فهرست مطالب mohammad bahmani

The necessity of compensation for the damage caused in the field of civil responsibility is a certain thing, which includes governments, and often this responsibility and its consequences appear in war issues and the like. In this regard, the question is raised as to how the legal system of paying compensation to war victims should compensate their losses. The hypothesis of the upcoming article is that the payment of compensation, which is an issue in civil rights, is based on the discussion of justice in advance, and the payment of compensation and compensation is made after that. For this reason, this research has analyzed the concept of justice and its impact on the legal system in a comparative way, and has selected two case studies of Iran and the United States. The findings of the research have shown that although the legal systems of Iran and the United States, according to their own principles of justice, pay compensation and compensate the injured, but in the code of justice for determining damages, some parts of American law overlap with the discussion of diat, but some parts of it are relative It is fluid and unstable to social and economic developments. Descriptive-analytical research method, comparative approach, and library and documentary data collection method.

Peaceful settlement of disputes is one of the great achievements of human civilization and we are the heirs of this precious and valuable heritage. The New York Convention with the main and fundamental issue of recognition and enforcement of agreements and foreign arbitration awards is the result of the aforementioned legacy, which has remained popular for 60 years and its fundamental mission is to standardize the laws and procedures of recognition and Sees the implementation of arbitration decisions and agreements. According to paragraphs a and b of paragraph 2 of article 5 of this convention, respectively, arbitrability and public order are among the obstacles to the recognition and implementation of issued decisions, which the courts can refer to. These predicted criteria, whose mission is to support and protect the basic principles and standards of the rights and values of each country, and which are considered to be among the judicial supervision of the country that recognizes and enforces the decision, are closely related to each other, and it is assumed that each Multiple arbitrability and the impossibility of referring some specific cases to arbitration have been formed based on the general order of the countries, although they have common roots, they are distinct from each other and they are different from each other. The effort of this article will be to focus on explaining this importance and specifying the limits and boundaries of these criteria and obstacles to identifying and implementing foreign arbitration awards.

Technology development has created a change in the nature of the documents, and today a new form of documents called electronic documents has emerged, plus the traditional system registration system has replaced electronic registration, which can have many works. This transformation is visible in various legal systems, including the civil law legal system and the common law legal system. Accordingly, in this article we will examine the terms and effects of electronic registration of documents and real estate in the Iranian, French, UK and US law system.

This article is written in an analytical-analytical method.

Although the document has a long history, it has evolved with the advancement of document registration technology and today there is a new form of registration called electronic registration. The use of new communication methods and new communication and information technologies for recording documents is called electronic document recording.The electronic registration of documents has some effects, including the validity of the contents of electronic documents, the validity of electronic evidence against individuals, the necessity of the execution of an electronic official document, its enforcement effect in judicial authorities and de-judgment. Registration of documents in the English legal system has a long history and electronic registration of documents has also taken a new form using blockchain technology. In English law, the principle is that all immovable properties can be registered by private individuals, unless these properties belong to the Queen or are considered public properties like national parks, mountains, forests, etc. If a property is not registered in England, but is sold, or comes to the owner through a gift or will, or the owner mortgages it, in this case, the property must be first registered, and to prove the applicant's ownership, documents such as a purchase deed must be submitted. The property should be presented. In this system, as in Iran's legal system, in case of presenting a claim contrary to the presentation of a normal document, what is important is the record of the document's registration, and contrary claims cannot be made. In Iran, the electronic registration and filing of documents has been established since 2005, and in the United States, since 2017, the electronic registration system of transaction documents in the United States has evolved with the emergence of smart contracts.

Several types of steel-framed structures now require seismic retrofitting as a result of changes in their usage or modifications in seismic codes. During the last two decades, viscous dampers have been widely used for seismic rehabilitation of buildings because of their ease of application and significant reductions in structural response. The main objective of this research is to present a new comprehensive design process for seismic rehabilitation with non-linear viscous dampers and to introduce the concept of Optimal Retrofit Level (ORL) to control steel buildings. In this article, the inter-story drift as an important parameter of structural response is employed to estimate the failure cost and determine the limit state. Three-, nine- and twenty-story benchmark buildings are used to evaluate the proposed methodology. These buildings have considerably different dynamic properties. The earthquake records corresponding to three levels of seismic hazard are also applied for time-history analysis in order to investigate the trustworthiness of results obtained for zones with different seismicity. The numerical results indicate that the suggested method is able to drop lifecycle costs and creat an equilibrium between rehabilitation costs and failure costs after seismic rehabilitation.

In general, permission has a logical and conceptual appearance and can be appeared and shown in different ways. The basis of scholars has always been that if a person gives permission in a matter, he also authorizes the person in the tools and functions of that permission, and these tools of permission are not specified between the permission and the permitted person, but based on reason, this perception is created for the permitted person. There are factors in obligations that explicitly and implicitly limit it. Therefore, the purpose of this study is that permission and its functions can limit the obligation as a component, and this question is also raised as to how and to what extent the limitation is. Via examining a the descriptive-analytical method in jurisprudential and legal texts, permission is used as a component in obligations, and its tools and functions implicitly change the limits of the obligation and cause the increase, decrease, or cancellation of the obligation. Considering the past and present, no significant definition of permission has been seen in jurisprudence and law, and its legal nature has been a point of dispute and has been divided in different ways. In addition to the fact that permission has an explicit effect on the limits of the obligations, it is also implicitly effective and changes the limits of the permitted person’s obligations, and in some cases, in addition to the illegal possession, it will also have the effect of removing the guarantee. Therefore, the functions of permission are not merely limited to permission or permission in a legal event, but also in legal actions, and based on that, the limits of the obligation can be specified and determined, and the effect of possession can be considered useful. However, regarding the negation of the guarantee resulting from it, there are differences in different branches of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and law.

In obligations, there are factors that can delimit it and cause it to change or void. good faith is one of the elements that can make a difference. In French law, previously, good faith was considered effective merely in the performance of the obligation, but by amending its law in 2016, it extended it to pre-commitment negotiations and the creation of an obligation. Goodwill has been used in both general and specific meanings. The effects of that in delimiting obligations are different in the general and specific sense. Goodwill works in the general sense appear in the role of mistake, and in this regard, the laws of Iran and France have similarities and differences other And in a special sense, it is crystallized as a lack of information or dishonesty in behavior in this regard, Iran's rights do not have a common path with France and in some cases, it is not even recognized.

In this paper, the quantile autoregressive time series model is introduce and then the model parameters are estimated using the Stochastic EM algorithm, which is an iterative method to compute maximum likelihood estimates. The likelihood function for the quantile autoregressive model is constructed based on the asymmetric Laplace distribution and a scale mixture representation of this distribution is used to estimate the model parameters via Stochastic EM algorithm.The efficiency and application of the proposed method are illustrated by some simulation studies and analyzing a real dataset.

There are some factors that can pose limit before the performance of obligations and cause obligation to be changed or terminated at all. These factors can have legal or voluntary origins, each of which can be explicit or implicit. Among the factors of administrative origin are the conditions of construction or collusion that can change the obligation. The parties to the obligation in this condition agree to the obligation before or during the contract and make the obligation based on it. The masonry condition without an obligatory statement can be based on the implicit will to change the limits and this can be either increasing or decreasing the obligation and is applicable in property and related rights of individuals and can be an obligation committed to the development and/ or reduce and finally, if not committed to it, could cause the termination or invalidity of the obligation by the parties.

The development of technology has changed the nature of documents. In addition, the traditional document registration system has given way to electronic registration. Based on this, what are the purposes of electronic document registration? And can electronic document registration prevent forgery? The present study has been done in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection by documentary method and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically. Electronic documents and their registration in a national system that has a set of owner specifications , Property, national ID and postal code, display of cadastral map and aerial map of the property collected in this system and their completion in a database that is available online, is one of the features of electronic registration of documents. Electronic registration Documents are made for two purposes - legal - judicial and economic. Electronic registration of documents can also have different effects in the criminal and non-criminal field. One of the effects of electronic registration of forgery prevention documents is that the legislative approach in this field focuses on criminal prevention. But social prevention can also include education-based measures and the use of social media, and of course, given the change in the nature of cybercrime, it is necessary to think about effective measures in the field of prevention.

The most important form of structural ductility, known as global ductility, depends on the base shear force and the displacement of the roof of the structure. If the global ductility of the structure can be calculated by local ductility, the volume of calculations will be significantly reduced. Therefore, it is logical to obtain an acceptable estimate of these two requirements using a simple method during the seismic design process of the building. In this paper, using a database consisting of 12,960 structural frames with 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 20 floors, 3 types of column stiffness and 3 degrees of bracing slenderness and using the advantages of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms present an empirical relationship between global and local ductility. All models have been analyzed under 20 pulse-like near-fault earthquakes considering 4 different performance levels. The results of validation show 81.26% and 69.07% correlation of the proposed relationships from PSO and SA algorithms. Therefore, the coefficients obtained from the particle swarm algorithm were introduced as the final result to apply in the proposed relation the coefficient of behavior of divergently braced steel structures. A comparison of the structural deformation demands resulting from the proposed relationships and an analysis of time history, confirm the existence of an acceptable agreement.

During the recent two decades, many structures have become in need for seismic retrofit due to changes in either requirements of relevant seismic codes or the building usage. Viscous dampers are increasingly employed for seismically retrofitting various structures thanks to their easy installation and minimum intervention into the existing structure while significantly improving the seismic performance of the building. The main objective of this paper is to present a new design procedure for the evaluation of probabilistic seismicity of steel structures equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers. For this purpose, numerical investigation was conducted on, as benchmark structures, three steel-made moment-resistant frames with 3, 9, and 20 stories. Due to significant differences in their dynamic characteristics, these three structures represented low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise buildings, respectively. Nonlinear time history analysis was performed using two near-field and two far-field accelerograms at various intensities (making up a total of 10 accelerograms). Moreover, nondimensional analysis was done to evaluate the uncertainties associated with velocity exponent of the nonlinear viscous dampers. Next, probabilistic estimation of damages occurred to the benchmark structures was performed and the effect of the uncertainty associated with the dimensionless power intensity of the damper on the seismic response of the structure. Investigating the results of the seismic analysis for viscous dampers at power intensities of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4, it was found that although the seismic retrofit had significantly improved the seismic performance in all model structures but the proposed design procedure was more effective in the retrofitted high-rise structures at the power intensity of 0.4.

Using control devices to enhance system identification and damage detection in a structure requiring both vibration control and structural health monitoring is an interesting yet practical topic. In recent decades several independent research studies have been conducted on the semi-active vibration control and health monitoring of the civil structures subjected to earthquakes, whereas both require similar software. Therefore, where there is a need for both vibration control and health monitoring systems in a building structure, integrating both systems using common equipment would be economical. Application of the viscous dampers for control of buildings, due to their proper seismic performance, lack of significant increase in the structural mass, and least interference with the present situation of the building is rapidly increasing. For this reason, the main goal of this research is to present a new integrated procedure for simultaneous health monitoring and semi-active control of the building structure using the viscous dampers with variable damping coefficients. Next, a scheme is presented for updating the building characteristic matrices and identifying the structural parameters. Finally, according to the updated system matrices, the efficiency of semi-active viscous dampers is investigated. For this purpose, a linear quadratic regulator optimal control algorithm is used for a building subjected to seismic excitations. The results show that the structural parameters are accurately identified; and, at the same time, the building structural vibration is significantly reduced.

The fragility curves are used to indicate the probability of damage to buildings during the earthquakes with different intensities. The main objective of this study is to present a new design procedure for exploring the effectiveness of using viscous dampers in the seismic rehabilitation of steel structures using the seismic fragility analysis. In addition, a straightforward formula is presented to determine the effectiveness of seismic rehabilitation of steel structures with viscous dampers. The inter-story drift as one of the effective parameters for assessing the safety of buildings after an earthquake is used in this study as a damage index. To compare the damage probability of buildings with and without damper, three 3, 9 and 20-story benchmark buildings are used. Furthermore, the earthquake records corresponding to three levels of seismic hazard are used for the nonlinear dynamic analysis. Comparison of the fragility curves between the steel structures controlled and the buildings without the damper shows a significant decrease in the damage probability after the rehabilitation with the viscous dampers. The results of numerical analysis showed that although seismic rehabilitation in all benchmark buildings led to the improved seismic performance, the decrease in the response of the 9-story structure is higher compared to the other buildings.

Inflation expectations as one of the factors influencing inflation formation plays a decisive role in economic policy. Decision making and decision making in relation to issues such as consumption, savings, production, investment, the choice of asset portfolios, wages, exchange rates and interest rates are all shaped by inflationary expectations.In this study, the problem of formation of inflationary expectations among capital market participants in laboratory space using Z-tree software has been studied. To this end, Taylor's expanded rule first examined the central bank's behavior toward inflationary depreciation and estimated the Bank's central counterpart effect. The average inflation expectations of the participants in this experiment was 14.12%. Based on the results of this study, at a significant level, 95% of 34.7% of participants in this experiment formed their expectations based on the rational expectation pattern, 22.1% of individuals based on the matching pattern of expectations and 43.2% based on learning models. Therefore, monetary authorities, with the knowledge of how the formation of inflationary expectations among capital market participants can be appropriate policies, in line with the direction of existing liquidity towards the capital market, which controls inflation and prevents the movement of liquidity in the community towards the foreign exchange market and gold To adopt.

This study presents application of a new methodology to determine the characteristics of nonlinear viscous dampers (NLVDs). It also determines the optimum retrofitting level (ORL), by providing a novel and straightforward formulation without complex calculations. Inter-story drift ratio is considered as the effective parameter to calculate the failure cost of structures and to define limit states. To determine the ORL in low, medium and high-rise steel structures, three benchmark structures with different dynamic characteristics are studied. In addition, to validate the results in different zones with various seismic hazard levels, earthquake records representing three earthquake hazard levels are used in time history analysis. Based on the numerical results from nonlinear time history analyses, this comprehensive design procedure can be efficiently used to make seismic design of steel buildings with NLVDs, thereby meeting structural performance targets for any earthquake record at any intensity. Notably, use of the comprehensive design procedure reduces inter-story drift ratio to less than 0.7 in most building stories, suggesting that the building remains in immediate occupancy state under the applied earthquake records. Further, it can efficiently reduce the life-cycle costs and establish balance between the retrofit costs and failure reduction costs once structural retrofitting is performed.

Present study aimed to enhance resistance to drought stress Calotrope Seedlings Using AMF is conducted under greenhouse conditions for six months. So an experiment with two levels of inoculum (Control and AMF) and six levels of water stress (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days irrigation interval) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was formed. The highest percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in seedlings under drought 3 days was showed at a rate of 43 percent. The rate of photosynthesis and transpiration in plants 9.06 and 0.35 respectively that with increasing intensity of drought has resulted in a reduction parameters. N concentration in leaves and roots of the seedlings were inoculated and control showed significant differences in stress levels. Water use efficiency amount is 0.55 under drought stress 6-day mycorrhizal fungi inoculation was observed. Results of this study indicated that, with regard to the role of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Enhance and facilitate the uptake of water and elements of the nutritional, increasing the volume of the roots, creating root colonization and improvement of physiological variables interval of drought to 9 days.

This study aimed to investigate the tolerance to salinity of Calotropis seedlings inoculated with the bacterium Pseudomonas Putida was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Treatments, six levels salinity stress factor with sodium chloride salt (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ds/m) and two level inoculation factor (control and bacterium) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was designed. Result showed that salinity more than 15ds/m, non-inoculation bacterium seedlings were dried. However, bacterium inoculated seedlings in 15 and 25ds/m salinity level respectively more than 50% and 38% their survival maintained. In non-salinity condition, height, root area, fresh and dry weight of seedling, respectively 2.59, 40.35, 38.05 and 31.89 percentage increase in the bacterium inoculated seedlings compared to non-inoculated was observed. In most salinity level until 15 ds/m of Inoculated seedlings, rate of photosynthesis and chlorophyll significantly increased as well as transpiration rate decreased. But electrolyte leakage did not any difference. So concentration of nitrogen, potassium and potassium to sodium of leaves bacterium seedlings compared to control were increased while sodium of leaves decreased. Overall, this research revealed that Seedlings inoculated to PGPB pseudomonas until moderate level of salinity specially 15 ds/m has provided most optimal performance and efficiency. Hence, using of this bacterium as a new biotechnologic approach could be suggested for Inoculation seedlings this species in reclamation of saline lands and production of its seedlings in nurseries with salty soils.

In this study, the effect of different doses of gamma radiation was investigated on seed germination factors of Caper species. Gamma irradiation was performed using a cobalt-60 radiation with the radiation speed of 0.018 Gray/second and five doses of gamma radiation (0, 20, 40, 60 and 100 Gray) in a completely randomized design with 4 replication. The results showed that gamma radiation significantly affects some of the seed germination factors. So that the 100 Gray treatment increased the germination percentage up to 43.2% as compared with other treatments. The average time of germination in seeds treated with gamma decreased 0.91 days rather than control. Length of the stem let in gamma treatments increased 62.3% rather than control; so that the fresh and dry weight of stem let at 100 Gray were respectively increased 171.4 and 27.3% in comparison with the control. Fresh and dry weight of root lets were respectively increased 417.9% and 668% rather than the control one. Seed vigor at 100 Gray was 32.3% higher than the control. From among the different studied doses, 100 Gray showed highest influence on the seed germination and physiology although the induced changes were in low amounts. This study revealed that gamma irradiation has not major influences on improving seed germination characteristics of Caper shrubs.

Drought and low water stress is the most important environmental stress which plant are exposed to in low precipitation regions such as southern and central parts of Iran. Milkweed is one of valuable plant species with numerous industrial (producing high quality fibers) and medicinal benefits which has relatively resistance to drought conditions of southern Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of water stress on morpho-physiological characteristics of Calotropis procera seedlings on the greenhouse conditions. This experiment was carried out at six levels of water stress (irrigation periods of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days) in a completely randomized design during 6 months. The survival rate of seedling was 100% for the irrigation periods of 3, 6, 9 days and 75% for 12 days; But at 15 and 18 days irrigation periods any seedling did not survive. The greatest amount of root length, root/shoot ratio, root surface, root volume and root length density were observed at 9-day water stress. Water potential increased with increasing water stress. The maximum amount of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf temperature, dry weight of shoots and roots, seedlings height, collar diameter and the number of leaves belonged to 3-day irrigation. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that Calotropis procera seedling had suitable condition of morpho-physiological characteristics in respond to tree- to nine-day irrigation periods. However, due to the good conditions of the seedlings and 100% of seedling survival in 9-day irrigation period, it can be proposed as afforestation and rural green spaces, instead of the 3-day irrigation period because of the economic and management reasons.

The present study aimed to investigate rate of photosynthetic recovery Calotropis procera seedling under drought stress at greenhouse conditions were conducted. This research was at two separate experiments، first experiments، 6 level periodic drought stress (3، 6، 9، 12، 15 and 18 days of irrigation interval) to 180 days and then second experiment، full recovery seedlings after the first experiment for 36 days in a completely randomized design with three replications. Gas exchange values of seedling under drought stress and recovery were significantly influenced. Drought stress and recovery experiments with increasing values of gas exchange parameters except for the water use efficiency and leaf temperature decreased. Paired T Test، values of water potential seedlings، mesophyll conductance، and intracellular concentration of Co2 and water use efficiency show of the recovery in drought levels. In general photosynthesis، stomatal conductance، transpiration and leaf temperature at the drought levels more than 3 days irrigation approximately in some of drought levels، demonstrated seedling recovery.