mohammad hossein hassani fakhrabadi

The principle of privacy and its subsets, including hierarchy, introversion, and architectural integration with nature, are evident in traditional house architecture, especially in the warm and dry climate of central Iran. This research has been conducted using descriptive and analytical methods with practical aims and employing qualitative inference methods and field analysis of indigenous housing in the city of Yazd. Four case studies of traditional houses in this city (Aloumi House, Golshan House, Marvaj House, and Rasoulian House) have been selected as case studies and qualitatively examined. Data collection was also carried out through library studies and field observations. Despite the principle of privacy being present in all regions of Iran's climate, this architectural element has greater significance in warm and dry climates. Privacy is manifested through introverted architecture, the use of porches, octagonal spaces, corridors, and the presence of a central courtyard to open up the privacy of semi-private spaces towards the courtyard. The findings indicate that while some features related to the principle of privacy in contemporary houses with small dimensions and urban density and in the form of apartment housing are not applicable, some elements of indigenous architecture towards preserving privacy have the potential for capacity assessment in adapting to contemporary housing. Not placing parallel exit doors, designing entrance spaces, and paying attention to circulation in a way that private spaces such as bedrooms and bathrooms are separated from more public spaces like reception areas, bathrooms, and kitchens, attention to the position of private space in the Iranian house, and the lack of compatibility of open kitchen formations with this principle are some aspects that can be considered in contemporary houses and steps towards adapting the principle of privacy in modern architecture for building housing in contemporary and even future cities.

Visual documents, including paintings, are among the most important sources in researching the history of Iranian architecture. However, the capacities and special importance of these paintings have not been sufficiently emphasized and utilized in architectural research. Therefore, there is a need for a deeper examination and analysis of these paintings and their effects on architecture. The Herat School stands as one of the significant schools in the history of Iranian architecture. This school is capable of realistically representing the architectural spaces of the Timurid period, which is particularly important because the architecture of this period exhibits realistic and reflective features of Islamic architectural elements. In this article, the level of realism of the tile decorations in Behzad's paintings has been investigated and analyzed. The current research method is non-experimental and based on an interpretive-historical approach. In fact, by prioritizing the logic of "the possibility of extracting documents in the field" and "the extraction of images used in the documents" as inferential and indicative conditions in the logic of research evidence, random sampling has been utilized. The research structure, relying on Behzad's images and architectural concepts depicted in his paintings, begins with an introduction from this artist and then proceeds to analyze the influential real buildings in those works.

Studies and investigations conducted on the principles of architectural processes in different regions demonstrate a close relationship between the conventional architecture of an area or region and its geographical climate. Examining the characteristics of architectural styles in various regions concerning climatic conditions can effectively contribute to presenting optimal architectural patterns. Indigenous housing in Iran's warm and arid climate has consistently provided thermal comfort for its inhabitants. It is worth mentioning that the principles of designing and architecting housing are aimed at environmental comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental control by climatic conditions. Therefore, studying and assessing these features can be utilized in contemporary architecture as rich patterns from the past. The subject of discussion herein revolves around the potential of indigenous architecture for application in modern architecture. This thesis, using descriptive and analytical mechanisms and with an applied objective, adopts qualitative and quantitative inference methods and field analysis of indigenous residential houses in Yazd City, chosen as a specific case study. Furthermore, data collection methods involve library studies and field observations. The research findings indicate that in many instances, the pattern of indigenous housing in warm and arid climates significantly influences improving the thermal and cooling comfort of residential house inhabitants.