mohammad hossein bahrami

Although in the recent centuries, especially from the middle of the 19th century onwards, the discussion of the judge's responsibility in the laws of the countries of the world has received attention, but it must be acknowledged that this topic has a history in Imamiyyah jurisprudence and has been discussed as a guarantor of the judge. , so that in cases of intentional fault of the judge, the guarantee is on him, and in cases of his unintentional mistakes and errors, the guarantee is burdened on the treasury. However, until after the Islamic Revolution and the approval of Article 171 of the Constitution of Iran, due to several reasons, no attention was paid to the guarantee and responsibility of the judge. Even after the drafting and approval of Article 171 of the Constitution, until now due to the lack of a specific law in line with the implementation of Article 171, the judge's responsibility as stated in this article has not been able to fulfill itself, and for this reason, the judicial procedure in this case is very poor. is In this article, an attempt is made to study the concept, types, elements and theories of difference regarding the judge's responsibility and the jurisprudential foundations of this responsibility, and especially, his intentional fault and mistake that causes injury and damage, in a comparative manner in the laws of Iran and Egypt. take

The purpose of the current research was to evaluate the lived experiences of senior high school girls from the challenge of removing hijab on the way to school.

it was based on qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the data and thematic analysis was used to analyze the research data.

In this study, ten general themes were placed in three central dimensions, including the incorrect perception of the value of the hijab, resorting to the value of the hijab, and inducing the thinking that the hijab hinders freedom. Also, the dimensions of cultural, social and personal and family contexts based on the facilitation of the phenomenon of hijab and the dimensions of being understood instead of being rejected, the lack of explanation and the desired enlightenment as well as neglecting practical models and sloganeering based on the fact that the phenomenon of hijab is inhibiting were identified.

based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that facing the challenge of removing hijab by students on the way to school requires a change in the view of executive bodies on hijab, and it is necessary to avoid taking superficial positions and hasty approaches. It must be replaced by explanation and enlightenment. There is also a need to create culture in the context of the real needs of students and the young generation by the general public and beneficiaries, and to use the potential of social, educational, media and even political institutions. If the existing procedure regarding the phenomenon of students’ hijab and the young generation continues and the process of facing it is neglected, It will cause a deeper gap in the near future.

The aim of this study was to identify the requirements for optimal evaluation of the performance of primary school teachers.  The research method was based on theoretical inquiry and the resources of data included documents, the opinions of the experts, the global experiences, and the views of the beneficiary teachers. In order to answer the questions, two methods of thematic analysis and document analysis were used, and nine teachers' evaluation requirements were extracted. Then, the components for purposeful evaluation of the performance of elementary school teachers in four areas of communication with students, professional development, personality characteristics and social interaction were identified. Based on the alignment of the information gathered through different sources and the general consensus of experts and their alignment with the findings, the overall validity of the research process and the framework of assessment implications were confirmed. Based on the findings, enhancing the quality of education in the area under study requires policy makers to change their evaluation components and should involve a variety of sources including peers, parents and students to be used. It is also necessary to build on the real expectations of teachers by the general public and stakeholders, and use various valuation tools and sheets. If the existing procedure in teacher evaluation continues and little attention is paid to its requirements, the growth of the education system will be hampered.