فهرست مطالب mohammad hossein karim

Water plays an important role in human life and is one of the first human needs for survival. Therefore, due to population growth and industrialization and therefore the lack of water resources in the world especially in Iran, its supply needs special attention. Currently, 97.5% of the water resources on the planet cannot be used. The main purpose of this study is the economic study of the use of fixed and floating freshwater in Makran beaches. One of the most important methods in this field is the desalination and desalination processes of seawater. Given that for government projects, only the final price or in other words the cost price is considered, the method of levelized cost of production over the useful life has been chosen. According to the information of the Electricity and Energy Master Planning Office of the Ministry of Energy, the results show that the desalination of seawater in the form of building a factory (fixed desalination plant) is more economical compared to the floating desalination plant, in such a way that the levelized cost of production in fixed desalination technology is 2000 and in floating desalination technology is 9700 rials per cubic meter. Also, sensitivity analysis tests based on the discount rate, production capacity coefficient, and escalation rate of fuel cost show that on one hand, floating desalination technology is more sensitive to the above variables than fixed desalination, and on the other hand, the change of this variable has no effect on changing the economic priority. The results show that seawater desalination in the form of a factory (fixed desalination) is economical compared to floating desalination.

Achieving economic justice is a key objectives in the economic resistive policies, Further the goals, strategies & implementing policies are indicated in articles 1,4,5 and 19 of the mentioned policies explicitly. The present paper aimed to achieving the economic justice based on the macro-objectives, critical success factors & key performance indicators, conceptual modeling of economic justice upon an approach of policies of the resistive economy and efforts have been concentrated for strategic evaluation. The research findings reveals economic justice objectives in the mentioned policies have not been achieved. Furthermore, assessing of KPI shows the implementing strategies for achieving to the goals have not had the effective consequences. The paper results .he third place and factors related to the implementation context ranked fourth with a weighted factor of 0.121. According to the results of the research, in order to institutionalize the policy of work conscience in the country's administrative system, managers should focus on the factors identified in this research.

Agricultural insurance is one of the effective agricultural risk management programs. Barberry is the major agricultural product in South Khorasan province which shapes 95% of the entire agricultural production in the province. Accordingly, this research investigates the major factors that affect insurance acceptance amongst barberry producers in rural areas of South Khorasan province in 2020. The demographic statistics suggest that there are approximately 12,500 barberry producers in Ghaen and Zirkoh villages, which is about half of the whole barberry producers in the province. Based on Cochran's formula, the number of statistical samples is 372 barberries. Both the reliability of using Cronbach's alpha and the validity of the research questionnaire became confirmed by the agricultural-jahad department experts and the university professors. The results show that a range of factors including horticultural experience level, awareness of aphid dangers, sudden rains, insects and rodents have a positive and significant effect on the intended farmers’ willingness to accept agricultural insurance. Insects and rodents have a dramatic impact on insurance acceptance. Further, a higher awareness of natural hazards and pests and diseases would increase the likelihood of agricultural insurance acceptance amongst the intended farmers. Therefore, this study suggests that related awareness classes are needed to boost the knowledge level of farmers about the potential risks and hazards and encourage them to accept agricultural insurance programs.

The capital market, as the pulse of the country's economy, has faced a sharp decline in the index since August 2020 and has created many challenges. The present study uses the theory of good governance to answer the basic question of what is the governance of the capital market in Iran and what are the problems and harms?Using purposeful and theoretical sampling method, 23 capital market actors were interviewed. After conducting the interviews, data analysis was performed based on the three steps of open, axial and selective coding.The results showed that the bank-oriented economy and the lack of centrality of the capital market, the normalization of index decline, incoherence between the institutions in charge of the capital market and legal gaps and inadequacies are among the causes of stock market collapse. Lack of institutional support and lack of equity culture are the contexts of this decline. Media propaganda, political developments and comments, and price bubbles are among the intervening conditions in this matter. The main strategies used, disruptive and mass behavior and organizational decisions were identified. Endangering national security, social distrust and feelings of financial insecurity are the consequences of this rule.The decline of the stock market index and the outflow of liquidity from it indicate that the capital market needs to monitor transactions, transparency and efficiency, and with the expansion of good governance can make a significant contribution to raising the capital market and rebuilding trust and continuing liquidity to the stock market.

Aging and its consequences have made population aging a major social issue. Aging populations are likely to exacerbate inequality by increasing the public and private financial burdens of social welfare costs. The goal of this study was to estimate the effects of aging on income inequality for 81 countries (37 developing and 44 developed) from 2000 to 2020. The study used a dynamic panel approach in a generalized method of moments (GMM) framework. This study's findings confirm a positive relationship between aging and income inequality in both developing and developed countries, and it demonstrates that the aging effect on income inequality is greater in developing countries than in developed countries. Furthermore, improving human capital, increasing per capita income, proper management, and use of total natural resource rents (% of GDP) in countries, and increasing trade between countries reduce income inequality, according to the findings of this study. Policymakers should reduce income inequality by investing in education, increasing per capita income, managing, and utilizing total natural resource rents (as a percentage of GDP), expanding trade with other countries, and planning for the effects of aging.

The purpose of this study is modeling and the effect of economic shocks on stock returns of food industry during the period 2009 to 2020. In this research, the optimal macroeconomic variables on the stock returns of food companies are modeled using the genetic algorithm approximation function method and then the impulses and shocks of macroeconomic variables affecting the stock returns of food industries are analyzed by Auto regression method has been analyzed. Initially, using the genetic function approximation algorithm, four variables of OPEC oil price, liquidity volume, land price and stock price index were identified among the eight macroeconomic variables as influential variables in the optimal regression model. OPEC oil prices and land prices have a negative and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies, while the volume of liquidity and stock price index have a positive and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies. Given the response impulse functions, the stock return reaction to OPEC oil prices and liquidity was initially positive. In the analysis of variance method, the largest share is due to the shock of the food industry stock returns to itself, followed by the volume of liquidity. Given the positive impact of liquidity on the stock returns of food industry companies, it is suggested that policy makers and planners to implement policies to increase the volume of liquidity to food industry companies in order to develop food industry investment.

In a world where communications, complexities and pace of change are on the rise, economic and social systems are faced with external and external threats that have low predictive capabilities and human knowledge about their effects and consequences is a little. The best way to deal with these risks is to promote national resilience and reduce vulnerability. In this approach, it is a resilient society that can absorb temporary or permanent risks and adapt itself to rapidly changing circumstances without losing its stability and function. In addition to facing economic and natural crises, the Iranian economy is subject to the sanctions and economic pressures of the opposing powers of Iran, while competing with the countries of the region and large economies against the Iranian economy. Therefore, redefinition of resistance economy is necessary considering the economic structure of Iran and due to the concepts of resilience and vulnerability.
 

The presence of various medicinal and ornamental plant species in the Sistan and Baluchistan region has turned this region into a paradise for investors in these plants. The relative advantages of this region for medicinal plants include climatic range and diversity, the feasibility of off-season cultivation in open air, abundant and inexpensive labor, and the availability of the ground for the production of safe and organic crops, facility of commercial exchanges and crop export, and having a long and dynamic history in folklore medicine. As well, the profitability of this treasure hidden in the soils of the region has made it imperative to invest in their production. To explore economical combination of medicinal plants based on regional potentials for investment, the present study used the data of research projects on several medicinal plants including Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Matricaria chamomilla L., Cuminum cyminum L., Trachys permum amm L., Nigella sativa L.,  Platogo cyminum, and the intercropping of bitter melon and watermelon conducted in an area of 1 ha. Data were analyzed by engineering economic techniques and the criteria of the net present value and cost- benefit ratio. The results showed that these plants had cost- benefit ratio of F. vulgare 3.78, M. chamomilla 3.89, C. cyminum 4.6, T. permum amm 4.7, N. sativa 4.7, P. cyminum 5.3, and M. charantia L. & Hibiscus gossypifolius Mill. 2.55, respectively. So, given the yield and the positive sign of this ratio for all studied medicinal plants, the cultivation of all of them is economical and they can contribute to diversifying farming and increasing income. Furthermore, was selected to be the most economical plant with a ratio of 5.37. Also, the results revealed that given the significance of producing medicinal plants in the region, the intercropping Momordica charantia & H. gossypifolius can produce a high yield with a benefit-to-cost ratio of 2.55 and can be effective in employment generation in the region, so this system is economical as its benefit-to-cost ratio is >1 and its net current value is positive. Hence, the medicinal plants have a great potential to be a source of development and productive employment generation in the region if adequate and reliable water is available during their growth periods, they are packaged appropriately and marketed soundly, and they can be processed in industries.

Despite the high potential of geothermal reservoirs in Meshkinshahr, we only see the government entering the electricity extraction of geothermal energy because the cost of the Meshkinshahr geothermal electricity is higher than the balanced price of the electricity market and the private sector is disadvantaged for entering it. So, the government has adopted a feed in tariff policy for geothermal electricity to encourage private sector investors. This research is aimed at financial appraisal of Maskinshahr geothermal power plant with the assumption of feed in tariff by the government with Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth, and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost methods. Equivalent Uniform Annual Benefit is obtained from feed in tariff of government and Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost is determined based on technical and economic components of the geothermal power plant and macroeconomic parameters. The results of the data analysis show that the construction of the geothermal power plant is fully justified with the 14% reduction rate, but if the investor's minimum expected rate exceeds 54%, the construction of the power plant has no economic justification. Also, if the construction of Meshkinshahr geothermal plant takes more than 13 years and 5 months like the government project, the generation of geothermal power is not cost-effective.

The main purpose of this study was to measure markup and market power in Iran's Manufacturing sector based on Structural approach and   Stochastic Frontier method.  To meet these ends, while using the data of 130 four-digit industries for the period 1996-2015 and MLE method, the translog cost function were estimated. The resuls indicated that there were non-competitive conditions and oligopoly structure in Iran’s industrial market. Moreover, the results of mark-up estimation showed that P> MC in manufacturing industries and the mark up values in 14% and  86%   of industries were low and high, respectively . Overall, the research findings indicated that the dominant aspect in the Iranian industrial market was a monopoly structure and a high percentage of the markets were dominated by a limited number of market participants.

In order to reduce dependence of Iranian economy on crude oil exports and shift to a multipurpose export economy, export policy orientations should be changed to the benefit of exporting non-oil goods, including agricultural exports. Share of the agricultural sector in non-oil exports to Iran shows that this trend is declining. Therefore, attention should be paid to the expansion of this sector's exports. Statistics and time series of the past years shows that despite Iran's good rank in the production and cultivation level of medicinal plants, the export status of these products is not in a good position. Among the agricultural products, medicinal plants are one of the most important agricultural export items in Iran which play a great role in creating added value for the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of marketing strategies on export of Iranian medicinal plants. Necessary data were collected from 30 herbal exporting companies for 2011 – 2017, using simple random sampling. Due to the combined nature of the data collected and the export impact of its amount in previous years, the dynamic panel model was chosen as the superior model. On the other hand, this study attempts to identify the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for export of medicinal plants. The results showed that differentiation strategies, market development and product development have positive and significant impact on export performance of exporting companies. Market penetration strategy, although not statistically significant, also varies with the export value of medicinal plants.

The agricultural sector plays an essential role in the national economy of each country. Today, methods used to determine the pattern of crop rotation with crop risk are often used to increase farmers' well-being and maximize their profits. In the present study, the aim of developing an optimal model of cultivating agricultural crops in risk conditions in Sistan province, Sistan and Baluchestan province, is based on the cross sectional data of 2016-2017 years. For this purpose, the integrated model of goal programmin and the Focus-Loos model was developed. The results showed that in the lands of more than 3 hectares, the gross income in Zabol, Zahak and Hirmand regions was 1954567, 1324568 and 1245751 tomans, and Loss in Zabol and Hirmand region, respectively, were 351254 and 253698.45 USD per hectare, respectively And these results indicate that by increasing the area of aquaculture, farms will select production patterns with a few limited products, and the smaller the farm, the greater the variety of cultivated products will be to reduce the income risk. In all sample farms, the gross income earned is higher than the household's needs for basic needs and can make more investment with it. It is suggested that by implementing the policy of integrating small farms in the Sistan region, it will increase the gross income of farmers and also make optimal use of inputs.

Introduction and

Agriculture is a risky occupation. The different natural, social, and economic hazards have created handicaps and problems for agricultural producers, which result in the instability of income for producers. In general, the nature and environment of agricultural activities are at high risk. The risks of agricultural activities are often associated with low performance, increased cost, and time lag. In order to from the perspective of risk management, studies can be categorized into three types including product hazards, price risks, and natural hazards. Major economies in the rural areas of south Khorasan province is based on the planting and selling three products of barberry, saffron and jujube, which are resistant to water deficit and drought, and at the same time all have the high economic value. This province in Iran accounts for about 96 to 98% of the barberry and jujube production. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors affecting the barberry and jujube production in the South Khorasan province, Iran. .

Genetic function approximation (GFA) algorithm describes the basic problem of approximating the function. Many factors affect the response variable and primary input correlated with best response. The GFA algorithm works with a range of strings called population, developed for the purpose of searching.  The selection, crossover, and mutation operators also run appropriately. New members were given scores according to the estimator’s criteria. In the GFA, the criteria scoring is obtained for fitted regression models. The selection probabilities should add each new member to the population again. This method continued for a specified number of generations until the point of convergence. GFA algorithm can be used to produce a generation with respect to the evolution charts according to the achieved time. This graph shows the number of events for each variable about the population, which has evolved for each generation. GFA algorithm converges as no progress in population occurred. At this time, the model is significant which means the best choice for all models of population. Using GFA and MS modeling software, modeling is used to identify the factors affecting the knowledge of barberry and jujube producers in order to determine which one of 15 independent variables were effective on the risk management information of barberry and juvenile producers in South Khorasan province.

The results showed that frostbite risk had the lowest risk, affecting the risk index of barberry producers. Awareness of hail hazards exerted the greatest effect on the risk index of jujube producers in south Khorasan region. The least effective factor was the awareness of fire hazards in the jujube gardens.

The results suggest that most jujube and barberry producers use traditional knowledge and experience and do not acquire the necessary training that are needed for dealing with natural hazards due to poor knowledge and non-compliance with the principles of agricultural education in dealing with hazards. Therefore, it is recommended  that the system of agricultural extension and education and agricultural meteorology must have been improved the knowledge of the farmers' risk management and skills in the southern Khorasan region by presenting appropriate training programs to address these risks (drought, , storm, sudden precipitation, etc.). Accordingly, the information and promotion system, accompanied with appropriate training in relation to new innovations, will increase the awareness among the male and female producers and government support should be taken in this area.  So producers can use modern methods for better managing natural hazards in the Jujube and Barberry gardens of South Khorasan province.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of open innovation on new product development performance with emphasis on the moderating role of knowledge acquisition capacity in knowledge-based companies in Tehran province. After reviewing the literature on open innovation and new product development performance, the conceptual modeling capacity and research hypotheses were formulated. The present study is of applied purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to measure the dimensions of open innovation and the success of new product development and knowledge acquisition capacity. The community comprised 121 members of the science and technology parks of Tehran University of Science and Technology, who were represented in the sample by 92 individuals. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural model were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results of the data analysis show that open innovation has a significant impact on new product development performance and moderates the capacity for knowledge acquisition, the relationship between open innovation and new product development performance

In recent years, the innovation space has evolved, and the process of innovation collaboration has intensified beyond the organizational boundaries. Companies have no choice but to pursue a more open approach to innovation and blend in with open and transparent business models to increase their chances of success in the innovation campaign (Bagheri & Shavardi, 2011). In open innovation, organizations explore the environment for technology and knowledge and are not solely dependent on their own internal research and development (Hashemi, 2014). Open innovation confirms that organizations need to expand their partnerships with external partners in order to ensure their success in new product development, in addition to internal research and development. In fact, collaboration, coordination, and deep relationships between organizations and their partner partners have a positive impact on performance outcomes (Schreiner et al, 2009). Companies with the open innovation process have the opportunity to access specialized knowledge they did not previously possess. Provide newer, higher quality products and services and reduce costs and risks associated with product development by acquiring complementary technology and skills (Kostopoulos et al, 2011).

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. Questionnaires were used to collect the required information and to evaluate the research variables, research hypotheses and research questions. The statistical population of this study was managers of knowledge companies in the Science and Technology Park of Tehran University with 121 participants. The sample size was 92 people who were selected through Morgan table and were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by a questionnaire. Questionnaire questions were designed based on a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). A 21-item questionnaire was used to measure open innovation.
Research

The results of using Structural Equation Modeling technique showed that in the first hypothesis, the path coefficient between open innovation and new product development performance and the second hypothesis were moderated and confirmed by the capacity moderator role.
Discussion and

The results of the analysis show that open innovation has a significant impact on new product development performance and it can be confirmed that knowledge acquisition capacity moderates the relationship between open innovation and new product development performance. The results of this study are consistent with those of Mazzola et al (2012) study, which confirmed the relationship between open innovation functions (including intra-border, cross-border and hybrid functions) and new product development performance.

The labor market is one of four major markets in the economy which is important because of its special feature. In the present study long-term effects of various macroeconomic shocks on the unemployment rate during the years 1974-2016 has been investigated using the Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM). On the basis of the estimated equation, real wages have a direct relationship with productivity and employment and an indirect relationship with the unemployment rate. Impulse response analysis showed that among the shocks, productivity and supply shocks have a larger impact on unemployment, so that productivity shocks in the long run reduces the unemployment rate and the positive supply shock leads to a higher unemployment. According to the results of analyzing unemployment prediction error variance, labor supply shock, productivity and labor demand are important factors in long-term unemployment. But the most important factor in unemployment is the supply shocks that this share increases over time.

Economic transparency will lead to economic stability and corruption decline. Thus the shortage of transparency mechanisms, laws and procedures will raise corruption and make it tough to cutout corruption. Also, loss of transparency in financial and economic system creates to instability, inappropriate allocation of resources, the boom of injustice and inequality and as a result paves the way for all sorts of financial and economic corruption and misuse.
The greater transparency economic growth, the lower the cost of entry into economics and accordingly with rising economic competitiveness, the condition for development and economic growth will be advanced. So, considering the vital role of transparency in economics, this study first explores transparency and corruption then with the panel data, looks at the relation between economic transparency and economic growth in Middle East countries over the last 13 years (2003-2015). In other words, this paper aims to show how the transparency variable influences economic growth. The specific purpose is to find out whether there is a positive or negative connection between transparency and economic advancement in the countries under investigation.
The results of the research show that the relation between transparency and economic growth in the Middle East countries is direct and significant. Also the relation between gross capital formation and labor force participation is direct and significant with the economic growth of these countries.

Despite the high potential of geothermal energy in Iran, only 100 MW of geothermal power will be produced in 2017, Because noticeable amount of subsides have allocated to fossil fuels plants in recent years. This study aims to compare final cost of geothermal electricity with electricity cost of other kinds of prevalent power plants in Iran. The levelized cost method includes investment, operation and maintenance, fuel and pollution costs of each technology which produce electricity. Comparison of final costs of electricity on export price of fules and externalities costs reveals that high capacity factor, independence on fossil fuels and low emission costs, would make geothermal power plants competitive with other power plants in Iran. This study suggests that the liberalization of energy prices has a significant effect on geothermal power development in Iran and could provide the possibility for exporting more natural gas to foreign countries.

Following the Article 44 of the constitution, economic privatization policies were announced by the Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei, in May. These policies were supposed to revolutionize the Iranian economy. After almost a decade, it is necessary to evaluate the progress of privatization program and investigate the cons and pros of the program. It seems that the economic privatization is behind of its schedule. Identifying the reasons of this delay would help the decision makers to enhance the methods and improve the plans. In this research, we investigate increasing the share of private ownership in the economy using conceptual models. The related quantitative criteria are evaluated and new aggregated criteria are developed in order to get a better insight of the current status of privatization in Iran. The computational results reveal that the privatization goals have not been accomplished yet.

The agricultural sector has a key role in income earning and rural employment of Sistan region and national economy، whatever is very important in this regard is effective variables on agricultural units’ production which are based on farmer’s socio-economic condition and manners. Required data for this study to consider agriculturist behavior are collected from 100 rural farmers according to the simple random sampling through related questionnaires. In this research work as Analysis of Effective Factors on Arable units Output With Emphasis on Farmers Manner in Sistan، Eviews7 software was used for analyses of relevant information and data. Present study results showed that variables such as literacy، labor training and education، irrigation frequency، farm size، farmers'' age and experience had a significant effect on function and output. Therefore، strengthen of the above mentioned effective factors and infrastructure to improve farmers’ activity and rural development in the Sistan region is recommended. Agriculture as one of the most important economic sector requires an integrated coherent plan to achieve development and challenge for economic، social، cultural and national crisis. Now a day، about 70 percent of food needed by people and raw materials needed for industry، nearly 20 percent of gross national product and almost 25 percent labor force employment by means of this section including the Peerless is another index that its importance makes clearer. Although in lot of studies the role of education and extension for promoting agriculture and rural development has been forgotten but the evidence shows that extension and education creates farmers ability for necessary activities to overcome the troubles. World Bank in 1975 has defined rural development strategy to improve economic and social life of a particular group of peoples that is poor villagers. This includes transfer of interest and profit to very poor people in rural areas with subsistent living which includes small farmers، tenant farmers and landless farmers. Therefore the purpose of rural development is rural poverty reduction and process should be with applicable design to increase agricultural production and improve economic power for villagers. In this direction training and extension are important variables and inputs in human resources development، so that latest technology and update knowledge can be transfer from relevant research centers and higher education institutions to farmers for productivity increment and stimulus which lead to improving of production، income، consumption، savings، investment and peasant’s life and rural development. Overall، with considering study results and conclusions few suggestions are recommended for better improvement: The village and villagers must be consider as the main sources of development process and should not in the margin of the development program. Appropriate respect is necessary for rural base with regard to status of the farmers and agricultural professions. Employment of trained and literacy people that well educated in agricultural extension and promotion، as well as make possibility and facilities to enable them for further and higher education as extension experts to improve organization efficiency. The extension and common Education must be motivate and encourage oriented for farmers and according to their interests and requirement of rural development. Considering discouragement of farmer’s for participation in extension and educational classes، and also need to remove the obstacle factors that have great defective role in production process. Finally، concentration should be on agricultural problems and plan for removing impediment of rural progress. Ultimately، research analysis emphasizes on manner of resources use and accurate planning for the optimum utilization of resources for sustainable cultivation and agriculture. It is obvious that absence of the strengthening infrastructures، effective factors، improve performance and also current situation in the area may result in agricultural and food insecurity of the region with serious challenge encounter. Government support and subsidies on technical assistance to the farmers on the basis of the National Research and other strategies that can be investment resources purposefully in order to increase the productivity of agriculture. In addition، technical assistance on this basis can save farmers life and agriculture security and motivation in practice for adjustment in their behavior. Farmer groups which under the influence of past government politics and behavior could not achieve an effective sample of optimum allocation and utilization of recourses now are in need of researchers and research centers favors and cooperation for better future based on science and experience behavior reform. In this respect، activation and accompaniment of research centers and researchers is serious necessity in the field of optimizing the use of resources in order to increase production and mitigate rural poverty.

Iran at the end of its 20 years vision، is the top country in the vision region and will has some features such as having the health، welfare and food security، without poverty، discrimination benefited from a favorable and stable environment. Agricultural sector in Iran Compared with Regional rivals has the potential to accomplish the country goals. Agricultural sector with 4 subsector of cultivation، livestock، Fishery and Forestry is an important sector of Iranian economy. With importance of agricultural in Iran''s economy، does not take into good consideration. Agricultural sector has a good potential to be an engine of the economy in context of resistive economy and alternative to oil based economy. All sectors in Iranian economy at the end of 1391، has a negative growth rate while agricultural has a 6. 3 positive growth rate. This paper investigate the agricultural sector in Iran and it''s regional rivals، and also study the agricultural potential to became a based engine for Iranian economy subject to resistive economy criterion.

The aim of this study is investigate the effect of trade liberalization on rural poverty by using of analysis of time series, and system of simultaneous equations during 1359 to 1388. that aproach of regression seemingly unrelated to estimate the four equations as has been used simultaneously. According to the results, the coefficient of income distribution variable has significant and negative effect on ratio of poorer than the general population. trade index Variable has positive and significant effect of, 95 percent level of significance in the GDP variable per capital inflation Variable has significant and negative impact on the level of significance 90 percent of GDP. ratio of agricultural produce Variable to GDP has significant and negative effects in 95 percent. so income distribution variable, and GDP share of agricultural produce has significant and positive effect on trade index.

This study aims at ranking the provinces of Iran in terms of their economic development levels in urban sector as well as their agricultural levels in rural sector in 2010. For this purpose, 68 economic indicators and 46 agricultural indicators in the rural sector are used in two methods of Factor Analysis and Numerical Taxonomy. As shown by the study results, Isfahan, Tehran, Mazandaran, Fars, Golestan, Yazd, and Qom provinces are categorized into the developed provinces in terms of agriculture in the rural sector, out of which only three provinces of Tehran, Fars, and Yazd are placed in an economically developed stand, while Isfahan is of relatively developed, Golestan is of less-developed, and Qom and Mazandaran are of undeveloped provinces in economic terms.

Considering the importance of achieving continuous economic growth and ultimately development, the present study examined the problems and constraints existing on the way to development. After studying and extracting indicators of sustainable development and giving an explanation of its challenges a questionnaire was prepared to survey the opinion of Sarough subdistrict people. The challenges and their contribution to explaining variances of sustainable rural development in view of rural people were respectively obtained as follows: sustainability of forest areas, soil and water, 25.5%; development projects, 14.2%; sustainable use of environmental reserves, 13.1%; institutional environment, 10.1%; health and people appropriate handling of pesticides, 7.7%; and sustainable forms of human settlements 3.3%. The mentioned six factors could explain 85% of total variances which can be regarded as a high percentage.

The aim of this research is to study the problems and potentials, and to identify the situation and strategies for qualitative and quantitative promotion of production, consumption and service cooperatives in Sistan-and-Baluchestan province during 2006-2007. The statistical population under study includes all of the production, consumption and service cooperatives in the province. The study used questionnaire, interview and document analysis. The most important problems of cooperatives are weak management, high interest rate, lack of access to information and advanced technology, inadequacy and inappropriateness of government support of innovation and entrepreneurship, and lack of participatory spirit. Some strategies were proposed to eliminate these problems.