فهرست مطالب mohamad nabi ahmadi

The novel Bread on Uncle Milad's Table, which was selected for the 2022 Arab Booker and is written by the contemporary Libyan writer Mohammad Al-Naas, is characterized by its critique of the role of women in Libyan society. In a society characterized by a patriarchal culture and a gendered perspective on women, this novel features a substantial number of female characters who express their conditions, opinions, and thoughts. The novel posits that the root of the women’s helplessness is patriarchy, which impedes the development of their talents. The novel also includes bitter descriptions of the women and their fate. In light of the critical perspective of Mohammad Al-Naas in the context of the aforementioned novel and the Frankfurt School’s critical aesthetic perspective that art and literature should fight against the existing conditions with a negative and oppositional approach to achieve the desired conditions, we decided to write the novel. We will analyze it in a descriptive-analytical manner in accordance with this theory. This article is an endeavor to investigate and analyze this critical perspective. The research results indicate that Mohammad Al-Naas’s perspective is in alignment with the Frankfurt School's critical approach. He has critiqued the status of women in society with the intention of informing society and enhancing their status, albeit from a negative and opposing  perspective. He criticizes the ruling patriarchal system and the oppressions that have been inflicted on women by juxtaposing traditional and modern women in his narrative. He attempts to inform the women and men of his society about their position by enlisting the assistance of male characters in their opposition to the patriarchal system. A woman’s significant function in society and the family.

In the Holy Quran, the sentences are connected to each other by means of accessories that make the verses coherent. One of the factors that play a role in its beauty and discovering its subtleties and hidden layers is coherence and continuity. This issue is investigated and studied in the field of new linguistics under the title of textual coherence. In 1976, Halliday and Ruqieh Hassan called the semantic, verbal, syntactic and logical connection of text components "cohesion" and their overall coordination in the vertical axis "cohesion". One of the most important tools of cohesion is link cohesion. In this theory, conjunctions are mentioned as a separate element, next to grammatical and lexical elements, under the title of linking elements. In this research, we intend to investigate and analyze the disagreements of the commentators and Ibn Katheer in this verse based on the theory of link cohesion, using a descriptive-analytical method, and specify how to categorize and analyze the disagreements based on this theory. The findings show that the analysis of the conflicting cases in this verse based on the theory of coherence indicates that the belief and lack of belief in the role of semantic linking of the sentences after and then with the preceding one shows the factor of difference in such a way that their opinions can be matched or not. According to the theory of coherence, he categorized.

Fiction is full of non-verbal cues, including body language cues. Examining stories from the perspective of non-verbal communication, especially body language, which is a chain of extensive cues and messages are received according to the context of communication, can lead to a new reading of the text. Azhar Gerjis in the novel“sleeping in the cherry Field” has used the signs of body language, including the language of the eyes, hands, head, touch, limbs and physical appearance. This research intends to use descriptive-analytical method based on semiotic approach to analyze the role and position of body language and their function in this novel.Research findings show Gerjis messages such as; Astonishment, anxiety, anger and rage, forgetfulness, fear, etc. are conveyed to the audience through body language, the unveiling of which plays an important role in discovering the message hidden in the text. Among the non-linguistic behaviors mentioned in the novel, eye language with (32%) has the most role during message transmission and language of physical appearance (facial hair) with (2%) has the least role and body language in this novel is more, alternative and substitute. It has become verbal communication but in some cases it has emphasized more to complete the verbal message or verbal messages. The use of body language in this novel has increased the theatrical capacity of the story.

The signs in communication are not certainly limited to language. Many concepts are expressed non-verbally. Non-verbal communication is a new field of study that examines and analyzes messages in non-verbal behaviors, such as facial expressions, eye contact, and gestures, which people use to convey the message and help the reader understand it. Paul Ackman and Wallace Frieson have conducted extensive research on nonverbal activities aimed at better understanding people's feelings and behaviors. They have analyzed nonverbal activities in three ways: 1. Source 2. Encryption 3. Application. Source is the origin of every action and can be intrinsic, fixed, and of cultural educational nature. Encryption refers to the relation of action to meaning, and it can be conventional, visual, and instinctive. Application includes the amount of informational nonverbal behavior that can be communicative, interactive, and informational. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on the approaches mentioned by Ackman and Friesen about body language in Nahj al-Balaghah through which facial expressions, movements of eyes and hands, and tactile gestures are examined and described. The results of analyzing examples of body language used in Nahj al-Balaghah based on Ackman and Frieson's theory show that Nahj al-Balaghah has such a high capacity in terms of body language that it can be analyzed through new theories of non-verbal communication and the origin of "face language", having a high frequency in Nahj al-Balaghah, being inherently and instinctively encoded, and used for informative purposes.Keywords: application, encryption, body language, Nahj al-Balaghah, source

Pictorial schema is one of the strategies for recognizing abstract concepts in linguistic field that are based on conceptual metaphor; therefore, each metaphor has a wide visual structure on its own. The holy Quran is full of abstract concepts which the study of them has a significant impact on understanding its purpose. Therefore, this study was accomplished to explore the pictorial schema in Surah Naml. To explain its hidden meanings and latent beauty, by using linguistic approach, and descriptive-analytical method, has presented the image of abstract concepts in an objective format. The achievements of this research indicate that three types of volumetric, motion and power schemas have been applied in fictional context of this Surah. An image of abstract concepts such as "revelation, speed, disregard, humiliation" is drawn by motion schema, which is perfectly consistent with human experiences. Other abstract concepts such as "oppression, torment, mercy, unpleasant deeds, doubt, nostalgic, and goodness" have been developed by the volumetric schema, and concepts like "idolatry and oppression" have been portrayed as an obstacle in motion. These images are similar to everyday life and human experiences; therefore, the conditions for a better understanding of these complex abstract concepts are provided for researchers.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the most prominent contemporary linguistic theories. This linguistic phenomenon rediscovers the connection between the function of language and the social and political contexts used in its context. The critical discourse approach examines the ways in which language in a two-way communication, on the one hand, creates social relations and, on the other hand, is formed in the context of these relations. Critical analysts analyze the structure of the text and then explain and interpret its results, examining the construction of texts and deciphering the ideologies underlying the context of text. Surah Al-Burooj is one of the special surahs of the Quran which has a discourse structure by constructing words and situational context and having educational goals. Today, critical discourse analysis has opened new horizons in religious-Quranic studies. This research intends to analyze and examine all the significant signs that exist in Surah Al-Buruj from the perspective of Norman Fairclough (1989) critical discourse analysis in three levels of description, explanation and interpretation by descriptive-analytical method.

 

 

Mohammad Shahrour’s Quranic research project seeks to establish an interaction between the Quran and human knowledge and mentality, and to separate the Quranic understanding from the boundaries of past readings and interpretations, which sometimes take on an aura of holiness and avoidance of criticism. The subject of inheritance and division of the deceased’s estate is stated in verse eleven of Surah An-Nisa. The understanding of the Quranic commentators and Muslims of this verse is based on the premise that the share of a son’s inheritance is twice as that of a daughter’s. But Mohammad Shahrour’s method of Quranic study, which is generally based on the analysis of linguistic signs in the context of the interpretation of the Quran, reveals a new and different understanding of this verse. According to this understanding, firstly, the verse is applied where the children of the deceased are a combination of daughters and sons. Secondly, there are three scenarios for the formula for dividing the inheritance, and only in one case is the share of inheritance of sons twice as the share of inheritance of daughters. This means that, firstly, we have two sets in the division of inheritance called the set of sons and the set of daughters, and if the children of the deceased are all daughters or all sons, the inheritance is divided equally among them. Secondly, the share of individuals in inheritance depends on the number of members of the female group and its ratio to the male group, for which the Quranic text has set three limits. Shahrour’s attitude in the field of Quranic studies, on the one hand, breaks down traditional thinking in this field, and on the other hand, states constructive solutions to solve the problems and challenges of advancing Quranic understanding.

Linguistic critique and techniques used in the translation of the novel "Al_layl Fi Nama'a" Abstract One of the cultural exchange ways in societies is the element of translation. Using linguistics and translation techniques brings about a fluent and understandable translation and also development of scientific, social, anthropological goals. Some translation tetechniques according to "Monila Valiber theory" include:adaptation, expansion,borrowing, copying, description,finding parallelism, substitution, transposition, allocation, etc. This research according to linguistic theories such as Roman Jacobson's (1959/114:2000) and translation techniques,has criticized the novel "Al_layl Fi Nama'a" complied by Zayd al_Shahid. During the translation, the translator has translated descriptive _ analytical concepts skillfully, but based on grammatical structures and similarities in some situations, which has lowered the literary value of the novel. The translator has mostly used direct interlingual translation or the word translation from one language to another. He has literalized some words and even has omitted some sentences whether willingly or not which is not consistent with the concept of the novel. Also the translator has used translation techniques incorrectly, rarely using indirect translation methods. This research examines the mentioned translation, according to linguistics theories, using translation techniques. It has replaced equivalents for some words and is spared from the defects of the novel to exhibit it profound. Keywords: "Linguistic Criticism"; "Translation Techniques"; "Al-Layl in Nima'a."

The sociology of literature, on the one hand, is related to sociology and, on the other hand, to literature. Artistic and literary works are the means for expressing the social issues because they are created in the context of social events. War is one of the events that changed the social, economic and cultural structure of both Iran and Palestine.In this regard, the authors have been able to create the remarkable works in the field of war literature. Regarding to this fact that this sociology in war novels has been less targeted by researchers, in this research, a descriptive-analytical approach is based on the American comparative school , the situation of the two lands of Iran and Palestine, in the two novels, Mehtab Guestby Farhad Hassanzadeh and Azras Amenehby Ibrahim Nasrolah, have been subject to the sociological analysis in order to depict the resilience of the people and their perseverance to defend their ideals. In the end, we concluded that the two authors, based on their global and social origins, have been able to reflect the social situation of the two societies in a desirable manner. Their difference is that the two authors have a different perspective on the war. Farhad Hassanzadeh has more and more to do with the negative effects of war and the most horrific scenes of warfare, while Ibrahim Nasrolah brings together bitter and sweet happenings, thus it is clarified that he has the intermediate view to war.

Considering the rationality and thoughtfulness of the Holy Qur'an, along with the advancement of rational and transcendental sciences in the light of the teachings of this noble book, literary scholarship has progressed significantly and has shown a remarkable achievement in Islamic civilization. This feature is not limited to Arabic literature, but also from other languages of the Muslim world, including Persian language and literature, in direct interaction with the Holy Qur'an, through which massive works of Quranic verses in Farsi have been written. In the last century, along with the advent of Western literature, Persian literature has also evolved and in the field of fiction literature, we have witnessed the emergence of newer styles, such as short stories and novels. Based on this, many writers of the field of contemporary fiction literature have been trying to reflect on their own talents and present a reflected glimpse of the verses of the Holy Qur'an in their works, each of which has been on its way up and down. One of these writers is Reza Amirkhani, who has paid attention to this issue in his work and, in most of his novels, has been reflecting a general overview of the Qur'anic values.

Awareness about eloquent points and their hidden meanings is of much importance in Quranic science, so much so that the scholars from early Islamic periods paid attention to it. They believed that eloquence is the foundation for understanding the Quranic meanings. This research aims to investigate the semantic significance of a rhetorical device called chiasmus. Application of this technique results in the replacement of part of the word or language chunk with another verbal chunk. As studying this figure of speech has been very difficult and involved complications, scholars have not paid much heed to it. But chiasmus plays an important role in understanding many Quranic verses. Some commentators, in spite of their mastery of Arabic language, have not been able to provide the true meaning of the verses in the holy book. The reason is that they did not pay sufficient attention o the deep meanings expressed through rhetorical devices. They also have not grasped the eloquent mysteries and miraculous character of the Quran, for they did not consider chiasmus, neither briefly nor elaborately. This study does not want to deal with the definitions of this device which can be found in books on rhetoric (e.g., Minhag al-Bulagha) but attempts to show the semantic and rhetorical consequences of this figure of speech in some Quranic verses, something which has not been dealt with in books on rhetoric. This is what is needed very much in order to get to many rhetorical beauties in the Holy Quran.