mohammad azimzadeh arani

Since the 1980s, the emergence of regulatory literature within network industries, particularly the energy sector, has introduced a distinct "regulatory" level alongside traditional policy-making and service provision functions. Following the enactment of the Law for the Implementation of the General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, specifically Article 59 pertaining to sectoral regulatory bodies, a framework for regulatory agencies was established within Iran's legal structure. This paper employs an analytical-descriptive methodology, utilizing document analysis, particularly legislation related to the oil and gas industry, to investigate the role of regulation within this sector. The study explores the challenges encountered in establishing an effective regulatory framework and subsequently proposes a policy solution. Findings indicate that, despite efforts to separate policy-making and regulatory functions from service provision following the Islamic Revolution, the Ministry of Petroleum continues to retain significant authority over both domains. Attempts to establish an independent regulatory body within the oil and gas industry have thus far been unsuccessful. Key challenges identified include: (a) insufficient attention to the gradual process of regulatory institution formation within the Iranian context; (b) the absence of a clear mechanism for transitioning regulatory responsibilities from the ministry to independent agencies; and (c) the creation of regulatory bodies within the energy sector without concomitant amendments to fundamental legislation. To address these challenges, this research proposes the initial establishment of an advisory regulatory institution as a crucial first step.

With the introduction of knowledge-based economy as a new form of economic development model, we have witnessed the publication of many books and research papers in recent years. One of these works is the book Knowledge-Based Economics: Basics, Concepts, Methodology, which was recently published, and this article introduces and reviews its content. In terms of content, according to the authors' emphasis on the importance of tacit knowledge and placing it in the focus of discussions, their approach to the knowledge-based economy can be considered evolutionary, and also considering the emphasis on institutions for the foundation of the knowledge-based economy, their analytical framework is institutional economics. The book is comprehensive, but it is not completely consistent with the selected title in which the methodology is mentioned. Also, while the theories rely on statistical evidence, the oldness of the presented statistics makes it necessary to update the sources and reports used. There is no room for different views on the knowledge-based economy and the discussion about the complexities of intellectual property rights in the book. But in general, the book has been able to present the fundamentals and concepts of a knowledge-based economy to the audience in clear and simple language.

Designing business models based on value-added creation through connecting customers in different markets due to network and spillover effects is important, because of improving social services, job creation, and development of communication technologies. In recent years and due to the development of digital technologies, data-driven platforms as a ground for interaction between different groups in multisided markets have experienced significant growth. So, the primary question of the research is that concerning several challenges of platform development, what policy changes can be suggested for the development of multisided markets’ activity in Iran? So, a qualitative research Method based on semi-structured interviews has been used for data collection and theme-oriented content analysis. In this article, five integrating themes include designing protection and security patterns, organizing the competition and determining monopoly conditions, structuring the juridical model for crimes in platforms, licensing and regulation, and supporting financial and commercial systems are designed and suitable policies for multisided markets in Iran is provided.

Natural monopoly’ characteristic of network gas industry as well as some other features such as demand, supply and pricing have resulted to fail this market. As a result of market failure, privatizing this industry without institutions and instruments of regulatory will lead to anti-competitive behavior, such as Abuse of dominant position and monopoly status.
This article is done by analytical- descriptive method in two sections. In the first section, Principles, nature and instruments of regulatory and Experiences of the United States of America will be examined. The second section is allocated to the evaluating of regulation in Iran’s gas industry. The results of this research show that Despite the Codification of instruments of regulation in the economy, yet these instruments have not been used in Iran's gas industry and All value chain of this industry have been monopolized by government.
gas industry, Iran's gas market, market failure, competitive markets, noncompetitive markets.

Today, because of market failure in market–based economies, government regulation through regulatory bodies is vital. Rail transportation industry like other network industries has faced market failure because of its properties such as natural monopoly, nature of its multi-product activity, the specific role of rail infrastructure and externalities. Thus, this industry needs to be monitored by the regulatory bodies. This article is prepared by analytical-descriptive method in two parts. In the first part, principles, nature and instruments of regulation are examined and their position in rail transportation industry, especially in Iran, is addressed in the second part. The results show that the regulatory instruments are divided into competition laws and sectoral regulation which are related to competitive and noncompetitive markets respectively and they have separate function to each other. In Rail transportation industry, the infrastructure sector due to its natural monopoly is noncompetitive and the operating sector is competitive. In Iran, although significant steps have been taken to separate competitive and noncompetitive sectors as a law of free access to the rail network was passed but The Railways of I.R.I Company as the regulator of this industry is faced with serious challenges such as lack of independence, lack of appropriate mechanism for accountability and overlapping functions with other governmental bodies.

The Regulatory Economics concept has been closely associated with the concept of competition and this relationship has been highlighted during recent decades. Today, Regulation and competition have inseparable relationship with each other in the economy, so that sometimes the " regulation for competition " methods are used in the market to indicate that the regulator is required to compete in the current economic environment. The main issue of this paper is the comparative analysis of the regulatory economics concept between Islamic and conventional economics with regard to competition law. The nature of competition law is considered as a theoretical framework.
This study was conducted with the comparative-analytical approach. The findings show that conventional economics schools such as the classical and Chicago schools only consider the efficiency of competition law while Islamic scholars believe other factors moreover the efficiency. In fact, the study of Hesbe as a regulatory body indicate that this institution is responsible for economic and non-economic objectives. Therefore, the regulatory nature has a significant difference in Islamic economics and other schools.

Money and its effects on and from real variables are the key issues in macroeconomics. Many studies have been accomplished for investigating the interaction between money and real sectors. The over-parameterization is the vital problem in Vector Autoregression Models. This problem is appeared more seriously in the cases of data restriction and lack of adequate observations (such as IRAN) and deviate the predictions. Thus we should look for a way for decreasing the number of parameters and restricting the model. The Bayesian approach is a good way for this purpose. This article addresses the effects of monetary shocks on the key variables of macro economy such as GDP and price general level. According to the tests carried out, the SSVS prior is more suitable in BVAR model. By calculating the posterior function we compute the Impulse Response Function. According to IRFs a monetary shock tends to the increase of GDP and price level. But the response of price level is relatively more rapid and more persistent. Hence, however using an expansionary monetary policy tends to the increase of GDP in short-run, but its inflationary cost causes a continuous and long-run increasing of price level.