which 28 eyes developed glaucoma. Incidence of glaucoma was 17.4%. Mean±SD age at surgery was 9.3±6.9 (range, 1-24) months in glaucomatous and 40.4±41.1 (range, 1 m-13.6 year) months in non-glaucomatous group (p<0.001). All glaucoma patients had the operation under two years of age. In group 1, 9 (60%) and in group 2, 24 (30%) patients were female (p=0.001). In group 1, 17 eyes (60.7%) and in the group 2, 41 eyes (30.8%) were aphakic (p=0.001). Mean time to diagnosis of glaucoma was 111.2 days (range 30-1200 days). Mean follow-up time was 3.1 years (range, 1-6 years). In 22 (78.6%) eyes glaucoma was diagnosed within six months after surgery. Glaucoma was controlled with medications in 23 eyes (82%) and with surgery in five eyes. In this study the incidence of glaucoma after CCS was 17.4% over a follow-up period of six years. Younger age at the time of lensectomy increases the risk of secondary glaucoma. IOL implantation may protect against glaucoma. Female gender was affected more than male.

To measure oxygen tension in the aqueous humor of human eyes under different oxygenation conditions. This prospective comparative interventional case series consisted of two parts. In the first part, 120 consecutive patients scheduled for cataract surgery were randomized into group I (control group) in which surgery was performed under local anesthesia inhaling 21% oxygen; group II in whom general anesthesia using 50% oxygen was employed; and group III receiving general anesthesia with 100% oxygen. After aspirating 0.2 ml aqueous humor under sterile conditions, the aqueous sample and a simultaneously drawn arterial blood sample were immediately analyzed using a blood gas analyzer. In part II the same procedures were performed in 10 patients after fitting a contact lens and patching the eye for 20 minutes (group IV) and in 10 patients after transcorneal delivery of oxygen at a flow rate of 5 L/min (group V). Mean aqueous PO2 in groups I, II and III was 112.3±6.2, 141.1±20.4, and 170.1±27 mmHg, respectively (P values)

To evaluate early postoperative changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) following phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. This prospective study included 129 eyes with open angles and normal or high IOP undergoing phacoemulsification and IOL implantation for senile cataracts. The patients were divided into 3 groups (Gs) based on preoperative IOP:? 15 mmHg (G1, n=76); from 16 to 20 mmHg (G2, n=43) and; from 21 to 30 mmHg (G3, n=10). IOP was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry one day before surgery, and 1 and 6 weeks postoperatively. IOP was decreased postoperatively in all study groups 1 and 6 weeks after surgery as follows: 2.8±1.5 and 1.8±1.7 mmHg respectively in G1 (P

To evaluate the effects of topical sesame oil in the treatment of severe corneal alkali injury in rabbits In a double-blind experiment, 30 healthy white rabbits were randomized into a sesame oil treatment group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Under general anesthesia, severe corneal alkali injuries were induced by application of 1 N sodium hydroxide for 40 seconds to the right eye of each rabbit. The sesame oil group was treated with sesame oil drops 4 times daily for 1 month. Both groups received chloramphenicol eye drops, 4 times daily. Daily examination with fluorescein staining and photography were performed, and details of corneal erosion and ulceration were recorded. The main outcome measure was descemetocele and perforation of the cornea. The animals were euthanized at the end of the study or earlier if corneal perforation had occurred, and the corneas were excised and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for histologic examination. Mean time to perforation in sesame oil group was longer than control group (29.6 versus 25.5 days, respectively; P=0.01). Four eyes in sesame oil group and 8 eyes in control group developed descemetocele and perforation (P=0.13). Extent of corneal vascularization was 66.6% in sesame oil group and 49.3% in control group (P= 0.065). Topical sesame oil seems to have beneficial effects on alkali-injured corneas. It delays corneal perforation in rabbits compared to control group.

To evaluate short-term changes in central corneal endothelial cell density and morphology after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin-C (MMC) 0.02% in patients with moderate myopia. In this prospective interventional case series, patients with moderate myopia (spherical equivalent refractive error from 4.0 to 8.0 D) underwent PRK with a single intraoperative application of MMC 0.02% for 40 seconds. Specular microscopy was performed preoperatively and repeated 6 months after surgery to determine changes in central corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), mean cell area (MCA) and coefficient of variation in cell size (CV). Overall, 42 eyes of 21 participants with mean age of 26.2±6.3 years underwent surgery. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refractive error was 5.2±1.2 D which was reduced to 0.4±0.5 D postoperatively (P < 0.001). Mean ECD was reduced insignificantly from 2,920±363 cells/mm2 preoperatively to 2,802±339 cells/mm2 postoperatively (P = 0.59). Similarly, there was no significant change in MCA or CV at six months (P = 0.76 and 0.52, respectively). Application of MMC 0.02% for 40 seconds during PRK in patients with moderate myopia did not significantly affect central corneal endothelial cell density and morphology after a 6 month follow up period.

To compare primary implantation of foldable hydrophilic acrylic with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses (IOLs) in pediatric cataract surgery in terms of short-term complications and visual outcomes. This randomized clinical trial included 40 eyes of 31 consecutive pediatric patients aged 1 to 6 years with unilateral or bilateral congenital cataracts undergoing cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation. Two types of IOLs including foldable hydrophilic acrylic and rigid PMMA were randomly implanted in the capsular bag during surgery. Primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy were performed in all eyes. Patients were followed for at least 1 year. Intra- and postoperative complications, visual outcomes and refractive errors were compared between the study groups. Mean age was 3.2±1.8 years in the hydrophilic acrylic group and 3.7±1.3 years in the PMMA group. Mean follow-up period was 19.6±5 (12-29) months. No intraoperative complication occurred in any group. Postoperative uveitis was seen in 2 (10%) eyes in the acrylic group versus 5 (25%) eyes in the PMMA group (P=0.40). Other postoperative complications including pigment deposition (30%), iridocorneal adhesions (10%) and posterior synechiae formation (10%), were seen only in the PMMA group. The visual axis remained completely clear and visual outcomes were generally favorable and comparable in the study groups. In pediatric eyes undergoing lensectomy with primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy, hydrophilic acrylic IOLs are comparable to PMMA IOLs in terms of biocompatibility and visual axis clarity, and seem to entail less frequent postoperative complications.