mohammad dakhili

There are serious challenges of drug resistance in Candida albicans infection. Therefore, it is essential to identify new antifungal agents against resistant species to effectively treat patients affected by these species.

The present study aimed to study how zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and fluconazole affected the genes encoding resistance to fluconazole (i.e., CDR2 and ERG11) and those encoding adhesins (i.e., ALS1 and HWP1) in C. albicans isolates.

In this descriptive-analytic study, samples of 120 patients with vaginitis were obtained using sterile swabs. After the identification of C. albicans strains, the fluconazole-resistant candida isolates were treated with various sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of ZnO-NPs, fluconazole, and a combination of ZnO-NPs and fluconazole. Then, the effects of ZnO-NPs and fluconazole on the expression levels of ALS1, HWP1, CDR2, and ERG11 genes were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

In this study, 50 out (41.6%) of 120 species with C. albicans were isolated, and 13 (26%) of 50 species were resistant to fluconazole. The expression analysis of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains showed that the expression of HWP1 and ALS1 genes was decreased by 2.84 and 1.62 times (P < 0.05), respectively. Nevertheless, the expression of CDR2 increased 1.42 - fold after the treatment with fluconazole. The expression of ERG11, CDR2, HWP1, and ALS1 in isolates treated with the combination of ZnO-NPs and fluconazole was downregulated by 2.1, 5.9, 3, and 5.5 times, respectively, compared to that of the control group.

Based on the results, ZnO-NPs are helpful for the treatment of vaginitis-related C. albicans isolates in combination with fluconazole.

The prevalence of the infections caused by Candida species has led to a significant increase in their resistance to antifungal compounds. The aim of this study was to i) investigate drug resistance ii) evaluate the incidence of Candida albicans drug resistance pattern in the vaginal samples of women referring to health centers of Qom province, and iii) examine the effect of Zn nanoparticles combined with fluconazole against C. albicans isolates.     

This experimental, descriptive study was performed on 120 patients of candidiasis. In order to identify Candida albicans, direct experiments, differential culture, Germ tube test and sugar assimilation test (API20C kit) were conducted. The effect of different antifungal drugs and zinc nanoparticles and the synergistic effect of fluconazole with zinc nanoparticles were investigated by disk diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) of all cases was further specified.    

Of the 120 samples, 50 (41.6%) were identified as Candida albicans. These strains were resistant to certain antifungal drugs while others were semi-sensitive and sensitive. The lowest and the highest mean diameter of inhibition zone in all Candida albicans isolates belonged to ketoconazole (15.64 mm) and fluconazole nano-ZnO (26.76mm), respectively. The lowest and the highest MICs were observed in fluconazole- nano-ZnO and nano-ZnO, respectively.

The synergistic effect of Zn nanoparticles with fluconazole can be conducive to the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

Candida infection is caused by overgrowth of Candida species, especially albicans, in immunocompromised individuals. This infection may be resistant to the treatment and sometimes become chronic, as well as sometimes the patients will return to the infection after treatment. Pulmonary aspergillosis is also one of the most important causes of fungal infections in humans and animals and leads to pulmonary infection in immunocompromised individuals. With increasing drug resistance, an attempt to provide antifungal or antimicrobial drugs is needed. The increasing use of medicinal plants in medical treatment, this branch of complementary medicine, has a special place in the treatment of diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Ganodermalocydom fungus extract on the growth of Candida albicans isolated from pulmonary infections in laboratory conditions and compare them with the standard strain.

In this experimental study, the antifungal effects of the extract on Candida albicans were evaluated based on CLSI standards.

The extract had a good effect on Candida albicans inhibition..

Ganoderma fungus extract showed antifungal effects on Candida albicans.

Burns are one of the most devastating types of injuries and wounds considered. Aware of the bacterial agents and antibiotic resistance an important role in the prevention and treatment of its accurate and timely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of burn wound infections in patients admitted to hospital burn the goodness of Qom province.

In a descriptive study, sampling of 100 patients admitted to hospital burn Nekuei of Qom over a period of 5 months old. Identification of microorganisms using biochemical tests were conducted according to existing standards.tyyn antibiotic-resistance patterns of isolates was performed using disk diffusion method.

In this study of 100 samples taken, 62% of men and 38 percent of women were reported. 70 per cent of the samples had positive culture Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported as the most common infection with 31% abundance. Staphylococcus aureus (15.5%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (11.62%) and Enterococcus faecalis (7.75%) were reported in the following ranks.

Considering the high prevalence of infection in burn wounds needs new strategies in order to control the distribution of infectious agents as well as the treatment of this condition.in survey, the most effective antibiotic to treat infections after burn amikacin and gentamicin is known.

Population growth and the need for food, especially proteins, have increased the interest in using inexpensive and available supplements to increase protein production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Qom region zeolite as a supplement to the histological and histochemical structure of broiler chicken intestine and to compare it with commercial zeolite. In this experimental study a total of 200 broiler chicks were purchased from Qom poultry and randomly divided into five groups including the control group; the experimental group of Qom zeolite which was subsequently subdivided into three different doses including (Z1 = 0.5 %, Z2 = 1%, Z3 =1,5%); and finally the anzymite group which received the commercial zeolite. 42 days later, 10 samples were selected from each group and after tissue preparation, the slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, PAS period, and toluidine blue; then microscopic assays were applied using the Image-j 1.49f software. Data analysis was done with SPSS 20 and One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. P The height of the epithelial cells decreased in the anzymite group but the number of mucosal glands and goblet cells increased significantly (P<0.05). Except for Z1 group in other Qom zeolite treatment groups (Z2 and Z3), the number of goblet cells increased significantly (P<0.05). Therefore, the effect of zeolite higher than 1.5% may be comparable with anzymite. Our results showed that zeolite does not have any effect on increasing the absorption rate of the small intestine, but could stimulate the function of goblet cells and intestinal glands, so Qom zeolite with higher percentage could have the same effect as anzymite

Candidial vulvovaginitis is a female genital system infection that occurs due to the overgrowth of Candida species, especially with Candida albicans. The long administration of the current antifungal drugs may cause resistance. it is essential to understand the efficacy pattern of therapeutic agents against the isolated Candida species from vaginitis. The aim of this research was the investigation of the antifungal drug resistance pattern in Candida species isolated from vaginitis against azole current drugs. Materials &

In this cross-sectional study that was performed on100 vaginit specimens. All specimens were examined under direct microscopy and culturing. Furthermore, complimentary tests such as culture on candida chrom agar, corn meal agar, germ tube test, susceptibility to cycloheximide and sugar assimilation test were performed to differentiate the Candida albicanse from each other. The effect of the current fluconazole, itraconazole , nystatin, ketoconazole disk diffusion method was also tested. Data were analyzed by SPSS using independent Chi-square.

Out of 100 vaginit specimens 35 cases were diagnosed were Candida albicans. Diameter of average of inhabitation zone were in Ketoconazole 21.80±5.85 mm, Iitraconazole 18.42 ± 5.20 mm, Nystatin 15.97 ± 2.28 mm and Fluconazole 6.82 ±12.02 mm.

Our results showed 35% specimens were diagnosed with isolated agents Candida albicans. that the most effective drugs against Candida albicans was Iitraconazole. Hospital wards fungi was resistant to Fluconazole and sensitive to Ketoconazole. Introduce Ketoconazole of can be useful in treatment of chronic vaginal candidiasis.

Endothrix type of tinea capitis is one of the variety of dermatophytic infections of hair and scalp, which is more prevalent in boys, especially the age group of 6-11 years. The important point is that the report of this infection has shown a significant reduction in recent years due to the growth of urban health indicators, so that it is considered as a rare case.
Case Report: The case was a 3-year-old boy with clinical signs of hair loss, broken hair, and black dots on the scalp along with inflammation, redness, dandruff, and itching at the lesion sites, who was referred to the laboratory of this treatment center in October 2016. According to the physician’s opinion, diagnostic mycology tests (direct and culture), were performed. By direct test and arthroconidia inside hair shaft, tinea capitis was diagnosed to be endothrix type, and by culture, the causative agent of the disease was diagnosed as Trichophyton violaceum. This rare case report, with regard to the possibility of infection and contagion in the nursery, can be a warning for the outbreak of dangerous fungal infections in urban communities, especially in facultys and nurseries.

Background and Annually affecting millions of women, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is commonly described by signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal inflammation in the presence of Candida species. Today, the detection of the virulence factors plays a major role in the understanding of pathogenesis of candidiasis and helps produce new anticandidial drugs to improve its treatment efficiency. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the esterase and hemolysin activities of the vaginal isolates of Candida and their relationship with the presence of VVC.
One-hundred vaginal clinical specimens were randomly collected during September-December 2016. The target population consisted of married women suspected of VVC who presented to health centers in Lorestan Province, Iran. In this study, the esterase activity and hemolysin production of Candida clinical isolates were evaluated using the Tween 80 opacity test and the plate assay, respectively.
The most frequent Candida species was C. albicans (66; 66%), followed by C. glabrata (11; 11%) and C. tropicalis (11; 11%). The highest esterase activity was found in C. krusei (75%), followed by C. albicans (68.2%) and C. glabrata (54.5%). The greater part of the positive esterase isolates had Pz 4 scores. Among the Candida species, C. albicans (22.7%), C. glabrata (63.6%), and C. krusei (50%) were found to have the highest rates of alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysin production, respectively. The level of hemolytic activity in 51% of the Candida species was Pz 4 scores.
According to our results, the higher expression rates of both enzymes in C. albicans species relative to those of non-albicans Candidate species can partly reflect the role of the virulence factors involved in C. albicans pathogenicity.

Fungi resistance to antifungal agents is one of the most common problems in medicine. Herbal remedies increased use in the traditional medicine an interesting and unexplored source of assessing new drug. Some plant essential oils, including Rue (Rue officinalis L) have anti– fungaleffects and they can be used as antimicrobial agents in treatment of infections. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the compounds of essential oil and the anti – microbial properties of its essential oil.
In this experimental study, Ruta graveolens of Agriculture Research Center in Qom were collected . The essential oils were extracted, the inhibitory zone diameter and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MIC, MFC), 140 candida isolates from patients referred to the clinic in women.
The mean inhibition in the disk diffusion method essential oils and ethanol extract in the spring on the isolates, 19.71± 2.50 mm and 16.19 ± 1.9 mm were respectively, and in the winter 21.16 ±3.7mm and 18.32± 2.2 mm, respectively.
The results of this study, Rue essential oil and extract on candida albicans inhibitory effect .

Pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli are dangerous for human population due to acquisition of resistance genes to beta-lactam antibiotics. This resistance is due to extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) genes, which are caused by plasmids, transposons, and/or mutation. The main cause of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is lactamase enzymes. In this study, the frequency of ESBL producing E. coli and molecular detection of CTX-M-1 gene, were investigated.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 58 E. coli samples isolated from patients with urinary tract infection, were identified using standard biochemical tests. Then, drug susceptibility test was performed using standard disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). In the following, combined disk test was performed to identify ESBL producing strains among the resistant isolates. Plasmid DNA was extracted from ESBL-producing strains and CTX-M-1 genes were detected using PCR.
Out of 58 E.coli strains, 28 strains (48.27%), were ESBLs producer, which in the molecular analysis, 20 strains (71.42%) had CTX-M-1 gene.
The results of the preset study is indicative of a high percentage of beta-lactamase resistance among E. coli strains. Considering the high percentage of antibiotic resistance, precise antibiogram testing is necessary in infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the microbiological quality of bottled water in the city of Tehran. This is a descriptive study that the process of doing was selectively brands of mineral water in the city of Tehran. E. coli as the indicator of pollution of water and food. The reason for this is that the bacteria can be found in the feces in large numbers and their presence in drinking water and food is a risk to consumer's health.

In this study to evaluate the infection or the lack of infection of bottled water in Tehran, between 10 valid and high consumption brands, 10 brands selected based on the proposed methods in national standards of Iran. 10 samples selected at random with different production dates (100 samples). At first the Samples was tested with MacConkey broth multiple tube fermentation technique (mpn 9 tubes). Then was tested in lactose broth and mpn method (9 tubes). Finally, was tested to the presence or absence of Salmonella enteritidis with traditional method (three-stage).

Observations and the results of this study showed none of the samples proved to carry microbial problems as E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis and were on the standars ranges.

According to the results, bacterial quality in all tested samples in Tehran, is in accordance with national standards and World Health Organization and not threatening consumer's health and is healthful enough to be used for drinking.

In recent years, systemic fungal infections caused by Candida species are one of the important causes of mortality due to increased immunosuppressive diseases. The prevalence of these fungal infections hasled to greater use of antifungal drugs and significant increase in intrinsic or acquired resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence and frequency of candidiasis in vaginal samples of women referred to health centers in Qom province and evaluating the target drug resistance pattern.
This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 150 suspected candidiasis patients. The specimens were examined by direct method and were cultured on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (containing chloramphenicol), corn meal agar (containing Tween 80), and CHROM agar candida; germ tube test and sugar assimilation test (API20C kit) were performed to isolate and differentiate the Candida species. Then, the effect of different antifungal drugs was tested using disk diffusion method.
Out of 150 specimens, 83 cases (55.3%) of Candida species were identified. Statistical analysis of isolated samples showed that Candida albicans (62.6%), Candida krusei (33.7%), and Candida tropical (3.6%) had the highest frequency. Resistance pattern of these species were different to various antifungal drugs.
The results of this study showed that Candida albicans is the most frequent among species isolated from patients, and all the isolated Candida species are 100% susceptible to fluconazole and amphotericin B.

Urinary tract infection is most common disease of reproductive system and the second of the urinary bacterial infection in children. These study investigated the bacterial causes, symptoms and antibiotic resistance in children with urinary tract infections have been done.

This study was performed as descriptive cross-sectional one and 70 children attending to Khorrami Hospital in Qom Province were evaluated for microbiological findings and antibiogram.

The most common germ was E. Coli in 7/55 percent. The antimicrobial resistance pattern was similar for fluorocinolones, cephalosporines, and aminoglycosides with other antibiotics. The intermittent sensitivity was not seen; in 38.6% and the resistance was highest to cephalosporines.

Totally, according to the obtained results and comparison with other studies, it may be concluded that prevalence of anti-microbial resistance among children with UTI is relatively high and some sterategies should be developed to reduce it and its complications.Key words: Anti-microbial resistance, Children, UTI

Dermatophytosis is a skin infection without involving of hair, and in fact, Tinea cruris is a form of body Dermatophytosis. For treatment of these two diseases, topical azole or Alylamines are usually used. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of Terbinafine 1% and clotrimazole 1%, respectively.

100 patients suspected to Tinea body, and 50 patients direct suspected to Tinea cruris referred to Reference Laboratory of Kashan were selected randomly at one year, prepared smear with 10% KOH, and SCC culture media. 1% cream of Clotrimazole or Terbinafine prescribed 2 and 4 weeks. Then patients recovery was studied for clinical and laboratory results. The data was collected and analyzed by SPSS and Duncan procedure.

After 2 weeks, clotrimazole was more effective than Terbinafine in the treatment of patients infected by Tinea of the body, but equally effective in patients therapy with Tinea cruris By Terbinafine. As a whole, Clotrimazole was more effective than Terbinafine. However, this differences was not significant (P>0/432).

Clotrimazole is our drug choice for therapy of Dermatophytosis and Tinea cruris, in spite of new drugs, for example Terbinafine.

Vitex agnus – castus (VAC) as a plant in herbal medicine has been since centuries ago. It is a phytoestrogenic herb native to the Middle East and southern Europe. It has clinical usage in so many countries. In this research, the antimicrobial effect of essential oil of VAC was investigated on Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and was compared with Ampicilin, Gentamicin, Nystatin.Essential Oil of VAC was extracted by steam distillation, Chemical constituents was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. for evaluation of antimicrobial effect Disk diffusion and Macrodilution methods were used.Essentical oil of VAC inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candid albicans at Concentrations 56/25 and 112/5 respectively. by Disk diffusion method The inhibitory zones were 10 mm and 11 mm respectively This essential oil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli at concentration 450 . by Disk diffusion method They didn’t show inhibitory zone.The results of this research indicated that the essential oil of VAC has antimicrobial effect, in comparison with antibacterial effect of Ampicilin and Gentamicin has significant difference (P<0/001) antifungal effect of this essential oil in comparsion with Nystatin doesn’t have significant difference (P>0/05). The majer constituents of oil were: Terpinolene, Caryophyllene, α-pinene.

From centuries ago, Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) has been known as a medicinal plant. VAC is a native phytoestrogen plant in Middle East and south Europe with has a clinical usage in many countries. In this research, antimicrobial effect of essential oil of VAC was investigated on Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and was compared with Ampicilin, Gentamicin and Nystatin. Essential oil of VAC was extracted by hydrodistillation technique using Clevenger apparatus. Chemical constituents was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for evaluation of antimicrobial effect Disk diffusion and Macrodilution methods were used. Essentical oil of VAC inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans at ¬Concentrations 56. 25µg/ml and 112. 5µg/ml respectively. The zones of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans by Disk diffusion method were 9. 3mm and 10. 3mm respectively. This essential oil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli at concentration 450µg/ml, but by using Disk diffusion method, no zone of inhibition has been seen for these two bacteries, by GC/MS analysis of essential oil identified 36 compounds, the major constituents were Isoterpinolene (19. 4٪), Caryophylene (18. 53٪), -Pinene (14. 1٪). According to the results of this research, the essential oil of VAC has antimicrobial effect, in comparison with antibacterial effect of Ampicilin and Gentamicin has significant difference (p<0. 001). Antifungal effect of this essential oil in comparsion with Nystatin doesn’t have significant difference (p>0. 05).

Increased resistance of bacteria to antibacterial agents is one of the most important problem in medicine. Place of medicinal plants in the country's traditional medicine as well as available rich herbal resources on the one hand and the problems exist in the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacterial strains on the other hand, is a reason for closer investigation of medicinal plants. Some herbal essential oils, including (Melissa officinalis L.) from Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family have antimicrobial effects and can be used as antimicrobial agents in the treatment of infections. This study was performed to determine the compounds and antimicrobial effects of essential oil from Melissa officinalis L. In this experimental study, (Melissa officinalis L.) was collected from Qom province. Then, the compounds of the essential oil were analyzed using GC/MS apparatus. The diameter of inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined using disk diffusion and dilution liquid medium methods against strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. In this study, caryophyllene oxide was the major compound of the essential oil. Essential oil at the concentration of 20µg/ml had an inhibitory effect against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeroginosa, but had no effect on C. albicans. According to the results of this study, the essential oil of this plant has a significant inhibitory effect on growth of pathogenic bacteria, especially gram positive ones. Therefore, further researches are required for clinical application of the essential oil.

Candidal vulvovaginitis occurs in female genital by the over growth of candida especially candida albicans. Noticing the daily increase of drug resistance, attempts should be made for providing anti-fungal and anti-microbial drugs. This study is to determine the comparison of concentration in-vitro effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Mentha pulegium Essential Oil plants Composition with one of them Nystatin on Candida albicans Isolates of Vaginal Candidiasis and comparing their with standard.

This experimental study assessed the antimicrobial effect of 2 plant extracts on Candida Albicans. Zataria multiflora Boiss and Mentha pulegium were selected based on previous researches and traditional usel. On each plate, one plant extract disc, one nystatin disc (aspositive control) and one blank disc (as negative controls) were placed. The mean diameter of non-growth halo around each plant extract was compared with the mean diameter of non-growth halo of positive control discs after 24 hours.Data analysis was done by ANOVA statistical test.

There was significant different between the diameter of non-growth halo around the plant extracts and nystation discs. (p<0.05).

Zataria multiflora Boiss and Mentha pulegium exhibited antifungal effects on C. Albincans But the effect of Mentha pulegium on the lack of growth of Candida Albicans strains was greater than that in Zataria multiflora Boiss.

Bacterial peritonitis is one of the nosocomial infections that is due to direct invasion of bacteria to peritoneal membrane. Resistance to antibiotic is of great significance in this disease and could be led to morbidity and mortality of patients. During the past decade, tracing for natural antimicrobial peptide is more considered. Among them, melittin has been extracted from honey bee venom and its antibacterial activity is being examined. The main goal of this study was isolation of melittin from honey bee venom and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against the agents of bacterial peritonitis. Honey bee venom prepared using electrical stimulation and the quality of venom confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Melittin isolated from the venom using a linear gradient of acetonitrile and C18 column by Reverse Phase-High Performance Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Minimal Inhibition and Bactericidal concentration for melittin examined on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Honey bee venom composed of twenty distinct fraction in which melittin was the major one. Melittin inhibited Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth at 0.39, 6.25, and 12.5 μg and was bactericide at 1.56, 25, and >50 μg respectively. Melittin specifically invade the corresponding bacteria and induce significant inhibitory and bactericidal activity against the main agents of bacterial peritonitis. Complementary studies in animal model would be overcome bacterial drug resistance issue specifically in bacterial peritonitis.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of clinoptilolite (the best known and most abundantnatural zeolite) of Qom province on performance, carcass characteristics, ileum microbial population,ileum acidity, litter microbial population and litter moisture of broilers. This experiment was carried outusing a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 20 experimental units eachcontain 20 male chicks of Ross-308.At the first week of experiment, chickens were reared under a same condition and afterwards they weredivided into experimental units randomly. All chickens were reared on litter and received ad libitum dietsand water from 8 to 42 days of age. Experimental treatments were as follow: 1) Diet free of zeolite andbentonite (control group), 2) Diet with 1 percent of commercial zeolite (CZ), and 3-5) Diets with 0.5, 1and 1.5 percent of zeolite of Qom province (QZ) respectively.During the experimental period, feed consumption and body weight of chickens were measuredweekly, and on day 32nd, 1 sample was gathered from each pen to determine the litter moisture andlitter microbial population. At the end of the experiment, two birds from each pen were slaughtered torecord the carcass percentage and the relative weight of thigh, breast, heart, liver and small intestine.Also all contents of ileum, sent to the laboratory to determine pH and microbial population of ileum.All samples were cultured in BA and EMB.Results indicated that feed consumption of broilers did not significantly differ among allexperimental groups...