mohammad hossein davoodi

This study expresses the steps of achievement to the indigenous-executive framework of integrated soil and water management at farm level through a mega project with 19 sub-projects. The projects were carried out during 2013-2020 with active participation of international, national and regional experts as well as local farmers in Honam Sub-basin, Lorestan Province, Iran. To understand the soil and water management problems for agriculture in the same homogeneous units (HSWMUs), farmlands were classified regarding physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil, making it possible to convert soil maps into thematic maps. In this research, the fertility capability classification (FCC) method that integrates surface and sub-surface soil textures with modifieres was used. In addition, several modifieres were revised for soils of semi-arid regions and new modifieres were introduced for Irrigation Capability Classification (ICC). The required information was collected from 119 soil profiles and 101 surface soil samples in detailed scale of 1:25000 and the corresponding measurements were made. Accordingly, different data layers including detailed soil map were produced via geopedological method icluding land limitation, land suitability, and land production potential (LPP) of major crops, land degradation, location of water withdrawal, land use and agricultural cadastre of 2395 farms were prepared. To evaluate the current soil and water behavior of farmers within HSWMUs, the multidisciplinary team recorded the issues through field visits and open semi-structured questionnaire of 84 selected farmers in 24 villages who were interviewed during 2018-2019. The results showed that 23 and 30 HSWMUs that covered, respectively, 93% and 90% of the irrigated and rainfed areas were delineated on the map. Investigations showed that the sub-basin suffers from problems such as plow pan, phosphorus and zinc deficiencies, poor irrigation scheduling, and three types of farmers. Finally, recommended packages were prepared and validated for each HSWMU, which will be discussed in the part 2.

In this study, keratinase-producing bacteria were used to produce natural fertilizer from chicken feathers. Twenty-nine soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm depth of agricultural fields and mixed with chicken feathers. After three weeks, 31 isolates were isolated from the soils mixed with feathers, which were able to grow on the special culture medium of Feather Meal Agar (FMA). The isolates were transferred to a liquid medium containing feathers and their ability to degrade the feathers was investigated. A completely randomized design was used to examine the effect of the solution created by the degradation of chicken feathers on lettuce growth. The experimental treatments included the foliar application of three solutions obtained from the degradation of chicken feathers (gh1, b1, c11), and control (distilled water). The results showed eight isolates were able to completely decompose the feathers in seven days by producing keratinase enzyme. The highest activity of the keratinase enzyme (with the ability to fully degrade the feather: 8.56 U / ml) was related to that of Bacillus methylotrophic strain gh1. Also, the maximum concentration of free amino acid (1065 μg / ml) was observed in the growth medium of Bacillus siamensis strain c11. The three solutions obtained from feather degradation had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on lettuce fresh weight, lettuce dry weight, and fresh root weight. The results showed that the lettuce fresh weight increased by 28.8%, 26.1%, and 14.1%, using Bacillus methylotrophicus (gh1), Bacillus velezensis (b1), and Bacillus siamensis (c11) respectively, compared to the control. In addition, the lettuce dry weight increased by 25.7%, 19.9%, and 15.2%, with the aid of gh1, b1, and c11 treatments, respectively, compared to the control. The results showed that using keratinase-producing bacteria, feather degradation could be increased, and the obtained product can be used as a growth stimulant for lettuce.

Low availability of some nutrients is one of the major factors for the widespread occurrence of plant nutrient deficiency in calcareous soils. Therefore, any strategy for solution of this problem is important. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in four sites (Chogha Narges, Mahidasht, Najaf Abad and Ghomsheh in Kermanshah Province), with different contents of available sulfate, using complete randomized blocks design with three replications, in 2018-19. The amounts of sulfur paired with Thiobacillius bacterium inoculants included no sulfur (S0), 250 kg sulfur/ha along with 5 kg/ha Thiobacillus bacterium inoculant (S1), 500 kg sulfur/ha with 10 kg Thiobacillus/ha (S2), and 1000 kg sulfur/ha with 20 kg Thiobacillus/ha (S3). The combined analysis results showed that the effect of sulfur, location, and their interaction on grain yield, 1000- grain weight, oil percent, and nutrients concentration in rapeseed grain in Chogha Narges, Mahidasht, Najaf Abad, and Ghomsheh were significant at 1% (p<1%). The highest grain yield, 1000- weight, oil percent and nutrients concentration was obtained in S3 treatment, which increased wheat yield by 647, 756, 474, and 406 kg.ha-1 in Chogha Narges, Mahidasht, Najaf Abad, and Ghomsheh, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Oil percent increment at the mentioned regions were 2.1%, 1.4%, 1.2%, and 0.5%, respectively.

Low availability of some nutrients is one of the major factors for the widespread occurrence of plant nutrient deficiency in calcareous soils. Therefore, in order to achieve optimal yield in such soils, the use of sulfur as a correction agent is necessary to reduce the local pH of the soil and increase the solubility of the nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Sulfur effect on some chemical properties of soil (pH, EC, P, S-SO4, Fe and Zn) and nutrients concentration in wheat grain. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in four sites (Chogha Narges, Mahidasht, Najaf Abad and Ghomsheh) with different levels of available sulfur (7, 13, 18, 27 mg kg-1soil) in Kermanshah Province. Sulfur was applied at 0, 250, 500, and 1000 kg ha-1 as PS using randomized complete block design with three replications in a during cropping season 2015-2016. Seeds of wheat were planted in plots. Before cultivation soils were used and its characteristics were analyzed. Soil samples at tillering, stem elongation and post harvesting stage from each treatment plot was collected for determining pH, EC, P, S-SO4, Fe and Zn. Finally, grain yield and nutrient measurements with conventional methods were measured. The result showed that PS significantly decreased the soil pH and adversely, increased EC, P, S-SO4, soil DTPA- extractable Fe, and Zn in the Chogha Narges, Mahidasht (p< 0.01) and in Najaf Abad and Ghomsheh (p<0.05) at tillering, stem elongation and post harvesting stage compared with the control.
The lowest pH and highest EC, P, S-SO4, Fe and Zn value was observed with 1000 kg ha-1 So at stem elongation. After harvesting due to the reduced amount of sulfur oxidation and buffering capacity of soil, pH and nutrients gradually reduced compared with stem elongation stage. However, nutrients concentration in wheat grain was significantly increased with the application of PS compared with the control. The highest nutrients concentration was observed with 1000 kg ha-1 . The effect of sulfur together with Thiobacillus bacteria on the chemical properties of the soil and the amount of nutrients concentration by wheat was promising, which indicates its good potential for use in agriculture. Thus each calcareous soil has its own potential for elemental sulfur oxidation that related to soil characteristics, and only soil calcium carbonate content is not a suitable criterion for sulfur application in order to improvement nutrient availability.

Natural environments, including soils and sediments, are open and complex systems in which physico-chemical reactions are in semi equilibrium state. In these systems, bioavailability of plant nutrients, like phosphate, is influenced by environmental conditions and concentrations of other ions such as calcium and magnesium. Magnesium is a dominant cation in irrigation water and in the soil solution of calcareous soils. Recent evidences show relative increase in the concentration of magnesium in irrigation water. Because of the importance of chemical kinetics in controlling concentrations of these ions in the soil solution and for understanding their effects of adsorption kinetics of magnesium and phosphate ions, in this research, adsorption kinetics of these two ions on goethite is investigated as function of time and pH in single ion and binary ion systems. The experimental data are described by using the adsorption kinetics equations. These data are of the great importance in better understanding adsorption interactions and ion adsorption mechanism.With respect to the importance of these interactions from both economical and environmental point of view, in this research, the kinetics and thermodynamics of phosphate and Mg2adsorption interactions were investigated as function of pH on soil model mineral goethite in both single and binary ion systems.
Kinetics experiments were performed in the presence of 0.2 mM magnesium and 0.4 mM phosphate in 0.1 M NaCl background solution and 3 g L-1 goethite concentration as function of pH and time (1, 5, 14, 24, 48. 72 and 168 h) in single ion and binary ion systems. After reaction time, the suspensions were centrifuged and a sample of supernatant was taken for measuring ions equilibrium concentrations.Phosphate concentration was measured calorimetrically with the ammonium molybdate blue method by spectrophotometer (Jenway-6505 UV/Vis). Magnesium concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-670Shimadzu AA/FE). The amounts of adsorbed ions were calculated from the difference of the initial and the equilibrium concentrations. The experimental data were described by using the several widely-used kinetic models. Models performance was evaluated based on their ability to describe experimental data and obtained values for coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of the estimate (SE).
The results demonstrate that phosphate and magnesium adsorption on goethite reached equilibrium within the 24 h equilibration time. The equilibration time is, however, pH-dependent. No systematic differences are observed among time-dependent adsorption isotherms for phosphate at pHpHPZC. It seems that the effect of pH on kinetics of phosphate and magnesium adsorption is related to the mineral surface charge, which influences electrostatic interactions between the ions and the surface charges.thus electrostatic attractive and repulsive forces dominantly control the reaction. The equilibration time for phosphate and magnesium adsorption on goethite was calculated to be ≤1 h when electrostatic forces are attractive and approximately 24 h when electrostatic forces are repulsive. In binary ion systems, phosphate and magnesium enhanced the amount and accelerated the adsorption rate of each other. Adsorption of phosphate could reverse electrostatic forces from repulsive to attractive for the adsorption of magnesium and vice versa. Also, because of the smaller ionic radius of magnesium (0.065 nm) in comparison with phosphate (0.22 nm), reduction in equilibration time of magnesium adsorption in the presence of phosphate could be partly diffusion-controlled. Fitting different kinetic models on experimental data showed that pseudo-second order model can successfully describe phosphate and magnesium adsorption data in both single and binary ion systems with highest determination coefficient (R2~0.99) and lowest standard error of the estimate (SE