mohammad akbarzadeh

Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) is the strategy of reducing irrigation rates, during a specific period of growth and development, with the objective of conserving water and managing plant growth while maintaining or improving yield and quality. Partial root zone drying (PRD) is a possible irrigation technique that deliberately exposes the plant to water deficits to induce physiological responses that can improve the efficiency of water use. It involves irrigating only one part of the root zone in each irrigation event, leaving another part to dry to certain soil water content before rewetting by shifting irrigation to the dry side.
Various plants are different in economic efficiency of irrigation water used. Medicinal plants, as a collection of plants with high economic value, can produce more capital than other plants in terms of water scarcity. The objective of this study was to determine the response of peppermint yield components, oil yield, and water use efficiency to regulated deficit irrigation and partial root-zone drying in field condition.

Impacts of geopolitical consequences, along with political, social, economic, and security conflicts and tensions caused by the drying of lakes are indisputable. Awareness of the key beneficiaries and authorities in national, regional, and local levels, challenges and biological problems of the region of Azerbaijan and the consequences of this biological crisis can considerably affect the national security. Using descriptive-analytical methodology to detect the results of the lake drying, a questionnaire was designed by the authors and filled out by specialists. The SPSS software and one-sample T-test was used to analysis the results. The findings of this study are discussed in the following headlines:1- The threat of Salt Storms: The dryness of the lake causes sedimentation of salt sediments and the emergence of a suitable repository for the formation of dangerous micro-organisms in the event of severe storms. The salt storm phenomenon causes the destruction of agricultural lands and increase in diseases such as asthma, cancer, etc.
2- Poverty and unemployment: Considering that the villagers are poorer they do not have the necessary knowledge to deal with the hazards, their vulnerability is also higher. Reducing regional economic activity will increase in unemployment, reduce the income of indigenous people, and as a result, increase in poverty.
3- Immigration: The drying of Lake Urmia will destroy thousands hectares of agricultural lands around the lake, the smallest consequence is unemployment and migration of nearly 3 million peoples in the provinces of East and West Azerbaijan.
4- The closure of the Conversion Industry: With the destruction of agricultural lands in the lake Urmia due to the drying of deep wells in agricultural lands, 34 conversion factories were closed just in West Azerbaijan province and caused irreparable effects in all economic, industrial, social, and cultural domains, and will cause compulsory immigration of villagers and marginalization around the cities.
5- Severe damage to Tourism: The drying of Lake Urmia has worsened the tourism situation in the region. In addition to the natural environment, the drying of the Lake Urmia affects the economic and social environment of the region, in recent years, with the continuation of the ascending trend of the lake water decline, witnessed the destruction of housing estates, recreational and residential complexes, the destruction of coastal infrastructure, the unemployment of local residents, migration of residents of the villages on the margin of the lake, reduce of the tourists arrival, reduce of the incomes of the region from the tourism industry. With the drying of Lake Urmia water, investment in the lake's tourism sector has become difficult, and other marine tourism facilities in this area are not possible.
6- Outbreaks of Diseases: Comparative studies on the world's dry Lakes indicate that the prevalence of various diseases in this area is probably due to the drying of Lake Urmia. Other disadvantages include: Increasing infant mortality rates, low birth weight, late maturity, anemia, respiratory diseases, immune system damage, neurological and behavioral changes, and infectious disease. These studies also confirm the emergence of social anomalies, general distrust in government performance, the challenge of managing regional space and ethnic, tribal conflicts and marginalization. In this research, it became clear that the most important political security consequences of the Lake Urmia drying are as follows: increasing tribal conflicts, general distrust about government performance, challenge of managing area space, increasing marginalization, development of social anomalies, damage to national integration and development, reducing the national security coefficient, increasing poverty and inequality, strengthening opposition groups, threatening existence and weakening national power. Based on the results of the one-sample T-test, field studies and library information, the impacts of ethnic and tribal conflicts, reduction in welfare level of the surrounding residents, reduction in tourism statistics, public distrust in government activities, high unemployment rates, challenges in managing the regional issues, deprivation of living in one’s favorite place, marginalization, increase in social disorders, damaging national integration and development, decrease in national security rate, poverty and inequality, closure of alternant industries, reinforcement of groups opposing the Islamic Republic, threatening the national entity and country survival, and attenuation of the national power were confirmed.

Using native plants in landscape is an issue that has been neglected in the field of landscaping. Therefore, this research took place with the aim of examining the aesthetic aspect of the native tree plants of the Hyrcanian area. Field studies were carried out on 55 native tree species in 9 paths in Sari in the studied area for one year. These studies included recording appearance and aesthetic features. Registration of aesthetic features was done by observation of trees in nature and taking picture of various organs. Scoring was done according to the aesthetic indexes and then data were analyzed by SPSS software and the use of clustering method. Eventually, native tree species of the Hyrcanian region were classified based on aesthetic indexes. In the final stage, superior species was classified according to their application; finally 23 species were introduced as suitable species for street sights, 42 species for parks, 10 species for creation of productive landscapes, 19 species for use in making hinges and walls and 7 species for the margin of rivers and wet places. Summing up the results of this research, it can be concluded that, from the aesthetic point of view, some native Hyrcanian species are highly suitable for use in urban landscapes. Therefore, compatibility research for suggested species in urban environments is recommended.

Recent decades have witnessed the growing use of non-native plants in Iran while their use is very challenging and high-cost for the country. This raised a new approach in recent decades towards the use of native plants. Native species are precious because they possess the main ecological factors and they are already compatible with the region. Accordingly, this research was conducted to evaluate the species of woody plants that can be used in green space planning. The study focused on 55 tree species from 20 plant families in the research area. After evaluating the parameters that govern the aesthetic beauty of the studied plants in autumn, 27 tree species of Hyrcanian area were placed in the group of beautiful plants in terms of aesthetic criteria in autumn, 14 species were placed in the group of very beautiful trees, and 14 species were placed in the group of trees with average beauty. The final conclusion was that some species of Hyrcanian native trees can be used to beautify the urban landscape, especially in autumn, so it is recommended to do compatibility studies on the use of these species in urban landscape, especially in parks.

Secondary metabolites have great pharmaceutical value in medicine. This study evaluates the effect of alti-tude on the amount and variety of secondary metabolites in lavender plant from two sites located in Mazandaran prov-ince. Sampling was performed in a randomized design with three replications. After the plants were dried, essential oil was extracted by distillation. Isolation and identification of constituents of the oil were performed by gas chromato-graphy and gas chromatography connected to mass spectroscopy. The results of this research led to the identification of 22 (99.96% of the total constituents) and 24 (97.01% of the total constituents) constituents in Baladeh and Behshahr sa-mples, respectively. Characteristics constituents included Andoyorneol (22.36%), 1, 8 cineole (20.7%), camphor (8.69%), α-Cadinol (7.60%), Caryophyllene oxide (5.09%) and Propanol (18.4%) in Behshahr population samples and Borneol (26.78%), 1, 8 cineole (20.19%), camphor (9.59%), α-Cadinol (5.80%), caryophyllene oxide (4.99%) and pr-opanol (3.41%) in Baladeh population samples. The differences in the output and combination of the essential oils in-dicated that the environmental as well as genetic factors can affect the production and amounts of the chemical comp-ounds in medical plants. Therefore, medicinal plants should be cultured in proper areas based on the aim of cultivation and the desired type of active materials.

Hymenocrater calycinus (Boiss.) Benth. is belongs to Lamiaceae family as an medicinal plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which has been wild distributed in rocky, Juniperus woodland and Artemisia steppe habitats in North, North East, East and Central of Iran (150-2500 m). In this research to purpose of evaluated of quality and quantity of plant essential oil, the aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from three wild populations of Hymenocrater calycinus (Boiss.) Benth. (Baladeh paein, 1100 m; Baladeh bala, 1950 m and Orost, 1350 m) in Mazandaran province. Essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. A total of 56 compounds were identified in the essential oils of all H. calycinus populations. Most components of the plant were identified in the Baladeh bala site (37 compounds), while the highest yields was observed in the Orost site (1.27%). Hexadecanoic acid, spathulenol and 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone were the main components of essential oils in all three regions.

In consideration of physical and chemical properties of pure substances, speed of sound is one of important quantity which can used to calculate many of other thermo-physical properties such as isothermal compressibility, Joule-Thomson coefficient, isobaric heat capacity and etc. These thermo-physical properties are the main parameters in industrial and chemical processes. Development of accurate models for thermodynamic properties computation such as speed of sound is well expected above all in those fields where very high performance calculations have to be reached. In this present work, a new generalized model as a function of reduced temperature and reduced density is proposed to correlate speed of sound of methane, ethane, propane and butane halogenated refrigerants. Speed of sounds have been calculated and compared with data reported in literatures for 5600 data points of 28 refrigerants, and the overall average absolute percentage deviation of 0.92%. The source of speed of sound data used in this study is the NIST Chemistry WebBook.

The composition of the essential oils of Teucrium chamaedrys L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae, It is growing wild in the margin of mountainous roads of arid and cold climate of north Iran. In this research, essential oils of Teucrium chamaedrys L., extracted and measured at the different location by different methods of distillation and then were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Investigation and comparision on essential oil constituents of herbs were collected from three localities (Chalus, Galoogah and Gadook). The essential oil yieldat the different location from Chalus by water distillation (Clavanger) were (0.06%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were (0.28%), and by steam distillation were (0.04%), the essential oil yield at the different location from Galoogah by water distillation (Clavanger) were (0.06%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were (0.05%), and by steam distillation were (0.09%), the essential oil yield at the different location from Gadook by water distillation (Clavanger) were (0.2%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were (0.16%), and by steam distillation were (0.08%), respectively. Major component identificated in sample from Chalus by water distillation (Clavanger) were α- cadinene (15.4%), Z- β-farnesene 9.6%),1-eicosene (8.2%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were 1-eicosene (12.8%), α- cadinene (6.3%), benzyl salicylate (5.9%), and by steam distillation were cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (10.9%), (E,Z)-farnesol (10.3%), benzyl salicylate (8.3%). Major component identificated in sample from Galoogah by water distillation (Clavanger) were E- α-farnesene (22.9%), α- calacorene (20.2%), α- murrolene (8.0%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were α- cadinene (30%), E-β- caryophyllene (23.5%), E- α farnesene (7.2%), and by steam distillation were E- α-farnesene (18.4%), 1-eicosene (15.2%), benzyl salicylate 10%).Major component identificated in sample from Gadook by water distillation (Clavanger) were α- murrolene (12%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (11.3%), methyl decanoate (8.9%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were α- murrolene (8.7%), n- heptadecane (7.9%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (7.2%), and by steam distillation were α- murrolene (14.4%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (11.3%), E- α-farnesene (9.6%), respectively.

Rangelands are one of the major sources of forage production in the country and in addition to its effects on the production of livestock products, a large population is dependent on rangelands because of animal husbandry. Since the government applies management on rangelands through range management plans, therefore, in this study, direct and indirect effects of management variables on range condition and trend as well as rangeland production were investigated by selecting three range management plans at three levels of successful, moderately successful and unsuccessful in Kerman, Kermanshah, Mazandaran, Khorasan Razavi and West Azarbaijan provinces. Management variables were included as follows: the accuracy of rangeland and livestock data, project compatibility with natural conditions, beneficiarie's conditions, funding and the capabilities of human resources, predicting the executive and beneficiarie's obligations, executive calendar, and active supervisors. According to the results of rank correlation by Spearman, variables of range condition and trend as well as rangeland production had a high rank correlation together.According to the results of path analysis, variables including the accuracy of rangeland data, project compatibility with the capabilities of human resources, predicting the executive obligations, active supervisors, and beneficiarie's obligations were the factors which improved range condition and trend as well as rangeland production. Due to the negative impact of variables including project compatibility with funding, project compatibility with beneficiarie's conditions, and executive calendar on range condition and trend as well as rangeland production, these variables must be revised and their function need be evaluated. In addition, it is emphasized that greater sensitivity is required in planning for the future due to the negative effect of these variables. Other variables had no favorable or negative effect directly; however, they affected range condition and range trend as well as rangeland production indirectly.

Tobacco Sore Shin disease، Rhizoctonia solani is one of the important agent with worldwide and causes yield losses in tobacco growing countries. This research has conducted with two targets، the study of antifungal activity of plant extracts on this pathogen and screened the best solvent to extract. In this study، crude extracts of 9 plant species including: Catmint (Nepeta Cataria)، tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)، thyme (Thymus pubescens)، Fennel (Foeniculum vulgar)، Nepeta (Mentha pulegium)، hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)، Blam (Melissa angustifolious)، Salvia (Salvia verticilata) and Badrashbi (Dracocephalum kotschyi) by using solvents، water، acetone، hexane، ethanol، and methanol were obtained. Antifungal activity of this compound، were tested using poisoned food method with concenterations of 0. 1000 and 2000 ppm invitro landifious. Results indicated that crude extracts of Tobacco، Catmint، Thyme، Fennel، Hyssop and badrashbi have remarkable antifungal activity. Methanol was the best solvent to extract these compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentration of methanol extract of Tobacco، Catmint، Thyme، Fennel، badrashbi، and Hyssop were equal to 1. 5، 1. 5، 2، 3، 3، and 2. 5 mg/ml، respectively when on this fungal pathogens. Therefore، it is likely possible to use plant extracts of these plants، especially N. cataria، N. tabacum and T. pubescens، for the control of tobacco sore shine disease.

The composition of the essential oils of Teucrium chamaedrys L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae, It is growing wild in the margin of mountainous roads of arid and cold climate of north Iran. In this research, essential oils of T. chamaedrys, extracted and measured at the different location by different methods of distillation and then were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Investigation and comparison on essential oil constituents of herbs were collected from three localities (Chalus, Galoogah and Gadook). The essential oil yield at the different location from Chalus by water distillation (Clevenger) were (0.06%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were (0.28%), and by steam distillation were (0.04%), the essential oil yield at the different location from Galoogah by water distillation (Clevenger) were (0.06%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were (0.05%), and by steam distillation were (0.09%), the essential oil yield at the different location from Gadook by water distillation (Clevenger) were (0.2%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were (0.16%), and by steam distillation were (0.08%), respectively. Major component identificated in sample from Chalus by water distillation (Clevenger) were α- cadinene (15.4%), Z- β-farnesene 9.6%),1-eicosene (8.2%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were 1-eicosene (12.8%), α- cadinene 6.3%), benzyl salicylate (5.9%), and by steam distillation were cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (10.9%), (E,Z) farnesol (10.3%), benzyl salicylate (8.3%). Major component identificated in sample from Galoogah by water distillation (Clevenger) were E- α-farnesene (22.9%), α- calacorene (20.2%), α- murrolene (8.0%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were α- cadinene (30%), E-β- caryophyllene (23.5%), E- α-farnesene 7.2%), and by steam distillation were E- α-farnesene (18.4%), 1-eicosene (15.2%), benzyl salicylate 10%).Major component identificated in sample from Gadook by water distillation (Clevenger) were α- murrolene 12%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (11.3%), methyl decanoate (8.9%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were α- murrolene (8.7%), n- heptadecane (7.9%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (7.2%), and by steam distillation were α- murrolene (14.4%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (11.3%), E- α-farnesene (9.6%), respectively.

Prostate cancer is one of the most widespread cancers in men and is fundamentally a genetic disease. Identifying regulators in cancer using novel systems biology approaches will potentially lead to new insight into this disease. It was sought to address this by inferring gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Moreover, dynamicalanalysis of GRNs can explain how regulators change among different conditions, suchas cancer subtypes. In our approach, independent gene regulatory networks from each prostate state were reconstructed using one of the current state-of-art reverse engineering approaches. Next, crucial genes involved in this cancer were highlighted by analyzing each network individually and also in comparison with each other. In this paper, a novel network-based approach was introduced to find critical transcription factors involved in prostate cancer. The results led to detection of 38 essential transcription factors based on hub type variation. Additionally, experimentalevidence was found for 29 of them as well as 9 new transcription factors. The results showed that dynamical analysis of biological networks may provide useful information to gain better understanding of the cell.

Prostate cancer is a serious genetic disease known as the first widespread cancer in men, yet the molecular changes required for the cancer progression is not fully understood. Availability of high-throughput gene expression data has led to the development of various computational methods for the identification of critical genes involved in the cancer.In this paper, we show that constructing co-expression networks using Y-chromosome genes provides an alternative strategy for detection of new candidate may involve in prostate cancer. In our approach, we constructed independent co-expression networks from normal and cancerous stages using an engineering approach. We next highlighted crucial genes involved in the prostate cancer by analyzing networks based on party and date hubs.Our results led to the detection of 19 critical genes related to prostate cancer which 12 of them were previously shown to be involved in this cancer. Also, essential Y chromosome genes were searched based on reconstruction of sub-networks which led to the identification of 4 experimentally established as well as 4 new Y chromosome genes may be linked putatively to prostate cancer.Correct inference of master genes whose mediate molecular changes during cancer progression is one of the major challenges in cancer genomics. In this paper, we show the role of Y chromosome genes in finding of prostate cancer susceptibility genes. Application of our approach to the prostate cancer has led to the establishment of the previous knowledge about this cancer as well as prediction of other new genes.

Juniperus sabina L. is normally low shrub with procumbent or obliquely ascending branches, or rarely a small tree to about 4 m, monoecious or dioecious. Juniperus sabina L. is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine as an abortive. Its lignanes  have antineoplastic and antiviral activity, and also essential oil of Juniperus sabina L. has shown antibacterial and antifungal activity. The aim of this research is to extract and measure the chemical compounds of essential oils  of fruits and aerial parts of the plant Juniperus sabina L. which are collected from the  North Highlands located in the Mazandaran province. In this study, the components of Juniperus sabina L. (fruits and aerial parts),  after extraction essential oils by Clevenger apparatus, their compounds were analysed and identified by GC/MS. Essential oils from fruits of the Juniperus sabina L., were shown 27 compounds that the Sabinene in 50.31% maximum, and α-Thujene with 0.32% were the lowest amounts in the oils. While the essential oils from aerial parts of Juniperus sabina L. 40 compounds were identified, that Sabinene by 36.59% was the highest amount and α-Thujene by 0.11%  has at the lowest percentage.

Medicinal plante Borazambol with the scientific name of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It is growing wild in the margin of mountainous roads of arid and cold climate of north Iran. It is for a long time that indigenous people by different methods in traditional medicine use its products in preventing and curing diseases. In this research, essential oils of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel, extracted and measured at the time of flowering stage and vegetative stage by different methods of distillation and then were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield at vegetative stage with hydro-distillation was 2.2 , water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) 5.7% and steam distillation 2.5%, respectively. Major component identificated by water distillation (Clavanger) were α- terpineol (32%), n-octanol (22.5%), myrcene 7.2%), and by water and water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were α- terpineol (30.3%), n-octanol (20.1%), myrcene (7.2%), and by steam distillation were α- terpineol (26.2%), n-octanol (17.4%), n-pentadecane 8.2%). The essential oil yield at flowering stage with hydro-distillation was 1.9%, water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) 1.5% and steam distillation 1%, respectively. Major component identificated by water distillation (Clavanger) were n-octanol (23.3%); α- terpineol (21.9%) and (Z)-β- ocimene (15.5%), and by water and steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were α- terpineol (19.9%), n-octanol (19.9%), (Z)-β- ocimene (13.6%), and by steam distillation were n-octanol (16.6%), α- terpineol (15.3%), and (Z)-β- ocimene (13.5%).

Fungal soilborne pathogens of tobacco are important phytopathogens distributed worldwide and can cause yield losses in tobacco growing countries. The managment of fungal soilborne pathogens are accomplished using chemical pesticides, crop rotation, resistant varieties, biological control, plant extracts and oils, etc. Application of plant extracts is preferable for management of this disease because chemical pesticides are expensive and pollute the environment. In order to evaluate in vitro inhibitory effects of some medicinal plant extracts on growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of tobacco collar rot, and selection a suitable extract solvent, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on a completely randomized design with five replications in Tirtash Research and Education Center laboratory in 2012. Factors were crude extracts at nine levels (extracts of nine plant species), solvent at five levels (water, acetone, hexzan, ethanol and methanol) and cocentration at three levels (0, 1000 and 2000 ppm). The minimum inhibitory concentration of each extract was determined by agar diffusion method. Results indicated remarkable antifungal activity of crude extracts of tobacco, catmint, thyme, fennel, hyssop and badrashbi on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Methanol was the best solvent to extract antifungal compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentration of methanol extract of tobacco, catmint, thyme, fennel, badrashbi and hyssop were equal to 1.5, 1.5, 2, 3, 3, and 2.5 mg.ml-1, respectively.

Aut-ecological studies provide basic and essential information for rangeland and ecosystem management. Aut-ecological study of a range plant named Lolium rigidum was accomplished in Mazandaran province. Geographical distribution, phenology, co-occurring species, dryness index, physicochemical soil parameters, climatical studies and other effective environmental factors on distribution of this species including altitudinal modifications in nine ecological sites in Mazandaran province were investigated. Correlation between quantitative plant vegetation, soil and climatic characters of each location was evaluated by Pearson correlation index. The results showed that favorite elevation for this species is between -22 to 1700 meters above sea level. The studied plants grew with higher frequency in diverse environments such as road sides and the irrigation canals. This species is resistant to cold and harsh condition of alpine habitats. Results showed that due to the wide compatibility with edaphic and climatic conditions, Lolium perenne could be found in different regions.